Wave-particle Research Articles

On the unphysical nature of gravitomagnetic waves

The equivalence principle and the gravitomagnetic Larmor theorem are formulated on the basis of the validity of the hypothesis of locality. This hypothesis posits the local equivalence of an accelerated observer with a momentarily comoving inertial observer. Mashhoon demonstrated that locality is inherently limited by the acceleration length associated with an accelerated observer. On the basis of the equivalence principle and of the gravitomagnetic Larmor theorem, one can assimilate the orthogonal gravitational and gravitomagnetic fields of a gravitomagnetic wave oscillating with a given frequency to the centripetal acceleration and angular velocity of a frame attached to an ideal massless torsion pendulum oscillating with the same frequency. In the limit of rotational speeds approaching the speed of light, one shows that the acceleration length of the oscillating rotating system is null. Since this limit case is equivalent to the propagation of gravitomagnetic waves (propagating at the speed of light) this result is interpreted as indicating that gravitomagnetic waves propagating with the speed of light in vacuum are unphysical. It is further shown that superluminal propagation speeds are also excluded on the basis that they do not allow for any induction between gravitomagnetic and gravitational fields. Gravitomagnetic waves propagating with a universal sub-luminal speed are also ruled out. For this particular case, it is shown that the gravitomagnetic wave quanta of energy cannot be absorbed or emitted by a mechanical or an electromagnetic oscillator, thus making their detection or production impossible.

Towards an Account of Complementarities and Context-Dependence

Modern physics proposals present deep tensions between seemingly contradictory descriptions of reality. Views of wave-particle duality, black hole complementarity, and the Unruh effect demand explanations that shift depending on how a system is observed. However, traditional models of scientific explanation impose a fixed structure that fails to account for varying observational contexts. This paper introduces context-dependent mapping, a framework that reorganizes physical laws into self-consistent subsets structured around what can actually be observed in a given context. By doing so, it provides a principled way to integrate complementarity into the philosophy of explanation.

Effects of Ion Temperature Anisotropy on Ion-scale Waves’ Generation in the Near-Sun Solar Wind: Parker Solar Probe Observations

Abstract The ion-scale electromagnetic waves are observed frequently within 0.3 au. Their generation and dissipation driven by wave–particle interaction are very important energy transfer processes in the weak collision corona and solar wind and may be one of the important factors driving the evolution of ion velocity distribution functions therein. In this Letter, we statistically analyze the possible effects of ion temperature anisotropy on the generation of the observed ion-scale waves within 0.3 au. The statistical results indicate that the ion-scale waves’ occurrence rate is proportional to ion temperature anisotropy. Moreover, the high occurrence rate of left-handed (LH) waves is closely related to EMIC and firehose instabilities driven by ion temperature anisotropy. However, we only find the close connection between right-handed (RH) waves’ high occurrence rate with the proton firehose instability. Besides, for LH waves in the regions with T p⊥/T p∥ > 1, their high occurrence rate is usually accompanied by the higher ion temperature (T p , T α ), larger ion temperature ratio (T α /T p ), and weaker collision effect. The RH waves are usually accompanied by a relatively lower ion temperature, smaller ion temperature ratio, and stronger collision effect than the LH waves. This Letter suggests that the ion temperature anisotropy is one of the important energy sources for generating ion-scale waves within 0.3 au.

Theoretical and experimental studies on a novel potential barrier control for a vehicle model and piezoelectric smart structure

Abstract A novel control methodology, inspired by the quantum mechanical phenomenon of particle-wave duality, wherein particles and waves utilize their energy to traverse potential barriers, has been proposed. This control strategy is investigated both numerically and experimentally to mitigate undesirable vibrations in a three-degree-of-freedom vehicle system and a smart beam structure. The mathematical framework for the vehicle system is derived using Lagrange's equations, while the experimental setup is designed for the smart beam. Disturbance inputs in the form of step and sinusoidal road profiles are introduced into the vehicle model to simulate real-world conditions. For the smart beam, endpoint vibrations are induced as an initial value problem by releasing the beam's endpoint from a predefined initial displacement. In order to achieve vibration suppression, control signals, parameterized based on system-specific frequency and period characteristics, are applied to both systems. The optimal control parameters are determined by evaluating the vibration damping performance. The findings of this study demonstrate that the proposed control strategy is not only effectively applicable to the experimental validation of the piezoelectric smart structure but also holds significant potential for numerical integration into mechanical systems, such as vehicle dynamics models.

