Wave Run-up Research Articles

The effect of shallow water bathymetry on swash and surf zone modelled by SWASH

Submerged topography in shallow waters is fundamental in the propagation and dissipation of ocean waves in the surf and swash zones. However, obtaining accurate bathymetric data in this region is challenging due to the high temporal and spatial environmental variability. The bottom boundary condition can directly affect the accuracy of numerical models used for shallow water simulations. In this study, the performance of the SWASH numerical model in describing wave runup in the swash zone is assessed using different bathymetric boundary conditions. The first method involves using data measured in the surf zone obtained by a Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), and analyzing it using the cBathy algorithm. The second method utilizes a regular bathymetric mesh generated from Dean’s equilibrium profile combined with beach topography data. The third method relies exclusively on interpolation methods using data from deep waters and beach profiles. This interpolation approach is the most used among SWASH users when detailed or updated surf zone bathymetry is unavailable. Based on the numerical simulations performed, not incorporating data from the surf zone resulted in a 4% increase in the runup estimated and approximately a 2% difference in identifying the swash zone position. The method to obtain bathymetry through the cBathy algorithm, used in this article, is cost-effective and can be used to reduce uncertainties in surf zone numerical simulations, induced by the lack of knowledge about the bottom conditions.

Predicting wave run-up on vertical columns based on thermal stereography measurements

Accurate estimation of wave run-up is crucial for the design and safety of marine structures. To facilitate more precise and convenient predictions of wave run-up on vertical columns, including circular and square columns, many empirical formulas have been proposed. However, those derived from wave probe measurements typically underestimate the maximum wave run-up height due to the inability of wire-type wave gauges to closely adhere to the column surface. This study employed the non-contact wave measurement technology based on thermal stereography to measure the wave run-up distributions on vertical columns under regular waves, providing a more accurate measurements of wave run-up closer to the column surface. Utilizing the measurements, a modified formula was proposed to predict the wave run-up on circular columns. Additionally, considering the effects of scattering parameter (kD) and wave steepness (kηmax), a new empirical formula for predicting the wave run-up on square columns was developed based on the velocity stagnation head theory. These formulas were validated using the experimental data from the present study and the literature, demonstrating their ability to provide satisfactory wave run-up predictions. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal wave evolution for circular and square columns were compared. The wave profile in front of the circular cylinder at a half diameter tends to flatten, with water flowing along the cylinder surface to the sides, leading to a significantly lower wave run-up height ratio compared to the square column. This study provides the valuable insights for predicting the wave run-up on vertical columns, contributing to the design and safety assurance of marine structures.

Tsunami Vulnerability Study in Ngambur and Bengkunat Districts, West Coast of Lampung Using COMCOT

Bengkunat and Ngambur districts are located in West Pesisir Regency, Lampung Province, these are located on the southern coast of the island of Sumatra. Tsunami disasters can occur at any time if there is a generator such as a seafloor earthquake and cannot be predicted when it will occur and will be destructive or not. This research is modeling wave propagation using COMCOT program to determine tsunami wave propagation, run-up, arrival time and inundation. The magnitude scenarios used are 6.5, 7.5 and 8.5. Tsunami waves in Bengkunat and Ngambur districts showed destructive tsunami potential in each scenario. Wave height, wave inundation area and wave arrival time vary due to differences in magnitude as well as the geographical conditions of the coast and its bathymetry. The higher the magnitude, the higher the wave height and the faster the arrival time. Pagar Bukit, Suka Negara, Muara Tembulih and Sumber Agung are villages with significant damage because the wave height is above 8 m with arrival times ranging from 29-34 minutes. While Padang Dalam, Gedung Cahaya Kuningan and Parda Suka, the wave height is between 2-6 meters with a time ranging from 35-39 minutes, Inundation at magnitude 6.5 only hits the coastal area only as far as 220 meters, but at magnitude 7.5 inundation reaches about 2.4 kilometers while at magnitude 8.5 inundation reaches 3.4 kilometers.

