Waterproof Material Research Articles

Unvulcanized elastomeric waterproofing materials for construction application

In the construction was widespread elastomer profiles, which have the ability to swell in water. Such products should have a high capacity for swelling, elasticity, resistance to weathering. At the present time for these purposes are used materials, mostly of foreign origin. With the increasing pace of construction in Russia the problem of replacement of imported materials is particularly relevant. The work was dedicated to the creation of water-swellable elastomer materials using bentonite powders and study of their properties. Сomparative testing of imported and domestic hydrophilic sealants were held. Rationale and choice of components for the cords of bentonite was conducted. Polymer base is saturated ethylene-propylene rubber. Bentonite from different manufacturers used to increase the swelling of the samples. Filler added in an amount of 50–100 phr. The elastomeric compositions were prepared using laboratory roller at a temperature of 60 ± 5° C. Profiling was performed on a syringe-machine at a temperature of 120° C. Extrusion indicator of the mixtures were evaluated on a 10-point scale (German-Russian system). It is found that high swelling products provided using field Azerbaijan bentonite. It is noted that the dosage of bentonite than 150 w.p. deteriorates technological properties of bentonite cords. It has been shown that activation of the bentonite and sodium carbonate chloride can significantly improve product swelling, wherein the bentonite content of the composition was 150–200 w.p.

DESIGN WATERPROOFING IN THE CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION OF THE TUNNEL

Purpose. One of the problems of modern construction of underground structures using prefabricated structures is to provide reliable waterproofing of structural elements. Waterproofing these facilities consists of a set of measures aimed at improving the water resistance of surfaces and sealing elements of their joints. The choice of materials for this construction, it is determined by the elements, the technology of their installation and operating conditions. Therefore, when designing gidroizoinsulation main task is to ensure reliability during operation. Methodology. After observing the water leaks in the tunnel were analyzed waterproofing materials and manufacturability of its device for waterproofing tunnels; The basic requirements for the waterproofing materials and reasons leading to the loss of its credibility. Findings. We were summarized indicators of waterproofing materials and manufacturability of its device for waterproofing tunnels. Also provided are methods, measures and technologies to improve the reliability of waterproofing of structures under different types of material elements and different geological conditions. It is concluded that the recovery of the construction tightness of 4-5 times the cost of maintenance work or work to maintain the tightness of the tunnel. Originality. Using a variety of technologies for repair tunnels allows you to restore operational status and ensure the reliability of tunnel waterproofing during further operation of the tunnels. Practical value. Using analytical and practical experience in the operation and management of structural design frames waterproofing tunnels and separate units.

Discussion of Issues on Waterproof Construction of Metro Station

With the stable economic growth and rapid urban construction, urban metro is becoming the major transportation tool in medium and large scaled cities. Metro provides convenient and effective transportation services to the public. During the metro construction, water leakage issues occurred frequently and creates huge impacts on the construction and usage of metros. This paper analyzes the causes of metro station water leakage and states the detailed metro station foundation surface and waterproof layer construction techniques, waterproof techniques on construction joints and induction joints, concrete waterproof techniques and waterproof materials leaking stoppage techniques. It is critical to adopt scientific waterproof measures in construction which secure the metro construction quality. It has significant meanings to facilitate a sustainable development of metro construction corporates.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF WATERPROOF MATERIAL ON WATER-THERMAL REGIME OF THE SOIL SAMPLE

This article deals with the problem of water and thermal regime of subgrade of the road in the far north. The measures to regulate water and thermal regime of soil of roadbed are described. An experimental study to evaluate the effect of the waterproof materials on the temperature and humidity regime of the road construction. The tasks, aimed at identifying patt erns of change in the physical and mechanical characteristics and the migration of moisture in the subgrade of the road and in the active layer of permafrost, reinforced waterproof element, are set.

Performance of a Fly Ash Geopolymeric Mortar for Coating of Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete Exposed to Harsh Chemical Environments

Premature degradation of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete infrastructures is a current and serious problem with overwhelming costs amounting to several trillion dollars. The use of concrete surface treatments with waterproofing materials to prevent the access of aggressive substances is an important way of enhancing concrete durability. The most common surface treatments use polymeric resins based on epoxy, silicone (siloxane), acrylics, polyurethanes or polymethacrylate. However, epoxy resins have low resistance to ultraviolet radiation while polyurethanes are sensitive to high alkalinity environments. Geopolymers constitute a group of materials with high resistance to chemical attack that could also be used for coating of concrete infrastructures exposed to harsh chemical environments.This article presents results of an experimental investigation on the resistance to chemical attack (by sulfuric and nitric acid) of several materials: OPC concrete, high performance concrete (HPC), epoxy resin, acrylic painting and a fly ash based geopolymeric mortar. Two types of acids, each with high concentrations of 10%, 20% and 30%, were used to simulate long term degradation by chemical attack. The results show that the epoxy resin had the best resistance to chemical attack, irrespective of the acid type and acid concentration.

