Waterlogged Areas Research Articles

Evolving waterlogged identification system to assess spatiotemporal impact of the new Suez Canal corridor, Egypt

This study was designed to assess how accurately waterlogged areas can be detected from medium-resolution satellite images. The objective of this paper is to propose an automated extraction system to identify and map waterlogged areas around new Suez Canal in Egypt. Three Landsat-8 imagery (2014–2015) and topographical maps (1:50,000) had been used along with field observations. The applicability of different satellite-derived indices, including normalized difference water index (NDWI), modified NDWI (MNDWI), normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), water ratio index (WRI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and automated water extraction index (AWEI) were investigated for the identification of waterlogged areas from Landsat-8 data. The results indicated that the MNDWI and NDWI are good indices. Evolving waterlogged identification system (EWIS) was proposed as a simple automated method to identify and extract the waterlogged areas. It was found superior to other indices and hence it was used to model the spatiotemporal changes in the waterlogged areas around the new Suez Canal. The results also showed that the waterlogged areas have been increased (positive change, +1, 453 ha) and lands have been decreased (negative change, −1,449 ha). Three-thousand, four-hundred and sixty-three (3463 ha) Hectare were identified as waterlogged areas after excluding the other water sources in the period from 06/08/2014 to 05/05/2015. In order to determine the dominant topographic factors in the study area, high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) was created. Out of five terrain analysis (elevation, contour, relief, slope and curvature), two factors (elevation and contour) were considered as important. Finally, to figure out the relevance of this technique toward mapping of the waterlogged areas, a correlation matrix had been prepared. The results were acceptable for an understanding of waterlogged areas, which are significantly correlated with topographic factors. Based on different maps, it was observed that the factors like relief, slope and curvature have a disproportionate relationship, while elevation and contour have direct proportion with the spatial distribution of waterlogged areas.

Conceptualization of Community-Based Integrated Farming System Model Design with Multi-Objective Optimization Management

Effective utilization of land and water resources is attempted in the present study through an integrated farming system and multi-objective optimization management framework model using goal programming algorithm in a coastal waterlogged paddy area in Odisha, India. A methodology is developed to identify the water harvesting structure locations in the study area using spatial science tool. Due to the uncertainty of parameters and control variables, development of management framework was considered with 85% and 75% probability of rainfall occurrence and runoff generation. To incorporate the uncertainties, a multi-objective linear goal programming optimization model is developed considering the objective of maximizing the net annual return and production subject to optimal allocation of land. While evaluating the model for different water resources scenarios, the net annual return is found to be Rs 4,343,474 and maximum production is 10,424 q from scenario I, whereas maximum production of 10,980 q is obtained in scenario II. Tomato and rice cultivation area increased from 11.47 to 21.43 ha and 8.82 to 10.48 ha respectively in scenario II. The developed methodology shows the potential applicability in similar farming situations in other areas.

Effect of N application on its utilization and gaseous exchange in cat tail (Typha elephantina) under waterlogged condition

The cat tail (Typha elephantina), a non-food commercial crop grows as an emergent hydrophyte in tidal waterlogged areas. Its leaves are used for preparing mats and used as roof top and wall partition. Typha sp. has been found to be efficient accumulator of N from sediment under waterlogged condition. The N utilization mainly through nitrate reductase (NR) activity was studied in Typha with four levels of N fertilizers i.e. 0, 30 and 60 and 90 kg ha−1 applied at three stages of plant growth i.e. basal, 3 and 6 month after planting. In general, there was reduction in NR activity under waterlogged condition in Typha. But application of @ 90 kg ha−1 maintained high NR activity when it was applied as basal stage. Basal application of N was found better than its application at 3 or 6 month stage of crop growth. The higher leaf NR activity at 60 and 90 kg ha−1 N application level suggested better N utilization under waterlogged environment. The photosynthesis rate showed significant increase with higher N application concomitant with greater stomatal conductance (r = 0.84**; n = 12). There was significant increase in leaf yield when N was applied @ 90 kg ha−1 N level as basal dosage as compared to later stage (3 or 6 months) of crop growth. The highest fertilizer use efficiency (kg dry leaf kg−1 applied N) was also found at 90 kg N ha−1 as compared to 30 or 60 kg ha−1 N level, which corroborated superior N fertilizer utilization ability of Typha under waterlogged condition.

