Waves Of Immigration Research Articles

Civic Longing: The Speculative Origins of U.S. Citizenship by Carrie Hyde

Reviewed by: Civic Longing: The Speculative Origins of U.S. Citizenship by Carrie Hyde Rebecca E. Zietlow (bio) Civic Longing: The Speculative Origins of U.S. Citizenship. By Carrie Hyde. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2018. Pp. 308. Cloth, $45.00.) What role does the imagination play at a time of national crisis? That question is at the heart of Carrie Hyde's recent book, Civic Longing: The Speculative Origins of U.S. Citizenship. In it, Hyde discusses the political and cultural history of citizenship in the United States before the Civil War. Disputes over the meaning of citizenship were commonplace in the antebellum era, and citizenship played a central role in the legal reforms of the Reconstruction era. While historians and legal scholars have thus explored legal precedents in depth to understand the meaning of citizenship in the Reconstruction era, Hyde, an English professor, brings a unique perspective to this discussion by exploring the cultural significance of citizenship outside the law. Instead of political debates and legal rulings, Hyde examines religious texts, essays, and works of fiction to illustrate alternative visions of citizenship that enhanced the debate over some of the most important and divisive issues in the antebellum era. The American Revolution transformed subjects into citizens, but the original United States Constitution neither defined citizenship nor delineated the rights enjoyed by citizens. In the political realm, antislavery activists often invoked citizenship as a basis of rights for free blacks. The U.S. Supreme Court rejected those arguments in the infamous case of Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), holding that blacks could never be citizens. After the Civil War, the Fourteenth Amendment's citizenship clause overturned the Dred Scott ruling and established birthright citizenship. But what did it mean to be a U.S. citizen in nineteenth-century America? A wave of immigration during this era complicated this inquiry, as did the uncertain status of American Indians, who were native to the continent but belonged to tribes that considered themselves as separate sovereign nations. Belonging, or the failure to belong, was central to the debate over slavery, secession, and the rights established by the Fourteenth Amendment. Hyde shows how literature created space for debate over the meaning of belonging. In the time of the Second Great Awakening, religion was bound to influence the debate over slavery. Hyde argues that Christians were influenced by new translations of Paul's letter to the Philippians, which referred to "citizens of heaven." Some interpreted this language as identifying heaven, rather than the nation, "as the supreme home to which one owed allegiance" (46). This doctrine arguably provided an excuse for disengagement in the political realm, but Hyde claims that it also provided a forum for [End Page 149] exploring what citizenship could mean in the corporal realm. For example, in her 1856 novel, Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp, Harriet Beecher Stowe portrays "an egalitarian image of heavenly citizenship as a counterfactual imperative for a racially inclusive model of political citizenship in the United States" (81). Here Stowe, whom Abraham Lincoln purportedly referred to as "the little woman who started this great war," presented an egalitarian model for what could happen after the war ended slavery. Hyde shows how fiction contributed to another argument raised by abolitionists, the claim that slavery violated natural law. She describes Frederick Douglass's novel The Heroic Slave (1852) as a fictional account of a slave rebellion that took place on a slave ship. Douglass uses the open seas as a metaphor for the state of nature, invoking the natural world as a symbol of liberty and reform. In a famous quotation from the book, Douglass insists, "You cannot write the bloody laws of slavery on those restless billows. The ocean, if not the land, is free" (106). According to Hyde, Douglass links nature and citizenship to formulate the "natural citizen," where freedom is the state of nature. During congressional debates over the Fourteenth Amendment, many of its proponents agreed with Douglass that the rights of citizenship included natural rights. Some of the authors discussed in Civic Longing explored the flip side of citizenship: the ability to relinquish it. For example, in his essay "The Custom...

Immigration in Emerging Countries: A Macroeconomic Perspective

Roughly one third of migrants worldwide reside in developing countries, yet most papers on the macroeconomic effects of immigration focus on advanced economies. We investigate the medium- and long-term effects of immigration in an emerging country, considering a salient feature of this type of economies: the importance of labor informality. We build an overlapping generations model featuring 24 cohorts, an informal sector, and households with heterogeneous skill levels, among other features, that help us match key demographic and economic characteristics of Chile, an emerging country that has recently experienced an important immigration wave. An immigration wave increases the supply of labor, creating downward pressure on wages in the formal sector. Workers respond by reallocating labor effort to the informal sector, which allows them to mitigate the decline in consumption per worker triggered by lower formal-sector wages. Our model, thus, constitutes a framework for the quantitative analysis of immigration in emerging countries.

