Ways Of Heat Treatment Research Articles

Glucose, fructose and sucrose in minimally processed potato: Effect of cultivar, tuber storage time and heat treatment

AbstractRecently, popularity of minimally processed potatoes (MPP) is growing as well as other minimally processed fruits and vegetables, due to its convenience and easy preparation, what consumers nowadays prefer. However, these types of products are very perishable, influenced by a number of factors, particularly cultivar and tuber condition. Potato is suitable for a long storage, but certain changes occur in its chemical composition during storage. These changes, among other factors, greatly depend upon cultivar, as well as storage conditions, and consequently affect on MPP durability and quality. Besides, MPP is subjected to heat treatment before consumption, where raw potatoes chemical composition and the way of heat treatment affect the chemical composition of the prepared potato dish. Potato sweetening is known phenomenon that occurs during storage, what negatively affect on health safety of fried potato.Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of cultivar and tubers storage time, as well as MPP storage time and heat treatment on the sugar content in raw, boiled and fried potatoes.Potato cultivars Birgit and Lady Claire used in this study were stored for 1 and 4 months in warehouse (8 °C /RH 95 %). MPP was produced by washing, peeling, slicing followed by anti-browning treatment (dipping in 2 % sodium ascorbate solution/3 min), draining and vacuum packing in PE/PA bags. After 1st, 5th and 8th day of storage at 10 °C, MPP were boiled and fried. All samples, including raw MPP, were freeze dried and sugar content was determined by UPLC MS/MS.Most abundant sugar was sucrose, followed by glucose and fructose, where cv. Birgit contained slightly higher values of all sugars compared to cv. Lady Claire. Initial sugar content of both cultivars was very low. However, during tuber aging, as well as during MPP storage time, content of individual sugars increased in most of samples, with slightly higher increase in cv. Birgit raw samples. Furthermore, heat treatment affects on sugar composition, since glucose and fructose are generally reduced in boiled and fried potatoes with certain differences depending on the cultivar. Total sugar content of cv. Birgit MPP mostly increased during storage, regardless tuber age and the way of heat treatment, while in cv. Lady Claire samples opposite trend with few exceptions was observed. Generally, cv. Lady Claire has lower and slightly more stable sugar content upon tuber aging, MPP storage time and heat treatment.

Ensuring the rational temperature conditions for concrete hardening

One of the important aspects of the production technology of monolithic reinforced concrete is to ensure the rational temperature hardening of concrete that can provide high-quality concrete with a minimum duration of heat treatment and minimize energy costs. The article contains ways to solve the problem of ensuring a rational temperature setting of hardening. The task requires the development of a general method for calculating the temperature field of concrete in a hardening reinforced concrete structure. The proposed method of calculating considers a mathematical model of the temperature field in a hardening concrete structure of any shape with different conditions on the heat exchange surfaces and can be applied in various ways of heat treatment of concrete. For solving the equations of thermal conductivity and kinetics of heat release of concrete, the initial and boundary conditions must be specified. Moreover, the influence of reinforcing and simulation of heat distribution in the frozen basis is studied.

Evaluation of Selected Properties of Steel 100Cr6 at Different Ways of Heat Treatment

This study discusses the impact of heat treatment conditions on the final properties of quenched and low-tempered bearing components in terms of microstructure, hardness and impact strength. Technological process of heat treatment must be done rationally and in addition to the required hardness must also ensure the dimensional precision of bearings components. Different austenitization conditions have a great influence on the phenomena which takes place in the material during the austenitizing. Heat treatment of rolling bearing components is an indispensable part of their production and it is also an unavoidable item of the price calculation of bearings. The aim of a competitive struggle for the rolling bearings market is an offer of the best quality bearings (dimensional accuracy, stability and durability) at a reasonable price.