Computational Analysis of Tsunami Wave Run-Up by Implementation of TIMPULSE-SIM Model with Japan and Indonesian Seismic Tsunami

The alternative newly developed TIMPULSE-SIM model is used for forecasting all three phases of seismic/earthquake-induced tsunami waves. The main objective of this modeling is to predict the earliest arrival time of tsunami with less computation time. This paper analyses the third phase or the run-up phase of tsunami. The assessment of tsunami wave run-up minimize the risk in coastal community due to the tsunami impact. The paper introduces a closed set of algebraic expressions for modeling the run-up phase and the reliability of the model is analyzed by implementing and testing of this model to the two major historical seismic tsunami are, 2004 Indonesian Subduction zone tsunami in Indian ocean region, 2011 Great east Japan tsunami in Pacific ocean region. From this study, this proposed model should be a good alternative to the existing model for applying to the real time tsunami event because it includes the nonlinearity and frequency dispersion of wave, and applied to both near and far field tsunamis, efficient to apply for a long duration, mainly the computation time is achieved in O(minutes). More than 90 percentage of accuracy achieved in this model by validating the simulated results with the historical and other existing model that emphasize the model’s reliability.

3D WCSPH modelling of landslide-water dynamics during 1963 Vajont disaster

This study illustrates the full-scale 3D numerical simulation of the coupled water-landslide dynamics of the 1963 Vajont catastrophic event. The focus is given to the early phase of the event when about 270 million cubic meters of rock fell into the reservoir within an estimated runout time of about 25 s. A complex surge wave system developed throughout the basin in the first 40–55 s, producing maximum run-up of 270 m above the dam crowning. The mesh-free Lagrangian Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (WCSPH) method is adopted to discretize and solve the coupled system of governing equations for the landslide and water dynamics. The adopted model, which is based on SPHERA v.9.0.0 (Amicarelli et al. Comput Phys Commun, 2020), has been derived by introducing relevant modifications in the research code SPHERA (RSE SpA). The derived model is validated and the influence of water saturated soil on prediction of surge wave run-up is analysed. The average values from technical literature are assigned to mechanical parameters without tuning or calibration. The maximum flooding on the opposite side of the valley and the peak flow rate of the discharge hydrograph through the dam section show good agreement with reference data and improvements with respect to published results. The validated derived model proves to be a promising engineering tool for quantifying the level of risk in analogous applications.

Numerical modelling of pump-driven tsunami generation and fluid-structure-interaction in idealized urbanized coastal areas during run-up

Tsunami wave inundations are still one of the most devastating natural disasters worldwide. Tsunamis striking a settlement frequently devastate much of its infrastructure. In instances where infrastructure withstands the tsunami’s actions, it acts as a flow resistance for the wave’s run-up, altering inundation dynamics and flow depth. Accurately predicting the complex dynamics of tsunami wave run-up in densely populated urban areas is paramount for informing effective evacuation protocols and conducting comprehensive hazard and risk assessments. In pursuit of improving wave run-up prediction capabilities, this study delves into the three-dimensional numerical modelling of wave run-up of non-breaking, long tsunami waves in urbanized areas. Leveraging insights from a physical experiment with pump-driven wave generation and idealized infrastructure, a novel pressure-based wave generation boundary condition is developed. The boundary condition achieves an average of 4.9% accuracy in replicating the water surface elevation from experiments. Additionally, it attains an average 1.5% precision in reproducing flow velocities, furthermore reproducing the spatial flow dynamics accurately. Physical experiment wave run-up is modelled with an average 6.9% deviation for both simulations with and without idealized infrastructure. 63.0% higher non-linearity waves than in the physical experiments are additionally investigated to highlight the boundary conditions capabilities of high non-linearity wave generation, change in run-up reduction for higher non-linearity waves for infrastructure interaction and furthermore in-depth flow field characteristics during tsunami inundation. Finally, the study highlights deviations from analytically calculated wave run-up, emphasizing the necessity for numerical and physical experimental evaluation for both high non-linearity waves and tsunami infrastructure interaction, ultimately fostering both resilience and preparedness against tsunami hazards.