Effect of waterlogging on physical and mechanical properties of Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. tree

This research intends to explore the mechanical and physical properties of waterlogged rain tree (Samanea saman). The variation of mechanical and physical wood properties grown in waterlogged and non-waterlogged area were studied. Four trees of the species were selected from two areas. Important mechanical and physical properties were examined for the wood of two types of trees Oven dry density for the wood of waterlogged tree was 420 kg/m3 whether it was 550 kg/m3 for the wood of non-waterlogged tree. The MOR of wood of waterlogged tree was 58.2 N/mm2 and wood of non-waterlogged tree produced 78.1 N/mm2. The MOE of the wood of waterlogged tree and non-waterlogged tree were 1478 and 4876 N/mm2. The physical and mechanical properties were lower for the wood of waterlogged tree. Such findings may in proper uses of the species.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 52(1), 49-52, 2017

Physiological and morphological responses to permanent and intermittent waterlogging in seedlings of four evergreen trees of temperate swamp forests.

Waterlogging decreases a plant's metabolism, stomatal conductance (gs) and photosynthetic rate (A); however, some evergreen species show acclimation to waterlogging. By studying both the physiological and morphological responses to waterlogging, the objective of this study was to assess the acclimation capacity of four swamp forest species that reside in different microhabitats. We proposed that species (Luma apiculata [D.C.] Burret. and Drimys winteri J.R. et G. Forster.) abundant in seasonally and intermittently waterlogged areas (SIWA) would have a higher acclimation capacity than species abundant in the inner swamp (Blepharocalyx cruckshanksii [H et A.] Mied. and Myrceugenia exsucca [D.C.] Berg.) where permanent waterlogging occurs (PWA); it was expected that the species from SIWA would maintain leaf expansion and gas exchange rates during intermittent waterlogging treatments. Conversely, we expected that PWA species would have higher constitutive waterlogging tolerance, and this would be reflected in the formation of lenticels and adventitious roots. Over the course of 2 months, we subjected seedlings to different waterlogging treatments: (i) permanent (sudden, SW), (ii) intermittent (gradual) or (iii) control (field capacity, C). Survival after waterlogging was high (≥80%) for all species and treatments, and only the growth rate of D. winteri subjected to SW was affected. Drimys winteri plants had low, but constant A and g during both waterlogging treatments. Conversely, L. apiculata had the highest A and g values, and g increased significantly during the first several days of waterlogging. In general, seedlings of all species subjected to waterlogging produced more adventitious roots and fully expanded leaves and had higher specific leaf area (SLA) and stomatal density (StD) than seedlings in the C treatment. From the results gathered here, we partially accept our hypothesis as all species showed high tolerance to waterlogging, maintained growth, and had increased A or g during different time points of waterlogging. Differences in leaf (SLA) and stomata functioning (gs, StD) plasticity likely allows plants to maintain positive carbon gains when waterlogging occurs. The species-specific differences found here were not entirely related to microhabitat distribution.

Waterlogged wasteland treatment through agro-forestry: A review

India covers 147.75 mha degraded area, whereas 6.41 mha area confined to waterlogging problem in Bihar, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Kerala, Rajasthan and few other states. The transpiration principle of plants is used in bio-drainage treatment to reclaim such problematic areas sustainably. Evergreen broad leaved species recorded high transpiration rate and contribute highly in reclamation of waterlogged saline soils. Short rotation fast growing tree species like Salix, Eucalypt, Acacia, Albizia, Terminalia, Prosopis, Populuswere the suitable species for such areas. Agri-silviculture, agri-horti- silviculture, silvi-pasture, multipurpose woodlots, strip plantation and boundary plantations were widely used for reclamation of saline-waterlogged conditions of India. In agri-silviculture system, Eucalypt based agroforestry systems are widely used for reclamation of waterlogged areas as compared to other woody plant based systems. 0.84–0.86 m total drawdown of ground water in 3 years Eucalypt tree species. The vertical and horizontal root spreading of tree species is one important character for capturing and transpiration of excess water from waterlogged area. From the present investigation, longest root system was recorded from Prosopis cineraria (20-60 m) species.