Muslim Communities in Europe and North America: Contemporary Developments and Challenges

Muslim Communities in Europe and North America:Contemporary Developments and Challenges Layla Sein (bio) On September 27, 2019, the 48th Annual Conference of the North American Association of Islamic and Muslim Studies (NAAIMS) was held at Boston University (BU) Boston, MA. It was cosponsored by BU's Institute on Culture, Religion and World Affairs (CURA) of the Pardee School of Global Studies. The theme focused on "Muslim Communities in Europe and North America: Contemporary Developments and Challenges." The Conference Program Chair, Timothy P. Longman, director of CURA welcomed the panelists and guests, and introduced NAAIMS Interim President, Malik Mufti, Tufts University, Medford, MA. In his introductory remarks, Mufti spoke of the recent passing of NAAIMS President, Jon Mandaville (August 5, 2019), and briefly highlighted the major challenges that transpired under his tenure (2011-2019) beginning with formalizing the long-awaited and frequently discussed official name-change of the former Association of Muslim Social Scientists (AMSS) to NAAIMS in 2013; upgrading its website; and launching its successful bi-annual publication (May 2016), published by Indiana University Press: the Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies (JIMS), among other developments. As a side note, our name-change was revisited by previous boards over the past decade for the following reasons: (1) its conference themes and topics addressed the humanities, not just the social sciences, as indicated by its former name AMSS; (2) its broad appeal called [End Page 122] for a name that reflects more accurately the identity of, and the true legacy of AMSS by establishing a forum for annual conferences held in academic settings; and finally it created (3) a unique space for academics specializing in the study of Islam and Muslim societies. This event drew a crowd of seasoned and junior scholars, and doctoral students. Its four panel sessions focused on Law, Religion, and Immigration; Religiosity of Western Muslims; Western Muslims in Culture and Higher Education, and Self-Positioning of Western Muslims. The first panel session "Law, Religion, and Immigration" was moderated by the Panel Chair and Discussant, Ibrahim A. Warde (Tufts University, Medford, MA). The first presentation by Sharmin Islam Sadequee (Kennesaw State University, Atlanta, GA) examined the "Prosecution of Muslims and Discourses of Islamic Jurisprudence in U.S. Courts." She explained that after the "War on Terror," Muslims were prosecuted through "Preventive measures in U.S. courts," and that lawyers and legal experts used liberal legal categories to define Islam and Islamic law. She argued that based on "pre-established liberal legal categories, the trial process reproduces and constructs a monolithic understanding of Islam and Muslim in U.S. Law." Her presentation, which highlighted court cases concerning Islam and Muslims "within the larger colonial and historical context" actually provided the basis for her argument that the "use of 'Islam-related evidence' against the accused in these trials … regulated Muslims and [gave] rise to paradoxes in the liberal, secular legal order" which opened a venue through which "Euro-American societies maintain[ed] imperial hierarchy and power over minority racialized religious groups." This was followed by Sultan Doughan's (Boston University, Boston, MA) talk on "Conditional Tolerance and Muslim Aspirations for an Institutional Islam in Germany." Although there have been Muslim communities in Europe since the Middle Ages, they became a sizable part of the population of modern Western Europe after the 1950's. After World War II, Europe experienced a shortage of labor during the 50s, which resulted in a call to Muslims from Pakistan, the Maghreb, and Turkey to help stimulate Europe's economic recovery. Beginning with the 1960s, Western Europe (especially Germany, Britain, France and Belgium) began experiencing a large wave of Muslim immigrants from Turkey, the Maghreb (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia), and South Asia (India and Pakistan) seeking employment opportunities and better education. According to Doughan, "The presence of guest-worker migrants in Germany since the 1960s triggered the question of how to accommodate Muslim religious practices in the absence of Islamic institutions. With the acknowledgment of migration as an enduring political reality in the late 1990s a different governmental task emerged vis-à-vis former migrants now mostly construed as Muslims." Due to the growing number of asylum seekers from the Muslim world, immigration was placed...