基于新型热处理方式的针刺过滤毡热定型技术研究

市场上专用于高品质过滤毡的定型机很少，关键技术和设备不够成熟。本文对比传统的热处理方式，研发了一种新型热处理技术，并设计了热定型装置。对比实践结果表明，此热定型技术大大提高了针刺过滤毡的过滤精度、耐洗涤强度和产品合格率。 There are few stereotypes for high-quality filter felt in the market because the key technology and equipment are not mature enough. This paper compared the traditional way of heat treatment, developed a new type of the heat treatment technology and designed a new kind of the heat setting device. Compared to the traditional one, the results show that this heat-setting technology has greatly improved the filtering accuracy, washing-resistant strength and product qualification rate of needle punched filter felt.

Germanium negative-ion implantation into SiO 2 layer on Si : Photoluminescence properties and oxidation state of Ge atoms in subsequent heat treatment

Photoluminescence properties (PL) and oxidation state of Ge atoms implanted into a thermally grown SiO 2 layers have been investigated. The samples were prepared by Ge negative-ion implantation at multi-energies of 10–50 keV with various Ge concentrations of 0.5–6 at.% and subsequent two-stage annealing in N 2 at a flow rate of 50 ml/min and in decompressed air at flow rate of 10 ml/min at temperatures of 600 °C–900 °C for 1–3 h. Results showed that the PL emission with a peak at 390 nm depended on both Ge concentration and subsequent annealing temperature. For the low Ge concentrations of 1–1.4 at.%, the strong PL emission could be obtained just after 1 h annealing in N 2 at 700–800 °C. For the high Ge concentration of 3 at.%, the PL emission was improved and increased after annealing in decompressed air, but it still was weaker than that of the Ge sample at 1.4 at.%. XPS analysis showed that almost 60% of Ge atoms were oxidized to form GeO and GeO 2, even as implanted sample and this oxidation decreased to 35% after N 2 annealing. The induced defects of SiO 2 as absorption center recovered while the oxygen defects (ODC) of GeO 2 were reduced during annealing in N 2. The deoxidation of GeO 2 is suppressed by annealing in decompressed air flow. Based on the obtained results, we have discussed the best way of heat treatment to increase ODC by two-stage annealing in N 2 and in decompressed air.

고온 열처리가 와이어 컷 가공면에 미치는 영향

Experimental studies are carried out in order to investigate the effects of heat treatment on the surface machined by W-EDM. In this work, two ways of heat treatment after W-EDM are considered. As a comparison, the machined surface by a traditional method such as milling/grinding is also considered. Thereby, specimens are prepared by four different machining methods. Those are (1) milling and then grinding, (2) wire-cut electric discharge machining (W-EDM), and (3) low temperature heat treatment or (4) high temperature heat treatment after W-EDM. The resulting surface roughness are measured and the changes of surface microstructures are investigated using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). In general, heat treatment after W-EDM result in smoother surface and better chemical composition at the machined surface. Especially, high temperature tempering could remove defects in the thermally affected zone, which cause an overall deterioration of the surface machined by W-EDM.

Magnetic Test for Superstructure in Permalloy

A search for indirect evidence of the existence of superstructures Fe${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ni}}_{2}$ by a magnetic method is described. In a preliminary test, it was found that annealing at a temperature around 450\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C for two to three days followed by slow cooling at a rate of about 40\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C per hour increased the saturation magnetization by 3.9 percent in Permalloy and 1.3 percent in Hipernik over the values found after the alloys were quenched from above 900\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. These increases were reproducible and the magnitudes depended somewhat on the exact way of heat-treatment. This makes it seem likely that at least partial order exists in the annealed alloys. Subsequent measurements taken after annealing at, and quenching from, different temperatures showed that the assumed ordering process takes place in temperature ranges 640\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C-400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 800\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C-400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C for the 76Ni-24Fe and 50Ni-50Fe alloys, respectively. The saturation magnetization vs. temperature curves for the quenched and the slowly cooled states of the 76Ni-24Fe alloy have also been taken. At a rather slow cooling rate, about 30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C per day from 700\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to room temperature, the increase in saturation value at room temperature is 6.0 percent. All these results agree very well with those just reported by McKeehan and Grabe, Sucksmith, and P. Leech and C. Sykes.