Groundwater Assessment in a Canal Command Area for Sustainable Irrigation in a Part of the Indo-Gangetic Alluvial Plain

The growing dependence of irrigation on groundwater and its excessive use for other purposes has an adverse impact on the resource domain. This has resulted in unsustainable over-extraction and subsequent lowering of the groundwater table. The present study shows that groundwater levels can be kept near stable even with more extraction for increased cropping intensity of up to 222% by opting conjunctive use, as against the present intensity of 163.1%. In addition, the groundwater sustainable area increased from 65% to 92% and the groundwater depletion area decreased from 30% to 7%. The waterlogged area also reduced from 5% to 1% in a period of three years, thereby increasing gross margins. Groundwater system simulation shows that groundwater level will remain sustainable even after 10 years at 222% cropping intensity by adopting conjunctive use of groundwater with canal water.

Mapping and detection of land use change in a coal mining area using object-based image analysis

Object-based image analysis was used to map land use in the Panxie coal mining area, East China, where long-term underground coal mines have been exploited since the 1980s. A rule-based classification approach was developed for a Pleiades image to identify the desired land use classes, and the same rule-based classification strategies, after the threshold values had been modified slightly, were applied to the Landsat series images. Five land use classes were successfully captured with overall accuracies of between 80 and 94%. The classification approach was validated for its flexibility and robustness. Multitemporal classification results indicated that land use changed considerably in the Panxie coal mining area from 1989 to 2013. The urban, coal and coal gangue, and water areas increased rapidly in line with the growth in mine production. Urban areas increased from 9.38 to 20.92% and showed a tendency to increase around the coal mines. From 1989 to 2013 the coal and coal gangue area increased by 40-fold, from 0.02 to 0.58%. Similarly, the water area increased from 2.77 to 7.84% over this time period, mainly attributable to the spread of waterlogged areas. The waterlogged areas increased to about 2900 ha in 2013, which was about 80 times more than their area in 1989. In contrast, the area of cultivated land was negatively related to the increase in mine production and decreased from 73.11 to 57.25%. The results of this study provide a valuable basis for sustainable land management and environmental planning in the Panxie coal mining area.

The 'golden ten years': underground coal mining and its impacts on land use and subsequent social problems: a case study on the Jining city region, China

The period between 2003 and 2012 is considered as the 'golden ten years' (GTY) for the Chinese coal industry. However, at the same time, coal mining subsidence has also caused many problems. In this paper, the Jining city region in Shandong province is considered as an example to analyse the transitions in land use, agricultural production, village movements, and immigration. Results show that in this region between 2003 and 2012: 1) The dominant land use transitioned from farmland to waterlogged areas and construction land; 2) Direct losses to agricultural production can feed around one million people, and 3); 74,231 people were influenced by land-use change. In conclusion, although the GTY of Chinese coal mining led to a great deal of economic prosperity, this period was also characterised by damage to land and deep social impacts. So some of the major implications for improving mining and land protection are discussed.

Wargame Simulation Theory and Evaluation Method for Emergency Evacuation of Residents from Urban Waterlogging Disaster Area.

Urban waterlogging seriously threatens the safety of urban residents and properties. Wargame simulation research on resident emergency evacuation from waterlogged areas can determine the effectiveness of emergency response plans for high risk events at low cost. Based on wargame theory and emergency evacuation plans, we used a wargame exercise method, incorporating qualitative and quantitative aspects, to build an urban waterlogging disaster emergency shelter using a wargame exercise and evaluation model. The simulation was empirically tested in Daoli District of Harbin. The results showed that the wargame simulation scored 96.40 points, evaluated as good. From the simulation results, wargame simulation of urban waterlogging emergency procedures for disaster response can improve the flexibility and capacity for command, management and decision-making in emergency management departments.