Jewish New York: The Remarkable Story of a City and a People by Deborah Dash Moore

Reviewed by: Jewish New York: The Remarkable Story of a City and a People by Deborah Dash Moore Jerome A. Chanes (bio) Jewish New York: The Remarkable Story of a City and a People. By Deborah Dash Moore (with Jeffrey S. Gurock, Annie Polland, Howard B. Rock, and Daniel Soyer). New York: New York University Press, 2017. 500 pp. "Very few people know who I am," Salvador Dalí is reputed to have said, "And I am not one of them." Well, count me in—at least when it comes to the question of what is a Jew. Are Jews a national group? Are Jews a religion? A race? Are Jews an "ethnicity"—whatever that means? A language group? All of the above? These questions—even some answers—cohere in Deborah Dash Moore's (and four co-authors') comprehensive and eminently readable Jewish New York: The Remarkable Story of a City and a People, a tour-de-force historical survey of New York's Jewish communities. Jewish New York? What's that? Sephardim? German Jews? Russian Jews? "Uptown" versus "Downtown"? Bundists? Zionists? Orthodox? Reformers? Holocaust survivors? Hasidim? Misnagdim? All come together in the pungent cholent that is Jewish New York. Jewish New York, a telescoped version of the five authors' magisterial three volume City of Promises—principal author Deborah Dash Moore synthesized the three volumes into one here—is a comprehensive roadmap to who made Jewish New York and how it happened. The book consists of four parts; each plumbs a discrete era in New York Jewish history, from its "Foundations" (the "why" of the twenty-three Jews leaving Recife for New Amsterdam in 1654 in itself makes for a good yarn!), to the present-day "A Changing City," the second decade of the twenty-first century. The book uses the history of the waves of immigration of Jews to America—each wave had its own "flavor" of Jews—as a vehicle for narrating the more narrow New York Jewish history. While the story is compellingly told, there are occasional weaknesses. An example is the treatment of the migration from Germany, beginning in 1836, the second of the four migrations of Jews to the new land, which was important in that it was the first mass migration of Jews to America and to New York. Moore notes that "many [German Jews] traveled on to midwestern cities … [but] thousands remained in New York" (43). But the book misses the point. Yes, thousands of German Jewish immigrants did remain in New York; but most soon left the seaboard cities and struck inland with peddler packs on their backs. The German Jews arrived during the period of national expansion, and they followed the routes of expansion, establishing most of the Jewish communities in the United States. This [End Page 385] missing piece—who did stay in New York?—of the national historical narrative is important in illumining the New York story. Jewish New York is strongest in nineteenth- and twentieth-century urban history, the "urbanization and becoming city people," in the singularly New York sense, of immigrant Jews (4). Moore indeed has urbanization and city front and center of her history, and rightly so. And in two superb chapters, "Jewish Geography" and "Raising Two Generations," the authors, in forty-six exceptionally concentrated pages, cover the results and consequences of urbanization: changing neighborhoods, from the Lower East Side to everywhere; public transit; housing; discrimination; education; innovation in religion; culture (including, brilliantly, fashion); and health. The book takes the reader seamlessly from 1880s New York to the 1970s, the cusp of contemporary New York. Thence, from the 1970s to the first decade of the twenty-first century, Jewish New York charts the sociology and the politics of "A Changing City." On the very last page of the book, the word "challenge" pokes through the prose; the reader is left to ponder, again, the book's thesis—the challenge of how Jews continue to change New York, and how they are changed by New York. As compelling as Jewish New York is, there are holes in the narrative. In her discussion of the Yiddish press—the journalistic vehicle for immigrant Jews in the first decades of the...

Pratiche di diversità quotidiana. Relazioni e spazi urbani nel quartiere pratese di San Paolo

The paper explores spatial aspects of day to day social organization of diversity (Semi, 2007), drawing on the case study of the San Paolo district of Prato. San Paolo is characterized by a history of successive waves of immigration, from Tuscany, southern Italy and, in more recent years, from countries outside Europe, with a prevalence from China. The research focuses on relational aspects of life in the district, exploring how different social actors live the urban spaces. Through in-depth interviews to the residents and observation of the public spaces of the district, certain differences in everyday practices have been identified among groups of residents from different origins and among the young and more elderly residents.