Quantum Elastica

This paper presents a quantum method to tackle optimization challenges. Departing from the typical applications of quantum theory in particle physics, we demonstrate our approach using the elastica problem as a concrete example. The elastica, a classic variational problem extensively studied by mathematicians, serves as an ideal test case. Within quantum theory, our central innovation lies in the way we handle boundary conditions by combining forward and backward propagating wave solutions, a concept inspired by the superposition of forward and backward time-traveling particle waves in quantum mechanics. This approach not only provides a novel solution method for the elastica problem but also opens new pathways for applying quantum mathematical techniques to classical optimization challenges in other domains.

Fast-ion phase-space tomography with wave–particle interactions in the ion cyclotron frequency range as prior

Abstract The fast-ion distribution function in fusion plasmas can be inferred by inverting Doppler-shifted measurements from fast-ion diagnostics. The full fast-ion distribution function can be parametrised by three constants of motion with the addition of a binary index. However, with a limited number of measurements, cogent prior information must be added to regularise the inverse problem, enabling the reconstruction of the distribution function. In this paper, we demonstrate how to incorporate wave-particle interactions in the ion cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) as prior information with the future ITER tokamak as a test case. We find that the addition of ICRF physics as prior information improves the reconstruction of a test ICRF-heated fast-ion distribution function in ITER using synthetic data based on the planned collective Thomson scattering sightlines and the planned gamma-ray spectroscopy sightlines. The addition of such prior information is beneficial in the case of a limited phase-space coverage of fast-ion diagnostics.

Realization of a three-dimensional photonic higher-order topological insulator

The discovery of photonic higher-order topological insulators (HOTIs) has expanded our understanding of band topology, offering robust lower-dimensional boundary states for photonic devices. However, realizing three-dimensional (3D) photonic HOTIs remains challenging due to the vectorial and leaky nature of electromagnetic waves. Here, we present the experimental realization of a 3D Wannier-type photonic HOTI using a tight-binding-like metal-cage photonic crystal, whose band structures align with a 3D tight-binding model via confined Mie resonances. Microwave near-field measurements reveal coexisting topological surface, hinge, and corner states in a single 3D photonic HOTI, consistent with theoretical predictions. Remarkably, these states are robust and self-guided even within the light cone continuum, functioning without ancillary cladding. This work paves the way for multi-dimensional manipulation of electromagnetic waves on 3D cladding-free photonic bandgap materials, enabling practical applications in 3D topological integrated photonic devices.

Исследование возможностей применения положений квантовой теории в менеджменте

The continuous complication of economic conditions invariably entails the search for increasingly effective approaches to managing complex socio-economic systems. One of the areas of the search for approaches to solving this problem is the study of the possibilities of applying Burkhard Heim’s field theory in management, which involves the use of the principles of the quantum theory he developed in the science of managing complex socio-economic systems - enterprises and organizations. As a starting point for studying B. Heim’s quantum theory in management, which combines gravity, electromagnetism and quantum mechanics, many researchers in this area consider the issues of interaction between consciousness and physical reality in relation to solving management problems. Just as B. Heim was never able to bring his theory to its logical conclusion, subsequent researchers who have sought to transfer the provisions of B. Heim’s quantum theory to the field of management have not yet managed to build a sufficiently harmonious relationship between them. In this regard, the purpose of these studies was to search for problems and prospects for using B. Heim’s quantum theory in management. This work is based on a set of theoretical research methods, including: abstraction, analysis, analogy, generalization and formalization.The main results of the conducted research consist in explaining the nature of the functioning of enterprises and organizations as controlled socio-economic systems from the standpoint of quantum mechanics by drawing a set of analogies concerning: energy, momentum, angular momentum and other quantities of the bound state of the system under study; limitations of the system under study by discrete values; possession of both discrete and continuous characteristics by the systems under study; implementation of the uncertainty principle in the systems under study. The presented results allow us to move on to further research concerning a more detailed consideration of the quantum and wave nature of the activities of enterprises from the standpoint of management, including the superposition of the provisions of quantum and wave theory.