Beach nourishment response and recent morphological evolution of Minnesota Point, Lake Superior

Beach nourishments are a popular nature-based alternative to armoring for shoreline erosion mitigation, but nourishments have been criticized due to their environmental impacts and uncertain sustainability. Monitoring is often nonexistent or insufficient to constrain nourishment longevity and inform the renourishment interval required to maintain shoreline protection. This study uses a combination of topobathymetric surveys, high-resolution satellite-derived shorelines, and coastal engineering analyses to investigate the recent evolution of Minnesota Point and the fate of three beach nourishments constructed adjacent to littoral barriers. We use semi-empirical formulations for sediment compatibility, wave runup, and longshore sediment transport to inform the observed nourishment behavior. Minnesota Point experienced widespread foredune retreat averaging 7±2.8 m from 2009–2019 and 130,000 (70,000–140,000) m3 of sediment was eroded during this interval. The 2019 nourishment at the Superior Entry was rapidly eroded by strong storms, losing >80% of the added beach width by the following spring. The 2020 and 2021 nourishments at the Duluth Entry retained >80% of the nourishment material at the time of the last topobathymetric survey in the fall of 2022, and satellite-derived shorelines indicate that the beach remained 10 m wider than pre-nourishment conditions at the end of 2023. Modeled longshore transport rates over the period 2009–2022 averaged 11,400 m3 yr−1 northwestward at the Superior Entry, nearly 3x greater than the 4000 m3 yr−1 southeastward transport modeled at the Duluth Entry. These observations show that differences in shoreline orientation, littoral sediment supply, and grain size compatibility can lead to contrasting beach nourishment longevities, and this study provides additional measurements of Minnesota Point’s long-term morphological change which can help inform coastal resiliency efforts.

An Experimental Study of Wave Impact Loads on an FPSO Bow in 2D Wave-Tank

In harsh environments, an floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) is occasionally damaged by impact loads, such as bow flare slamming and green water. This study conducted an impact load measurement experiment on a model of an FPSO bow in a 2D wave tank. Three types of frequency-focused waves (steep, spilling, and plunging) were generated, and the speed and slope of the waves were measured. Seven wave probes were placed in a row, and the wave elevation was measured to determine the speed and slope of the waves. In addition, the side of the 2D wave tank was photographed with a high-speed camera. The speed and slope of the waves obtained from the wave probe array agreed well with those obtained from the photographs taken using a high-speed camera. In the case of a steep wave, wave runup occurred at the bow before the wave reached the bow of the FPSO, so no impact load was generated, and only hydrostatic pressure was measured. Impact loads were generated in the spilling and plunging waves, and the magnitude of impact loads using the Von Karman’s estimation formula and the impact loads measured in model tests showed similar values.

Developing a decision tree model to forecast runup and assess uncertainty in empirical formulations

The coastal zone is a dynamic region that can change rapidly and significantly with respect to the morphology of the beach and incoming wave conditions. Runup forecasts may be improved by adapting a dynamic approach that allows for different runup models to be implemented in response to changes in beach state. Accurately forecasting wave runup is critical to characterize exposure to coastal hazards and provide an early warning against potential erosion and inundation. Here, we developed a decision tree model to produce a weighted ensemble of existing runup models to predict 1.25 years of runup at Duck, North Carolina, USA. We then applied the calibrated decision tree model to reproduce observed runup during the DUNEX experiment in Pea Island, North Carolina, USA. We found that the decision tree approach yielded a prediction that was comparable or greater in accuracy (i.e. higher r2, lower RMSE) than the individual runup models. We also interrogated the decision tree predictions to determine how the individual models perform relative to each other and why certain models perform better than others under the same observed wave and beach conditions. We found that the decision tree approach drew on the processes represented in the individual models in the ensemble to produce a forecast that is accurate and explainable without relying on prior knowledge of the study site(s) or requiring manual adjustments beyond the initial model training.

Impact of rogue waves on semi-submersible platforms: An experimental investigation of wave run-up and air-gap responses

The wave run-up and air-gap responses of semi-submersible platforms under extreme sea conditions are crucial design considerations for ensuring the structural integrity and safety of marine engineering operations. This study investigated the impact of rogue waves on the wave run-up and air-gap responses of semi-submersible platforms using a transient focusing wave group to accurately simulate irregular seas. Comparative model tests were conducted on a semi-submersible platform under both rogue and non-rogue-wave conditions. The platform motions and air-gap responses were analysed using spectral analysis, extreme-value statistics, and wavelet methods. Rogue waves were found to significantly affect the air-gap response spectrum, increasing the nonlinearity of both the wave run-up and air-gap responses. Different locations on the platform exhibited varying statistical and spectral response characteristics. Rogue waves modified the instantaneous properties of wave elevation, thereby increasing the energy levels in the system. This study confirmed that rogue waves significantly influence the air-gap responses and wave run-up of semi-submersible platforms, suggesting that they should be considered when designing and planning the operations of these platforms. This study offers a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between rogue waves and large maritime structures and provides insights for improving safety and performance under extreme sea conditions.