Speaking French in Louisiana, 1720–1955: Linguistic Practices of the Catholic Church by Sylvie Dubois, Emilie Gagnet Leumas, and Malcolm Richardson

Reviewed by: Speaking French in Louisiana, 1720–1955: Linguistic Practices of the Catholic Church by Sylvie Dubois, Emilie Gagnet Leumas, and Malcolm Richardson Robin White Speaking French in Louisiana, 1720–1955: Linguistic Practices of the Catholic Church. By Sylvie Dubois, Emilie Gagnet Leumas, and Malcolm Richardson. ( Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2018. Pp. x, 213. $38.00, ISBN 978-0-8071-6844-8.) Speaking French in Louisiana, 1720–1955: Linguistic Practices of the Catholic Church is a sociolinguistic and historical account of the use of the French language in the Catholic Church in south Louisiana from the 1720s to [End Page 664] the 1950s, when the last Catholic parish to keep its records in French switched to English. Perhaps providentially, the catastrophe of Hurricane Katrina was a catalyst for the book, as the storm occasioned the transfer of archives of the Archdiocese of New Orleans to Baton Rouge, thus facilitating the authors' access to the source materials. In the eighteenth century, French was the language and ethnicity of a majority of Catholic people in Louisiana. But from 1803 onward the linguistic trend moved relentlessly away from French in all but the most private aspects of Louisiana life. The church leadership realized that if they did not provide an English-speaking clergy, Protestant denominations might lure Anglophone Catholics into their pews. Indeed, the Irish rapidly became one of the largest Catholic communities in the state, especially in New Orleans. Irish immigrants founded St. Patrick's Church on Camp Street in 1833, more than a decade before the Great Famine of the 1840s that spurred waves of immigration to the United States. The Irish presence resulted in bilingual and eventually in English-speaking churches. In general, large urban parishes turned to English earlier than did small rural parishes. But St. Louis Cathedral, in the heart of New Orleans, remained largely Francophone until 1910. From the book's data-driven analyses, the reader comes away with a clearer understanding of who spoke and wrote French, in what the authors call "a community of practice" spanning two hundred years (p. 13). It strongly appears that the Catholic Church was a factor in keeping French alive and in use in Louisiana. Even though it is not a major focus of the book, the authors note church initiatives in education. In New Orleans, the Ursulines led in education. In the small community of Grand Coteau near Lafayette, the Academy of the Sacred Heart has been teaching the French language since 1821. To the authors' credit, the book does not claim to answer or to pitch macro-sociolinguistic questions and hypotheses about French in Louisiana. Where and when did the shift from French to English definitively happen? What are lexical, grammatical, and phonological features of French and Creole French in Louisiana? Who in the Catholic community was able to read, write, and speak French? The authors respond to the switch to English in a mood of objective acceptance. The prescient last sentence of Speaking French in Louisiana suggests that future studies on language and the Catholic Church in Louisiana will involve Hispanic people and the Spanish language. Although the use of the French language in Louisiana has been studied extensively, this book is the first to look specifically and in depth at the Catholic Church's role. It is thus a pioneering study in the literal sense of the term and a worthy effort that may prepare the way for more scholarly work regarding the French language. Robin White Nicholls State University Copyright © 2019 The Southern Historical Association

The influence of Europeanization policies on immigrants’ participation in Scandinavian higher education

The aim of the paper is to provide further insights into the mechanisms contributing to the integration of immigrants in higher education. Recent immigration waves into Europe place pressure on European communities; However, mass immigration is only expected to increase. The immigrants’ influence on their host countries depends on their economic performance and how well they adapt. In this regard education serves as a key component towards successful integration. As European higher education transforms the influence of these reforms on the participation rates of immigrants is of relevance. A comparison between the participation rates of immigrants following the Europeanization of the Scandinavian higher education system provides interesting insights to these issues.