Coherence analysis of local randomness and nonlocal correlation through polarization-basis projections of entangled photon pairs

Polarization-entangled photon pairs generated from second-order nonlinear optical media have been extensively studied for both fundamental research and potential applications of quantum information. In a spontaneous parametric down-conversion process, quantum entanglement between paired photons, often regarded as ‘mysterious,’ has been demonstrated for local randomness and nonlocal correlation through polarization-basis projections using linear optics (Phys. Rev. A 60, R773 (1999)). Unlike the conventional particle nature-based perspective, this paper presents a coherence analysis rooted in the wave nature of quantum mechanics to examine these well-established quantum phenomena, incorporating polarization control of the paired photons and their projection measurements. First, we analyze the quantum superposition of photon pairs generated randomly from cross-sandwiched nonlinear media, focusing on local randomness, which depends on the incoherence among measured events. Second, we investigate coincidence detection between paired photons to understand the nonlocal correlation arising from independently controlled remote parameters, resulting in an inseparable product-basis relationship. This coherence-based approach sheds light on a deterministic perspective on quantum features, emphasizing the significance of phase information intrinsic to the wave nature of photons, which is incompatible with the particle nature.

Dynamic-Constrained Nonlinear Stiffness Method for Low-Frequency Wave Energy Harvesting and Vibration Isolation

Ocean waves are abundant in energy; however, they also cause ships to sway and can disrupt the operation of precision equipment. Harvesting energy from ocean waves and isolating vibrations in marine precision equipment have long posed significant challenges due to the inherently low-frequency nature of ocean waves. This study proposes a dynamic-constrained nonlinear (DCN) stiffness method for low-frequency energy harvesting and vibration isolation. A generalized mathematical model of the DCN stiffness system is established, and its semi-analytical solution is derived using the harmonic balance method and the arc-length extension method. Finally, various application scenarios for energy harvesting and vibration isolation using the nonlinear stiffness method are explored. The results demonstrate that the DCN stiffness method can significantly enhance the performance of low-frequency wave energy, capture and provide excellent low-frequency vibration isolation. Notably, this method exhibits a strong adaptive capability to excitation compared to traditional nonlinear stiffness methods.

Simulation of Ocean Waves With Spectrum‐Based Wave Particle

Simulation of Ocean Waves With Spectrum‐Based Wave Particle

A deep operator network method for high-precision and robust real-time ocean wave prediction

Real-time wave prediction is crucial for optimizing offshore renewable energy capture and ensuring the safety of floating offshore structures. However, the stochastic and nonlinear nature of waves presents significant challenges for accurate and robust predictions. This study proposes a wave prediction model based on the Deep Operator Network (DON-WP), which learns a nonlinear operator to map historical wave heights to future wave heights. By leveraging this operator-learning framework, the model demonstrates strong generalization across the function space, enabling it to adapt to previously unseen wave conditions. Specifically, the branch net encodes historical wave data into functional representations, while the trunk net captures prediction targets as evaluation points of the output function. These outputs are then combined through element-wise operations to generate precise wave predictions. The model's generalization ability and robustness are validated using wave tank experimental data across multiple sea states, and its performance is compared with the Long Short-Term Memory network-based probabilistic prediction model (Deep-WP). Results show that DON-WP, trained on a single sea state, achieves over 30% higher accuracy across most prediction horizons and up to a 60% improvement for shorter prediction steps compared to Deep-WP, which requires retraining for each sea state. This study highlights DON-WP as an effective approach for wave dynamics modeling, with significant potential to advance offshore renewable energy systems and enhance the safety of offshore structures.