Production and Ecological Solutions for Utilizing Synthetic Rubber Waste as Ready-Made Waterproof Materials

A widespread method for utilizing rubber-containing waste is incineration, which leads to an increase in volume of pollutants in the environment. A method is proposed for waste processing into ecologically safe waterproof materials.

스프링클러설비용 CPVC관과 신축배관 접속부분에서의 누수저감 대책에 관한 연구

In this study, we try to suggest measures to reduce leakage at a joint between CPVC piping for a sprinkler system and a pipe expansion through reviews of domestic and foreign standards and related tests. The quality of the waterproof rubber packing material between a valve socket and pipe expansion nut was examined. In the leak test, the valve socket material over the expansion part of the metal pipe nut was found to use a metal part or a schlorinated polyvinyl chloride pipe nut part. In addition, the KS B 0221 standard for parallel pipe threads with threaded and thread inspection criteria and inspection standards in order to ensure an acceptable quality of valve socket, there is a need to amend the regulations to comply with the KS B 5223 (screw thread limit gauges parallel pipe threads). We do not have detailed standards for expansion piping nuts for waterproof rubber ring material, so we need to amend the relevant criteria for EPDM material to be used with excellent waterproofing, for which both NBR and EPDM are currently used.

High-temperature-immersion ultrasonic probe without delay line using PbTiO3/Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 ultrasonic transducer

The behavior of a high-temperature-immersion ultrasonic probe without a delay line using a PbTiO3/Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PT/PZT) ultrasonic transducer was investigated empirically. A ∼100-µm-thick PT/PZT film was fabricated on a 200-µm-thick stainless steel substrate. After PT/PZT film fabrication, the substrate was bonded to a stainless steel pipe using a high-temperature waterproof adhesive material. The probe was tested in a water bath from room temperature to 100 °C for system verification. During three thermal cycles, the ultrasonic echoes had a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and reasonable repeatability. After that, the same probe was verified by testing it in the silicone oil from room temperature to 200 °C. The test was also repeated three times and the probe successfully demonstrated high-temperature durability, a high SNR, and repeatability throughout the experiments.

Printing of reactive silicones for surface modification of textile material

ABSTRACTFor outdoor sports, waterproof breathable materials are widely used to provide protection from environmental factors like rain and wind. The most important techniques to achieve excellent performance use perfluorinated organic substances, which must be replaced in the near future due to health concerns and their environmental persistency. Printing of textile materials with reactive silicone pastes could be an alternative to introduce water repellency without fluorocarbon finishing. In this work, production of barrier textiles through one‐step silicon printing was studied, using a two‐component paste with long pot life and a thermal fixation step. Three different knitted fabrics made from micromodal, polyamide/elastin, and cotton/polyester were used as substrates for the printing. The achieved hydrophobic modification of the fabric was analyzed by determination of water shedding angle, water resistance, water retention values, moisture content, air permeability, tensile properties, and infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate several areas of technical application for the modified fabric, such as barrier textiles with permeability control, localized modification of mechanical properties of fabric and garment. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42594.

Nondestructive Microscopy Test on Damage of Waterproof Material in Underground Engineering

The microstructure changes of acrylate spray-on waterproof material in alkaline groundwater environment were tentatively studied with X-ray microscopy (XRM), and the validity of deciding the failure of the material was explored in paper. Regarded NaOH solution with pH=12 as corrosive medium, after the immersion in the alkaline solution, spray-on waterproof material was scanned with XRM, and the structure was characterized with some indexes such as porosity and pore connectivity. The results show that when the waterproof material is immersed in alkaline solution for some time, the surface of the material becomes uneven, the overall porosity falls and the pore connectivity rises. It is feasible to study on the failure of waterproof material in underground engineering with XRM.