O fio e os rastros da moda: comércio e sociabilidade em São Paulo no começo do século XX

RESUMO Entre a passagem do século XIX para o XX a cidade de São Paulo passou por uma série de transformações materiais e nas formas de seus habitantes se relacionarem com o espaço urbano: a instalação de novos equipamentos urbanos; a intensificação da chegada de imigrantes; mudanças no sistema burocrático e administrativo municipal; a introdução de novos gostos e hábitos de consumo; a construção de inúmeras fábricas e de edificações comuns, dentre outros fatores, permitiram a expansão da cidade para além do seu núcleo inicial, conhecido como Triângulo ou Colina Histórica. Os setores médios participaram desse rol de transformações, notadamente na construção de edificações voltadas principalmente para moradia, aproveitando-se das oportunidades que o mercado rentista oferecia. Muitos desses edifícios foram projetados para cumprir uma função mista, congregando moradia e comércio, tipologia usual na porção leste da cidade, em especial no Brás. O bairro, conhecido por seu parque fabril, apresentou uma série de espaços comerciais que se dedicaram ao ramo de vestuário e estética pessoal, com lojas de roupas, alfaiates e profissionais ligados ao âmbito da joalheria. Neste artigo procuramos entender o papel dos proprietários desses espaços na configuração material do Brás e dos bairros próximos. Para tanto, recorre-se aos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas, espacializando diferentes fontes documentais.

Search and Rescue Operations of Immigrants at Sea: Challenges for the Crew of Merchant Ships

The crisis that has arisen due to significant waves of immigrants leaving African and Asian countries towards Europe during the last decade has had a great impact on maritime sector. The usual immigrant routes include the sea passages in the Mediterranean Sea using unsafe and often overcrowded vessels during which human lives are at high risk. Very often different merchant ships are engaged in rescue operations of immigrants in danger. New regulations and measures helping to tackle with challenges posed to seafarers and coastal states are actively being developed and improved. However, these situations pose a great challenge for the crew of merchant ships and cause many problems regarding their own safety and security. This paper presents the legal framework in force and guidelines for seafarers on the issue, it presents the responsibilities of the crew engaged in rescue operations and most frequent dangers that masters and crew have to overcome. Furthermore, a set of recommendations to improve the procedures in the rescue of immigrants have been provided.

The Rassco and the Settlement of the Fifth Aliyah: Pre-State and Early State Middle Class Settlement and its Relevance for Public Housing in Eretz-Israel

When the immigration wave of the Fifth Aliyah (1929–39) set in, a new form of rural colonization termed "middle class" settlement gained wide diffusion in Palestine. This "middle class" settlement was financed by private means, but organized by a semi-public company, the so-called Rassco. The process of mobilizing private financial resources was facilitated by the Haavara Agreement, of which the Rassco was an integral part. Between 1934 and 1948 the company established some 30 rural "middle class" settlements and suburbs, contributing to a large extent to the growing building market and settlement activity in Palestine. In comparison to the collective rural colonization in Eretz Israel the "middle class" settlement in general and the Rassco in particular have not been widely covered in the academic literature. The essay seeks to roughly delineate the contours of some of the findings of the first comprehensive research on the Rassco, which is currently being conducted by the authors at the Moses Mendelssohn Centre for European-Jewish Studies, Potsdam (Germany).

Comparative Analysis of the Identity and Practices of Post-war Representatives and the Contemporary Wave of Ukrainian Immigrants in the United States

<p class="m2066936489421955420ydp213f984msonormal">W artykule omówiono szczególne cechy narodowe, etniczne i kulturowe ukraińskich imigrantów w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Podstawę stanowiły wywiady przeprowadzone wśród Ukraińców mieszkających w USA i reprezentujących dwie fale imigracji ukraińskiej w XX w.: falę powojenną i współczesną. Opracowanie wskazuje podobieństwa i różnice ich tożsamości oraz odpowiadające im praktyki. Stosując metodę dyskursu i analizy porównawczej, autorki pokazują, że podobieństwa przeważają na poziomie etnicznej i narodowej tożsamości oraz praktyk amerykańskich imigrantów z Ukrainy, podczas gdy znaczące kontrowersje dotyczą ich poziomu kulturowego i językowego.</p>

Overcoming language barriers to citizenship: Predictors of adult immigrant satisfaction with language training programme in Sweden

The Scandinavian countries currently face their largest ever wave of immigration. The immigration wave increases the need for immigrants to learn the host language to be able to participate in work life and become a citizen of the host country. Yet, the language training programmes – ‘Swedish for Immigrants’ in Sweden have come under great criticism for inefficiency. But now, surveys have been carried out with the adult immigrants taking part in the language training programmes. Consequently, the purpose of the present study is to identify predictors of adult immigrant students’ attitudes towards language learning at the training programmes in Sweden. Using survey data collected from adult immigrants participating in the language training programmes, we conduct a series of ordinary least squares regressions. We report that the majority of immigrant students are satisfied with the language programmes. Our findings indicate that satisfaction seems to be due to variables such as level of education, age at arrival, and language exposure through social networks but not to socioeconomic status or sex.