An overview of potential multipurpose agroforestry tree species, Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels in India

Jamun (Syzygium cuminii L.) Skeels) is evergreen MPTs (Multipurpose Tree species) widely grown in traditional agroforestry systems (agri-silviculture and agri-horticulture) of India, except very dry areas. It produces excellent nutritious fruits, which contains carbohydrates, dietary fibre, fat, protein, vitamins like B1, B2, B3, B6 and C with trace minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and sodium). The seed and bark is used to control dysentery and hyperglycaemia, and in diabetic patients. Leaves of the Jamun are used in strengthening the teeth and gums, whereas fruits used in relief for colic, stomach-ache and enlarged spleen. It may accelerate work towards food security through extra food production from degraded and waste areas. The species is widely used for reclamation of salt affected soils and waterlogged areas. Their contribution in environmental conservation through biomass production and carbon sequestration processes. It also helps in conserving biodiversity in traditional agroforestry systems and natural forest areas.

Groundwater Evaporation Ponds: A Viable Option for the Management of Shallow Saline Waterlogged Areas

The province of Punjab is the main food basket of India. In recent years, many regions of Punjab are facing acute waterlogging problems and increased secondary salinity, which have negative impacts on food security of the nation. In particular, these problems are more pronounced in the Muktsar district of Punjab. The observed groundwater levels trend between 2005 and 2011 implies that groundwater levels are coming towards the land surface at the rate of 0.5 m/year in Lambi and Malout blocks. In this study, a groundwater flow model was constructed using MODFLOW to understand the groundwater table dynamics and to test the groundwater evaporation ponds to draw down the groundwater levels in the waterlogging areas of Muktsar district. The predicted flow model results indicate that groundwater levels could be depleted at the rate of 0.3 m/year between 2012 and 2018 after the construction of Groundwater Evaporation Ponds (GEP). In addition, the constructed ponds can be used for aquaculture that generates additional income. The proposed GEP method may be a promising tool and suitable for the reduction of waterlogging in any region if there is no proper surface drainage, and also for enhancement of agricultural production that improves the social and economic status of the farming community.

APPLICATION OF GIS AND GROUNDWATER MODELLING TECHNIQUES TO IDENTIFY THE PERCHED AQUIFERS TO DEMARKATE WATER LOGGING CONDITIONS IN PARTS OF MEHSANA

Groundwater is very important component of the hydrological cycle. It is an important source of water for drinking, domestic, industrial and agricultural uses. It plays a key role in meeting the water needs of various users sectors in India. Ground water resource is contributed by two major sources – rainfall and the other seepage from irrigation of the crops. A man-made effort through artificial recharge for water conservation structures adds to the ground water. The ground water behaviour in Indian sub-continent is highly complicated due to the occurrence of diversified geological formations with considerable lithological and chronological variations, complex tectonic framework, climatological dissimilarities and various hydro-chemical conditions. Assessment of ground water resources of an area requires proper identification and mapping of geological structures, geomorphic features along with sound information regarding slope, drainage, lithology, soil as well as thickness of the weathered zones. <br> This study is to understand the ground water scenario in the water logged areas of Dharoi command while the surrounding areas showing continuous decline of water levels. The area falls in the command area of Dhorai dam and is in Mehsana District of Gujarat State. A part of northern command of Dharoi Command area falls in hard rock areas while the lower and southern portion fall in alluvial areas in the Dharoi Command (RBC) area in Mahsana Mehsana District of the Gujarat State.<br><br> The study highlights the application of GIS in establishing the basic parameters of soil, land use and the distribution of water logging over a period of time and the groundwater modelling identifies the groundwater regime of the area and estimates the total recharge to the area due to surface water irrigation and rainfall and suggests suitable method to control water logging in the area.