Development length of steel reinforcement with corrosion protection cementitious coatings

The bond strength and development length of steel reinforcing bars coated with cementitious capillary crystalline waterproofing materials were evaluated using a modified pull-out test method. The coatings possess self-healing capabilities and are characterized by a novel eka-molecular sieve type structure to prevent moisture penetration. Following a study on corrosion protection, in which the coating showed a great promise, it was decided to investigate the effect of the coating on bond strength. A self-reacting inverted T-shaped beam was designed to simulate the stress conditions of flexural structural members. Six T-beams were fabricated, each of which contained eight rebar test samples. Tests were conducted at approximately seven days and at three months after casting to investigate curing effect on bond. Although the bond strength of the coated samples were reduced compared with the uncoated bars, theoretical development lengths obtained from current concrete design code equations were sufficient to reach the yield strength of the bars.

Laboratory characterization and pilot site tests of residual sludge from dimension stones for civil and environmental applications

Abstract Residual sludge from dimension-stone working plants, both from gangue saws with abrasive shot and frame saws, is classified as waste and presents a number of problems for the stone industry. These problems include a fine size distribution, heavy metals and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content, all of which impede recovery and reuse. Residual sludge, management of which is administered in accordance with the Italian Legislative Decree 152/06, can be used in waste form for environmental restoration or for cement plants. However, it is also possible that sludge applications could go beyond these limited uses with incorporation of systematic treatment for the production of secondary raw materials (SRM), for example, filler, or for ‘new products’, for example, artificial loam. Such new products or SRM have to be certified not only on the basis of their technical and physical characteristics but also by means of appropriate chemical analyses to guarantee that the products are not contaminated. This paper outlines the results from laboratory and in situ characterization of residual sludge. In particular, three potential applications of sludge either by itself or mixed with other materials were evaluated: landfill waterproofing material, filler material for civil works and artificial soil for land rehabilitation.

농촌과 도시지역 비교를 통한 연못형습지의 식생다양성 증진방안 연구

도시지역은 생태적 기능 쇠퇴 등 다양한 위협에 처해있다. 이러한 도시환경을 개선, 복원하기 위한 노력의 일환으로 연못형습지(Pond) 유형이 많이 조성되고 있다. 본 연구는 농촌의 반 자연형 습지 특성을 분석하여 도시지역 습지의 개선방안을 알아보았다. 수질환경 개선방안으로 인근 하천의 자연수를 유입하거나 강우의 직접유입을 제안하였다. 토양환경 중 토양산도, 유기물, 전질소 함량 등을 분석한 결과 농촌지역과 차이가 나는 원인으로는 도시지역이 인공적인 수문공급, 고사체 제거, 인공토양, 방수재 사용 등을 제시하였고 개선방안으로 설계, 시공 시 자연재료 사용, 자연형 수문상태, 가을철 식물 방치 등을 제안하였다. 조사 대상지에서 출현한 식물상은 도시지역에서 35과 69종류, 농촌지역은 53과 142종류가 확인되었고, 평균은 도시지역 4개소는 18.5과 29.3종류, 농촌지역 4개소는 26.3과 53.5종류로 큰 차이로 분석되었다. 원인으로 농촌지역이 도시지역에 비해 일년생식물에서 차이를 거론할 수 있고 개선방안으로 일년생식물이 넓게 정착 할 수 있도록 토양 및 수질 등의 기반환경을 다양하게 조성 할 것을 제안하였다. 귀화식물은 도시지역과 농촌지역에서 큰 차이는 확인되지 않았지만 도시지역의 경우 출현한 식물 중 약 1/4이 귀화식물로 구성되었다. 또한 귀화율 평균이 17.4%로, 농촌지역 귀화율 평균인 7.7% 보다 큰 차이로 높게 분석되었으므로 생활형 분석결과와 마찬가지로 일년생식물이 높게 출현 할 수 있도록 다양한 서식환경 조성을 제시하였다. 또한 도시지역 습지의 기능 향상을 위해서는 습지조성에서부터 높은 가치로 평가 될 수 있도록 배치, 재료, 서식환경 등을 고려 할 것을 제시하였다. 이상의 연구결과는 도시지역의 생물다양성 증진 및 개선을 위해 큰 역할을 담당 할 수 있는 연못형습지의 조성, 개선, 창출 등에 활용되길 기대한다. Urban areas are variously under threat including deterioration of ecological functions. Many pond wetland types have been created as part of an effort to improve and restore this urban environment. This study was arranged to examine improvement plans of wetlands in urban areas by analyzing semi-natural wetlands in farm areas. As for environment for water quality, it suggested the inflow of natural water neighboring rivers or the direct inflow of rain as the improvement plans. The result which analyzed soil pH, OM, and T-N content of the soil environment mentioned that urban areas supplied artificial sluices, removed apoptotic bodies, and used artificial soil and waterproofing materials and use of natural materials in design and construction, the sluice state of the natural form, and negligence of autumn plants were suggested as the improvement plans. Florae appeared in the subject sites of the study have found that there are 35 families 69 species in urban areas and 53 families 142 species in rural areas. As the average has found that there are 18.5 families 29.3 species in 4 urban areas and 26.3 families 53.5 species in 4 rural areas, the big difference between them was analyzed. As the cause has found that there are differences in yearly plants in farming areas when compared to urban areas, creation of various basic environments including soil and water quality was suggested to make yearly plants settle down widely. Naturalized plants have found that there are no big differences between urban areas and rural areas. However, the average of the naturalized ratio in urban areas is 17.4% as the naturalized plants are about 1/4 of the appeared plants. As it was analyzed to be higher than 7.7%, the average of the naturalized ratio in farming areas as the big difference, creation of various inhabiting environments was suggested to make more yearly plants appear like the analyzed result of the life type. Consideration of placement, materials, and inhabiting environments was suggested to make creation of wetlands well appreciated to improve functions of wetlands in urban areas. It is expected that the above results of the study will be utilized in creation and improvement of the pond wetlands which can play a huge role in increase and improvement of biological diversity in urban areas.