Rare β- and δ-Globin Gene Mutations in the Pathare Prabhus: Original Inhabitants of Mumbai, India

Genetic structure of the Indian population is influenced by waves of several immigrants from West Eurasia. Therefore, genetic information of various ethnic groups is valuable to understand their origins, the pattern of migration as well as the genetic relationship between them. No genetic data is available on Pathare Prabhu, which is a small indigenous Hindu community from Mumbai, Maharashtra State, India. The aim of this study was to screen the Pathare Prabhus for hemoglobinopathies, which is a major public health problem in India. Two hundred and fifty-seven unrelated Pathare Prabhus subjects were screened for various hemoglobinopathies. Complete blood counts (CBC) were done on an automated hematology counter. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify β-thalassemia (β-thal) carriers. Molecular characterization of the β gene defects was done by reverse dot-blot hybridization, amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) and DNA sequencing. Deletional α-thalassemia (α-thal) was detected by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Hb A2-Saurashtra (HBD: c.301C>T) was identified by DNA sequencing; its modeling was also done. The prevalence of β-thal was 3.89%, while deletional α-thal was 5.4%. The initiation codon (ATG>ACG) (HBB: c.2T>C) was seen in eight individuals (80.0%), Hb D-Punjab (HBB: c.364G>C) and Hb A2-Saurashtra, was found in two and one individual, respectively. A community-specific β-thal mutation was found in Pathare Prabhus in significant proportions. This information is useful in developing an algorithm for a prenatal diagnosis (PND) program.

Arabs in Europe: Arguments for and against integration.

The recent wave of immigration across European countries has precipitated an unprecedented political crisis in many Western countries. This is compounded by the fact that the large majority of these migrants originate from Arab countries. Research has demonstrated that Arabs are devalued relative to other socioethnic groups. The present study sought to investigate representations of Arabs and their integration. Twenty-one interviews conducted in Malta were used to analyze the logic and structure of argumentation supporting both favorable and unfavorable positions relative to Arabs. The findings demonstrate a variety of perspectives founded on 6 major themes, namely cultural, sociopolitical, psychological, religious, stigma, and economic issues. All views were elaborated and warranted, and served to justify particular forms of social relations that make the integration of Arabs possible but highly difficult. In particular, findings demonstrate a lack of positive appraisals of Islam. These findings suggest that breaking the spiral of conflict between Europeans and the Arab communities they host requires affirmative action to redress the negative representational climate that Arab immigrants need to negotiate. Our study also introduces an innovative method for unpacking argumentation structures that mark representational fields. This serves to understand the ways by which social representations form and transform in everyday social interaction. This understanding is essential in designing smart policy that can cater to the logic of ordinary citizens.

Generation 1.5 of Russian Israelis: integrated but distinct

ABSTRACTOver the last 5 years, we conducted several ethnographic studies on the social, cultural, and political locations of the young Israeli adults who belong to Generation 1.5 of the ex-Soviet immigrant wave of the 1990s (those who moved to Israel as older children or adolescents). These studies showed that despite successful instrumental integration in the local middle classes in terms of educational and occupational mobility, these 1.5ers keep distinct and ambivalent social and cultural identities that form a third, hybrid path between the Russian and Israeli scripts. As opposed to their “silent” parents, young immigrants organize to protest against what some of them see as their second-class citizenship in the Jewish state. To expand this collective portrait beyond small groups and key activists, we conducted a national online survey among Russian Israeli 1.5ers that was completed by 650 respondents. In the article we report the selected survey findings, focusing on perceived economic mobility and discrimination, intergenerational relations, Jewish identity, political leanings, civic participation, language patterns, cultural interests, and transnational ties to their homelands.