Two-photon absorption under few-photon irradiation for optical nanoprinting

Two-photon absorption (TPA) has been widely applied for three-dimensional imaging and nanoprinting; however, the efficiency of TPA imaging and nanoprinting using laser scanning techniques is limited by its trade-off to reach high resolution. Here, we unveil a concept, few-photon irradiated TPA, supported by a spatiotemporal model based on the principle of wave-particle duality of light. This model describes the precise time-dependent mechanism of TPA under ultralow photon irradiance with a single tightly focused femtosecond laser pulse. We demonstrate that a feature size of 26 nm (1/20 λ) and a pattern period of 0.41 λ with a laser wavelength of 517 nm can be achieved by performing digital optical projection nanolithography under few-photon irradiation using the in-situ multiple exposure technique, improving printing efficiency by 5 orders of magnitude. We show deeper insights into the TPA mechanism and encourage the exploration of potential applications for TPA in nanoprinting and nanoimaging.

Electron resonances and heating caused by whistler waves along the separatrix in asymmetric magnetic reconnection

Whistler waves have been observed via many space satellite observations in magnetic reconnection in the Earth′s magnetopause. We study wave–particle interactions between whistler waves and electrons by means of a two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation of asymmetric reconnection where the guide field strength is 0.3 times the reconnecting magnetic field. The energy transfer between whistler waves and electrons occurs along the separatrix in the magnetospheric side. Tracing trajectories of individual electrons, we investigate how electrons gain energy from whistler waves. The electron velocity distribution functions along the separatrix show electron heating in both perpendicular and parallel to the magnetic field. We investigate two mechanisms (the Landau resonance and the cyclotron resonance) for electron heating through the wave–particle interactions. The electrons satisfying the Landau resonance condition can obtain a positive kinetic energy change due to the parallel electric field. We also discuss a new mechanism to increase the perpendicular energy, in which an increase in perpendicular energy can occur for particles that experience the Landau resonance because of the energy conversion due to the mirror force. Another new finding is that the number of electrons that are accelerated due to the cyclotron resonance is small, and the perpendicular temperature increase is mostly due to the electrons accelerated by the Landau resonance, although this is counterintuitive. As long as reconnection continues and whistler waves are produced, these mechanisms of heating continue and the electron kinetic energy in the outflow is dissipated into heat and the electron temperature increases.

Direct inversion of multimode Rayleigh-wave spatial autocorrelation coefficients from high-frequency ambient noise

In general, the traditional spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) method uses the fundamental-mode surface-wave dispersion curve for inversion. Ignoring the higher-mode surface-wave dispersion curves affects the accuracy of the SPAC method in detecting the S-wave velocity structures, especially for the inversion of deeper structures. To fully and accurately use the multimode nature of surface waves, we investigate a direct inversion method of subsurface S-wave velocity structures from the SPAC coefficients of multimode surface waves extracted from the seismic ambient noise. In this new method, the SPAC coefficient is directly inverted to obtain the S-wave velocity. The key step is to obtain the theoretical SPAC coefficients of a layered model by taking into account the energy ratio of each mode of surface waves in the studied frequency band and the influence of the finite station pairs and by weighting the Bessel functions corresponding to the phase velocities of each mode with the energy ratio as the weighting factor. The direct inversion method for the SPAC coefficient significantly improves the efficiency of data processing by omitting the extraction of the dispersion curves. Meanwhile, joint inversion of the fundamental and higher-mode SPAC coefficients of surface waves ensures the reliability of inversion results, increases the exploration depth, strengthens the stability of inversion, and significantly reduces the inversion misfit.