Status of municipal solid waste generation and disposal in Nigeria

Purpose – This paper examined the current status of municipal solid waste management across Nigeria. The core aspects covered are generation, characterization, collection, scavenging, open dumping, disposal and environmental implications of poor solid waste management. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive overview of the current state of municipal solid waste management in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach – This study was executed by a combination of an extensive literature search and field study. Solid waste generation rates for 31 Nigerian cities were obtained from literature. In addition, characteristics of municipal solid waste from 26 Nigerian cities were also obtained from literature. Other aspects such as characterization of solid waste obtained from final dumpsite and heavy metals accumulation in solid waste dumpsites were undertaken first hand. Findings – Solid waste generation rate was found to vary from 0.13 kg/capita/day in Ogbomosho to 0.71 kg/capita/day in Ado-Ekiti. Factors affecting solid waste generation rates were identified. Typically, food waste was found to constitute close to 50 percent of overall municipal solid waste in Nigerian cities. This study shows that the rate of generation of plastics, water proof materials and diapers has assumed an upward trend. Due to the dysfunctional state of many municipal waste management authorities, many cities have been overrun by open dumps. For instance, more than 50 percent of residents of Maiduguri in northern Nigeria and Ughelli in southern Nigeria dispose of their waste in open dumps. Indiscriminate disposal of waste has also resulted in the preponderance of toxic heavy metals in agricultural soils and consequent bioaccumulation in plants as well as groundwater contamination. Research limitations/implications – The main limitation of this research is municipal waste management authorities do not have relevant data. Hence, there was heavy reliance on published materials. The status of waste management in Nigeria is very deplorable and therefore poses serious threats to public and environmental health. There is urgent need for both government and individuals to adopt holistic and sustainable waste management strategies in order to safeguard public/environmental health. Practical implications – Findings from this paper can form a veritable resource for the formulation and implementation of sustainable municipal solid waste management framework and strategies in Nigeria. Originality/value – While most studies on municipal solid waste management in Nigeria are focussed on selected cities of interest, this particular study cuts across most cities of Nigeria in order to present a broader and holistic view of municipal solid waste management in Nigeria. The paper has also unraveled core municipal solid waste management challenges facing Nigerian cities.

Investigating Effective Waterproofing Materials in Preventing Roof Leaking; Initial Comparative Study: Malaysia, U.K.

This paper focuses on the waterproofing materials used for real project samples involving real problem mainly with roof related leakage mostly happened in Malaysia and some cases in the United Kingdom. The study outlines typical problem facing with the building leakage within the humid warm tropical climate as well as highlighting some obvious leakage scenario found within the opposite four season's climate in the UK. It also tabling the list of practical waterproofing solution done for each of the seepage problem from the real life case studies highlighting the technique and suitable best materials and products used. The paper target to help the construction players i.e. the maintenance team, building owner as well as the designer to identify the correct steps especially when choosing the right waterproofing materials in dealing with the building's rectification work typically dealing with the building leakage syndrome problem.