Impacts of Vocational Training for Socio-economic Development of Afghan Refugees in Labor Markets of Host Societies in Baluchistan

Afghan refugees have been living for 35 years, since the start of the imposed war on Afghanistan in 1979, in host societies of Baluchistan and other parts of Pakistan. Repatriation has been started, yet no study has been conducted to explore their labor market skill acquisition for impacting their socio-economic status in the host communities. This paper examines vocational training of Afghan refugees impacting upon their socio-economics of earnings, employability, labor market-evolved perceptions about livelihood earnings, discrimination, and working aptitude in local markets of selected districts of Baluchistan. Field survey from a sample of 157 vocationally trained individuals has been conducted through a full-fledged questionnaire by using two-stage stratified sampling techniques to produce the first ever labor market data for Afghan refugees. Descriptive analysis shows cascading impacts of vocational training for socio-economic development of Afghan refugees. The findings of frequency distribution highlight that vocational skills have positive impacts upon earnings, employment status, and working aptitudes. The results also show discrimination, constraints in earnings and employability, career counseling, lower educational level, and tough competition for Afghan refugees for getting socio-economic benefits in the labor markets of host communities. The findings may be helpful for giving insights to policy formulation and recommendations for Afghans’ repatriation program to Afghanistan and recent waves of immigrants and refugee influx and accommodations faced by South Asian and European countries these days.

The 2015 Migration Crisis in the European Union as a Non-Traditional Security Challenge

<p>Celem artykułu jest analiza kryzysu migracyjnego w UE z 2015 roku z perspektywy niestandardowych problemów bezpieczeństwa. Podstawę rozważań stanowi teza, zgodnie z którą fala imigracji do UE, ze względu na dynamikę i skalę, stanowiła nie tylko wyzwanie humanitarne czy problem społeczny ale również zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa. Zgodnie bowiem z koncepcją niestandardowych problemów bezpieczeństwa, zjawiska takie jak nielegalna migracja, choroby zakaźne czy braki żywności, które do niedawna jedynie pośrednio wpływały na jego poziom, stanowią obecnie bezpośrednie zagrożenie dla przetrwania i rozwoju państw.</p>

Structural violence and the industrial landscape

ABSTRACTIn the late nineteenth century, a new wave of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe came to the anthracite coal region of northeastern Pennsylvania. A form of structural violence existed, and as a result the newcomers were underpaid, underfed, worked in treacherous conditions, and lived in substandard housing. Today, coal extraction in the region is almost non-existent, although many industrial ruins and abandoned homes can be found throughout the landscape. While these ruins can highlight the grandeur of capitalism, a more pressing need is to understand how these ruins are reminders of the long-term exploitation of the working class and the implications of this exploitation for the contemporary community’s general health and well-being.

Rethinking “Chinese Community” in the Context of Transnationalism: the Case of Chinese Economic Immigrants in Canada

The current research on transnationalism has paid little attention to the impacts of immigrants’ sustained ties to their homelands on their relationships with ethnic communities in the host countries. Drawing on data from a qualitative study of economic immigrants from China to Canada, this article explores the new generation of Chinese immigrants’ definitions and perceptions of and experiences with the “Chinese community” as both an ideational and an empirical entity. Having faced various barriers to settlement and integration in Canada, these individuals tend to see China as “closer” to them than the established ethnic Chinese communities in Canada when it comes to fulfilling their needs for economic security, social support and, even, a sense of belonging. The findings suggest the urgent need to understand the relationship between the new waves of immigration, the ethnic community, and transnationalism, and to reflect on the mosaic multicultural approach to ethnicity and immigrant governance in the context of diversification of diversity.

Black Meets Black: Encounters in America

This essay draws on James Baldwin’s ideas on race, immigration, and American identity to examine the experience of contemporary African immigrants in the United States. More Africans have come to the U.S. since 1965 than through the Middle Passage, and only now is their experience gaining the full creative and critical attention it merits. Since becoming American entails adopting the racial norms and sentiments of the U.S., I explore how African immigrants contend with the process of racialization that is part and parcel of the American experience. Drawing on Baldwin’s idea of blackness as an ethical category, I also consider the limits of the concept of Afropolitanism to characterize the new wave of African immigrants in the U.S.