A brief history of tsunamis in the Vanuatu Arc

Abstract. The archipelagos of Vanuatu and the eastern Solomon Islands, scattered over 1500 km along the Vanuatu Arc, include dozens of inhabited volcanic islands exposed to many natural hazards that impact their populations more or less severely. Due to the location of these islands on a subduction interface known as the Vanuatu subduction zone, tsunamis triggered by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides locally, regionally, and in the far field represent a permanent threat. If catalogues already list tsunamis that have occurred in the Vanuatu Arc, they were not exclusively focusing on this region. This study goes further in the listing of tsunamis reported and/or recorded in the Vanuatu Arc, analysing existing catalogues, historical documents, and sea-level data from the five coastal tide gauges located in Vanuatu at Port Vila (Efate), Luganville (Espiritu Santo), Litzlitz (Malekula), and Lenakel (Tanna) and in the eastern Solomon Islands province at Lata (Ndende). It allows the identification of 100 tsunamis since 1863, 15 of them showing wave amplitude and/or run-up height of more than 1 m and 8 between 0.3 and 1 m. While some tsunamis are known to have occurred in the past, information about the wave amplitude or potential run-up is sometime lost (15 events). Also, tsunamis reported in neighbouring islands like New Caledonia but not reported or recorded in the Vanuatu Arc are discussed, as well as debated events or events with no known origin(s).

Hawaiian legends of coastal devastation and paleotsunami reconstruction, Nu'u, Kaupō, Maui, Hawai'i

In Hawaiʻi, tsunamis are often described in orally transmitted legends (moʻolelo). This study examines sedimentary evidence of a possible local submarine landslide-generated tsunami, described in a legend from the south east coast of Maui which originated between the 15th Century CE and the first arrival of Europeans in 1778 CE. Physical evidence for a tsunami, found at the Nu'u Refuge, Maui, is primarily comprised of an extensive coral clast deposit (found 8.5 m above msl and 251 m inland from the shoreline) together with waterworn cobbles which form fracture-embedded wedge clasts in a local basalt escarpment (at up to 8 m above msl). U/Th dating of the coral clasts gives a maximum tsunami deposit age of 1671 CE for the event that may have inspired the local moʻolelo. This depositional sequence is used to characterize the nature of the assumed tsunami in terms of inundation distance, maximum wave runup and minimum flow velocities. A numerical model developed using GeoClaw matches well with the physical evidence. The data and modeling presented here suggest that locally-generated tsunamis from submarine landslides warrant further research attention as sources of destructive high energy marine inundation events.

Numerical Evaluation of Wave Dissipation on a Breakwater Slope Covered by Precast Blocks with Different Geometrical Characteristics

Slopes suffer damage from waves in coastal environments. Precast blocks with well-designed geometrical characteristics can benefit the construction of revetments by mitigating the issue of wave overtopping and dissipating wave energy. In this study, we numerically studied the effect of the geometrical characteristics of precast blocks on wave overtopping by carrying out a numerical simulation of wave overtopping on a slope covered with precast blocks. A total of three different types of blocks were considered in this study to determine the optimal geometric shape using a validated numerical model. Our numerical investigation demonstrated that the roughness of the precast block plays an important role in lessening the height of the wave run-up. Concave and embedded regular hexagons could reduce the wave run-up height by 44.6% compared with smooth slopes within a 2 s wave period. Herein, we evaluate and discuss the influence of the geometrical characteristics of a given precast block, such as thickness, aperture, and wave dissipation notch, on wave run-up. We also present an empirical formula for predicting wave run-up on a slope covered by a concave and embedded regular hexagon-type prefabricated block. This study provides valuable insights into the design of prefabricated revetment blocks.