Characteristics of Humidity-Temperature Changing in the Below-Grade Concrete Structure by Applying Waterproofing Materials on the Exterior Wall

The water leakage in an underground space cannot easily be repaired owing to the characteristics of the underground space, which not only causes continuous inconvenience to the apartment residents but also facilitates condensation. Thus, the effects of different waterproofing methods in underground spaces on changes in temperature and humidity should be quantitatively studied to establish strong measures for the condensation issue. In this study, two types of specimens were produced separately by dividing the waterproofing materials applied to underground structures into exterior and interior waterproofing construction methods; thereafter, changes in the temperature and humidity inside the specimens were observed. The test results of the evaluation regarding condensation in underground structures indicated that when exterior waterproofing materials are applied, thermal insulation maintains a steady interior temperature and keeps the humidity at an appropriate level, thereby preventing the creation of an environment conducive to the occurrence of condensation.

Swelling pressure of natural and modified smectite-bearing clay raw materials

Smectite clays, due to their barrier properties and swelling ability, are often applied for waterproofing purposes. A proper value of swelling pressure is one of the parameters, which must be met by the fillers used in hybrid waterproofing materials. The authors determined the swelling pressure of selected clay raw materials in their natural state and after chemical modification. This parameter was measured by the Komine method, as this procedure is more accurate than the standard edometric method. The authors introduced some changes in the method. The samples represent Krakowiec clays (Miocene) and a Triassic clay, collected in active pits of building clays, which are widely exploited in south Poland. The content of the smectite group minerals, determined from the sorption of methylene blue and copper(II) triethylenetetramine, ranges between 15 and 35%. Further characteristics of the clays were obtained with X-ray diffraction, chemical analyses (calcium carbonate content including) and pH measurements. It has been found that the activation of smectite clays with sodium lowers their swelling pressure as water penetrates easier the interlayer spaces of the smectites modified. This is important from the viewpoint of assessing the quality of bentonite fillers.

Особливості композиційної побудови цементної матриці для отримання гідроізоляційних покриттів

It is investigated the properties of the matrix based on Portland cement, slag-contain and fly-ash- slag-contain cements modified with the addition of natural zeolite and complex additives consisting of carbon nanotubes in C-3 solution plasticizer as the main component of composite waterproofing material that is applied to wet concrete in the form of thin-layer coatings.

ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ЯКОСТІ ЗАТЯЖНОГО ПЕЧИВА ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД ВИДУ ПАПЕРОВИХ ПАКУВАЛЬНИХ МАТЕРІАЛІВ

The use of new packaging materials with enhanced barrier properties is a key issue for enterprises of the confectionery industry. The purpose of research was proving effective use of waterproof paper packing materials when storing cookies prolonged.Contained in the developed packaging material polyvinyl alcohol is inert to the action of fats and fat-tightness research paper packaging material showed a relatively high figure. This allows you to use such material for packaging cookies are low in fat.Cookies, packaged in various kinds of paper packaging materials investigated during storage for sensoring properties, indicators of moisture content and fat, microbiological properties. Research of quality changes during storage of cookies lingering indicate that when using waterproof paper packaging shelf life hygroscopic confectionery extended by almost half.

Underwater near-infrared spectroscopy measurements of muscle oxygenation: laboratory validation and preliminary observations in swimmers and triathletes.

The purpose of this research was to waterproof a near-infrared spectroscopy device (PortaMon, Artinis Medical Systems) to enable NIR measurement during swim exercise. Candidate materials were initially tested for waterproof suitability by comparing light intensity values during phantom-based tissue assessment. Secondary assessment involved repeated isokinetic exercises ensuring reliability of the results obtained from the modified device. Tertiary assessment required analysis of the effect of water immersion and temperature upon device function. Initial testing revealed that merely covering the PortaMon light sources with waterproof materials considerably affected the NIR light intensities. Modifying a commercially available silicone covering through the addition of a polyvinyl chloride material (impermeable to NIR light transmission) produces an acceptable compromise. Bland–Altman analysis indicated that exercise-induced changes in tissue saturation index (TSI %) were within acceptable limits during laboratory exercise. Although water immersion had a small but significant effect upon NIR light intensity, this resulted in a negligible change in the measured TSI (%). We then tested the waterproof device in vivo illustrating oxygenation changes during a 100 m freestyle swim case study. Finally, a full study compared club level swimmers and triathletes. Significant changes in oxygenation profiles when comparing upper and lower extremities for the two groups were revealed, reflecting differences in swim biomechanics.