Antara Teori dan Realitas: Refleksi Filosofis dan Interpretasi Kosmologi Kuantum

Einstein's General Theory of Relativity has revolutionized our understanding of gravity by replacing Newtonian gravitational law, which regarded gravity as an attractive force between two masses. In GR, gravity is seen as a manifestation of the geometry of spacetime, influenced by the distribution of mass and energy. This theory successfully explains phenomena such as the bending of light by massive objects and the prediction of the existence of black holes. Meanwhile, Quantum Mechanics, rooted in the works of Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, and Werner Heisenberg, reveals a microscopic world filled with probabilities and uncertainties, as well as phenomena such as wave-particle duality and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. While both theories have successfully explained phenomena at macroscopic and microscopic scales, the inability to unify General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics remains a major issue in theoretical physics. The fundamental differences between them, particularly regarding the nature of spacetime and determinism, create challenges in formulating a theory of quantum gravity. Various approaches, such as Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) and string theory, aim to unify these two theories, although they still face limitations in experimental verification. Quantum cosmology also opens up space for deeper philosophical reflections on the nature of reality, spacetime, determinism, and the role of the observer in determining physical existence, leading to questions regarding the meaning and purpose of the universe itself within its underlying probabilistic and uncertain framework.

Fermionic wave packet scattering: a quantum computing approach

Quantum computing provides a novel avenue towards simulating dynamical phenomena, and, in particular, scattering processes relevant for exploring the structure of matter. However, preparing and evolving particle wave packets on a quantum device is a nontrivial task. In this work, we propose a method to prepare Gaussian wave packets with momentum on top of the interacting ground state of a fermionic Hamiltonian. Using Givens rotation, we show how to efficiently obtain expectation values of observables throughout the evolution of the wave packets on digital quantum computers. We demonstrate our technique by applying it to the staggered lattice formulation of the Thirring model and studying the scattering of two wave packets. Monitoring the particle density and the entropy produced during the scattering process, we characterize the phenomenon and provide a first step towards studying more complicated collision processes on digital quantum computers. In addition, we perform a small-scale demonstration on IBM's quantum hardware, showing that our method is suitable for current and near-term quantum devices.

Unveiling the Fifth Dimension: A Novel Approach to Quantum Mechanics

Quantum mechanics (QM) has long challenged our understanding of time, space, and reality, with phenomena such as superposition, wave–particle duality, and quantum entanglement defying classical notions of causality and locality. Despite the predictive success of QM, its interpretations—such as the Copenhagen and many-worlds interpretations—remain contentious and incomplete. This paper introduces Strip Theory, a novel framework that reconceptualises time as a two-dimensional manifold comprising foretime, the sequential dimension, and sidetime, an orthogonal possibility dimension representing parallel quantum outcomes. By incorporating sidetime, the theory provides a unified explanation for quantum superposition, coherence, and interference, resolving ambiguities associated with wavefunction collapse. The methods involve extending the mathematical formalism of QM into a five-dimensional framework, where sidetime is explicitly encoded alongside spatial and sequential temporal dimensions. The principal findings demonstrate that this model reproduces all measurable results of QM while addressing foundational issues, offering a clearer and more deterministic interpretation of quantum phenomena. Furthermore, the framework provides insights into quantum coherence, wave–particle duality, and the philosophical implications of free will. These results suggest that Strip Theory can serve as a bridge between interpretations and provide a deeper understanding of time and reality, advancing both theoretical and conceptual horizons.

Energy Comparison Study and Analysis of Wave Particles in Different Mediums Using Various Equation Models

Energy Comparison Study and Analysis of Wave Particles in Different Mediums Using Various Equation Models

Goos–Hänchen shift of inelastically scattered spin-wave beams and cascade nonlinear magnon processes

We study, using micromagnetic simulations, the inelastic scattering of spin-wave beams on edge-localized spin-wave modes in a thin ferromagnetic film. In the splitting and confluence processes, the new spin-wave beams are generated with frequencies shifted by the edge-mode frequency. We report that inelastically scattered spin-wave beams in both processes not only change their direction of propagation but also undergo lateral shifts along the interface, analogous to the Goos–Hänchen effect known in optics. These shifts of inelastically scattered beams, for a few special cases described in the paper, can be in the range of several wavelengths, which is larger than the Goos–Hänchen shift of elastically reflected beam. Unexpectedly, at selected frequencies, we found a significant increase in the value of the lateral shifts of the scattered spin-wave beams formed in the confluence process. We show that this effect is associated with the cascading nonlinear processes taking place at the edge of the film and involving the primary edge spin wave. Our results make an important contribution to the understanding of the nonlinear nature of spin waves and provide a way to exploit it in signal processing with magnons.