Prediction of impulse waves generated by partially submerged landslides with a low Froude number based on prototype physical experiments

Impulse waves generated by landslides are a potential threat to reservoirs. Wave prediction formulas that can quickly assess the hazards and extent of landslide-induced waves are an important means for early warning and disaster prevention and mitigation. Partially submerged landslides often generate landslide waves with low Froude numbers. There is limited research on prediction formulas for such waves, and most studies focused on specific wave propagation stages rather than forming a comprehensive formula system. In this study, three typical low Froude number submerged landslides that occurred in the Baihetan reservoir were selected as prototypes, and a large-scale three-dimensional (3D) physical model experiment field with dimensions of 30 × 29.5 × 1.5 m3 was constructed. A total of 95 experiments were performed. The entire process of impulse wave generation in the reservoir area was investigated by dividing the waves into four successive stages: initiation, rapid circular attenuation propagation, progressive attenuation propagation along the channel, and wave run-up. Based on a large amount of physical experimental data, formulas were derived for the maximum wave amplitude, propagation wave amplitude considering the degree of landslide submergence, and impulse wave run-up considering the shore slope orientation and ravine angle. These formulas were combined to form a comprehensive formula system to calculate the whole process of the impulse waves generated by the landslide in the narrow river channel with a wide influence range. The comprehensive formula system was applied to typical representative landslide experiments, and its accuracy was analyzed; the prediction accuracy ranged from 56% to 89.5%. This study can serve as a reference for assessing the risk of impulse waves generated by landslides in reservoir areas.

Hydrodynamic response characteristics of curved shape trash intercepting net under wave–current combined conditions

Under the influence of waves and ocean currents, the mesh panels of trash nets at nuclear power plants exhibit a curved shape. The combined action of waves and currents creates a Doppler effect that significantly influences the hydrodynamic response of these nets. This paper used OpenFOAM to establish a porous media macroscopic computational fluid dynamics model for analyzing the forces on curved trash nets. Wave–current combined conditions were simulated by introducing a uniform current in the direction of wave propagation. Forces on the nets under wave–current combined conditions were analyzed and compared with forces under separate uniform current and wave conditions. The results indicate that wave run-up on the nets is more significant under wave–current combined conditions than under wave action alone. The dimensionless horizontal force decreases more rapidly with increasing wave steepness (kA) and wave number (kd) under combined conditions than with linear superposition. Specifically, the rate of increase in dimensionless horizontal force with current speed, at the same blockage ratio, is about twice that of linear superposition. Additionally, the tension in the main cable of the nets is 17% higher under combined conditions than with linear superposition.

Effects of gap entrance configuration on gap resonances between two free-heaving barges: Higher-order harmonics

The hydrodynamic characteristics of linear and nonlinear gap resonances between two identical side-by-side free-heaving barges are investigated in a numerical wave tank based on the constrained interpolation profile method. This study focuses on the influence of the gap entrance configuration on key hydrodynamic parameters during gap resonances, comparing conditions of round and square edges. Additionally, the effects of incident wave height and the barge's heave responses are examined. The distributions of the first four harmonic components of the key parameters are illustrated, including the wave elevation at the gap, wave run-up on each barge, and wave forces. Numerical results reveal that the gap entrance configuration influences more on the linear gap resonance rather than the nonlinear gap resonances. The higher-order components of the wave elevation at the gap are more sensitive to the incident wave height rather than the edge shape. The influences of the edge shape on the wave forces are mainly manifested in the magnitude of the wave forces rather than in their tendencies. Furthermore, the response time during the development stage of gap resonance is analyzed. The findings indicate that gap resonance develops more quickly with square edges or when the incident wave height increases.

Dynamics of bedload transport under run-up wave by gravel resolved scheme based on 3D DEM-MPS coupling

Accurate predictions of morphological changes in swash zones require a detailed understanding of sediment transport mechanisms, which are strongly related to bore-induced vortices and turbulence, surface-subsurface interactions, namely, infiltrate/exfiltrate flow, and swash-swash interactions. However, obtaining experimental or field measurements of instantaneous velocity and sediment flux is challenging owing to the suspended sediment, turbulence, and shallow depth characteristics of these regions. The present study simulates the gravel bedload transport under a dam-break bore at a grain-resolved spatial scale. The simulation uses a 3D Lagrangian–Lagrangian solid–fluid coupled model comprising the moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method for a violent swash flow and the discrete element method (DEM) for gravels. The simulated water depth, velocity, and sediment flux agree with existing experimental results during a run-up. The gravel transport mechanisms for the lower, mid, and upper swash zones were discussed. Discussions on bedload mechanisms reveal that bore-generated horizontal vortices can reduce the onshore velocity near the beach surface, reducing sediment flux in the lower swash zone. Modified Shields numbers investigate the seepage effects: the frequently used standard Shields number value is insufficient to estimate bedload flux under the intense infiltration in the mid-swash zone. The simulation result also elucidates the turbulence characteristics in the upper swash zone.

Agent-based modelling of evacuation scenarios for a landslide-generated tsunami in Milford Sound, New Zealand

Agent-based modelling is a useful tool for evacuation planning as it can increase understanding of the factors affecting potential evacuation outcomes. In New Zealand, Milford Sound has been shown to have a high risk from landslide-generated tsunami, with an estimated 1-in-1000-year wave runup of ∼17 m arriving on shore within 2–7 min. With an annual average of >1500 people visiting a day, there is potential for widespread loss of life. However, the number of people present varies substantially with time of day and season, yet how this affects the ability to evacuate remains unknown. This research developed an agent-based model to understand how many people can be safely evacuated in Milford Sound and explored how the number of people initially exposed affected the evacuation outcome alongside the effect of potential changes to evacuation messaging. Assuming a 17 m wave, the results suggest that currently no one can safely evacuate before the shortest wave arrival time regardless of the number of people present. Altering evacuation messaging results in minimal gains, with only ∼5 % of the exposed population reaching safety in time. This work demonstrates the importance of evacuation modelling for understanding risk in isolated tourism destinations where the population exposure can fluctuate dramatically across multiple timescales. Accounting for changing population exposure is essential to understand whether evacuation is a suitable risk treatment and can provide valuable information for determining safe levels of population exposure in locations with high hazard but limited evacuation options.

Empirical Predictions on Wave Overtopping for Overtopping Wave Energy Converters: A Systematic Review

Over the past three decades, the development and testing of various overtopping wave energy converters (OWECs) have highlighted the importance of accurate wave run-up and overtopping predictions on those devices. This study systematically reviews the empirical formulas traditionally used for predicting overtopping across different types of breakwaters by assessing their strengths, limitations, and applicability to OWECs. This provides a foundation for future research and development in OWECs. Key findings reveal that empirical formulas for conventional breakwaters can be categorized as mild or steep slopes and vertical structures based on the angle of the slope. For the same relative crest freeboards, the dimensionless average overtopping discharge of mild slopes is larger than that of vertical structures. However, the formula features predictions within a similar range for small relative crest freeboards. The empirical formulas for predicting overtopping in fixed and floating OWECs are modified from the predictors developed for conventional breakwaters with smooth, impermeable and linear slopes. Different correction coefficients are introduced to account for the effects of limited draft, inclination angle, and low relative freeboard. The empirical models for floating OWECs, particularly the Wave Dragon model, have been refined through prototype testing to account for the unique 3D structural reflector’s influence and dynamic wave interactions.

Exploring a cost-effective and straightforward mechanism for uninterrupted in situ maximum wave runup measurements.

Wave runup, the excess water level above mean sea level, has been measured using different techniques with varying degrees of precision and associated practical limitations. This critical parameter, typically included in coastal assessment studies, varies temporally and spatially and depends on variables that include beach characteristics and nearshore hydrodynamics. Access to continuous datasets, using efficient mechanisms can assist resource-limited regions, such as Caribbean small-island developing states (SIDS), in overcoming coastal resilience obstacles. Experiments were conducted at University College London (UCL) and the University of the West Indies (UWI), which were designed to explore the temporal behaviour of the water surface within the bed during runup events. The experiments encompassed linear waves impacting a static porous bed (UCL) and a moveable granular beach (UWI), with pressure sensors buried at the base of each beach. The analyses showed that the averaged values of the time-varying water elevations within the bed, when spatially presented, produced a quadratic or cubic polynomial fit, where the curves' stationary points were accurate indicators of the location of the maximum runup position at the surface of the bed. In this way, an arrangement of buried pressure sensors can be used as an efficient means to accurately produce a continuous time series of maximum runup positions.This article is part of the theme issue 'Celebrating the 15th anniversary of the Royal Society Newton International Fellowship'.