APPLICATION OF GIS AND GROUNDWATER MODELLING TECHNIQUES TO IDENTIFY THE PERCHED AQUIFERS TO DEMARKATE WATER LOGGING CONDITIONS IN PARTS OF MEHSANA

Abstract. Groundwater is very important component of the hydrological cycle. It is an important source of water for drinking, domestic, industrial and agricultural uses. It plays a key role in meeting the water needs of various users sectors in India. Ground water resource is contributed by two major sources – rainfall and the other seepage from irrigation of the crops. A man-made effort through artificial recharge for water conservation structures adds to the ground water. The ground water behaviour in Indian sub-continent is highly complicated due to the occurrence of diversified geological formations with considerable lithological and chronological variations, complex tectonic framework, climatological dissimilarities and various hydro-chemical conditions. Assessment of ground water resources of an area requires proper identification and mapping of geological structures, geomorphic features along with sound information regarding slope, drainage, lithology, soil as well as thickness of the weathered zones. This study is to understand the ground water scenario in the water logged areas of Dharoi command while the surrounding areas showing continuous decline of water levels. The area falls in the command area of Dhorai dam and is in Mehsana District of Gujarat State. A part of northern command of Dharoi Command area falls in hard rock areas while the lower and southern portion fall in alluvial areas in the Dharoi Command (RBC) area in Mahsana Mehsana District of the Gujarat State. The study highlights the application of GIS in establishing the basic parameters of soil, land use and the distribution of water logging over a period of time and the groundwater modelling identifies the groundwater regime of the area and estimates the total recharge to the area due to surface water irrigation and rainfall and suggests suitable method to control water logging in the area.

Managing the water resources problems of irrigated agriculture through geospatial techniques: An overview

The intensification of irrigated agriculture is a prerequisite for fulfilling the rising food requirements of the burgeoning global population. But the expansion of irrigated agriculture causes the water resources problems in irrigated areas. The twin menace, i.e., waterlogging and soil salinization of irrigated agriculture can be managed by either adopting preventive measures which decrease the inflow or by employing remedial measures which increase the outflow of water and salt. Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) are very useful tool and offer a good option to traditional techniques in monitoring and evaluation of waterlogged and saline areas. This paper presents an overview of the applications of remote sensing and GIS techniques for the management of water resources problems of irrigated agriculture. The indication and background of the water resources problems are provided. The integrated use of remote sensing and GIS techniques in the management of water resources problems are also discussed. Finally, the case studies of applications of integrated remote sensing and GIS approach and some conclusions are presented.

Analyzing land surface temperature distribution in response to land use/land cover change using split window algorithm and spectral radiance model in Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, India

The paper utilized Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI for analyzing land use/land cover change and its impact on land surface temperature in Sundarban Biosphere Reserve, India. Split window algorithm and spectral radiance model were used for determining land surface temperature from Landsat 8 OLI and Landsat 5 TM, respectively. The land use land cover change analysis revealed phenomenal increase in the waterlogged areas followed by settlement and paddy and a decrease in open forest followed by deposition and water body. The distribution of average change in land surface temperature shows that water recorded highest increase in temperature followed by deposition, open forest and settlement. Overlay of the transect profiles drawn on land use/land cover change map over land surface temperature map revealed that the land surface temperature has increased in those areas which were transformed from open forest to paddy, open forest to settlement, paddy to settlement and deposition to settlement. The study demonstrated that increase in non-evaporating surfaces and decrease in vegetation have increased the surface temperature and modified the temperature of the study area.

Evaluating the effect of different management policies on the long-term sustainability of irrigated agriculture

Rise in groundwater level followed by waterlogging and secondary salinisation has become a serious problem in canal irrigated areas of arid and semiarid regions of the world. A wide range of solutions could be considered to address the problems. But the effectiveness of all the solutions and their combinations cannot be verified with on-farm experiments. Simulation models by way of their predictive capability are often the only viable means of providing input to policy decisions. To combat the problem, the computer based simulation model, SaltMod was applied in a waterlogged area of northwest India in which over 500,000ha has already waterlogged resulting in reduced crop yield and abandonment of agricultural lands. After successful calibration and validation, several alternative management policies were studied for their long-term impacts on groundwater levels and salinities. The alternative policies revealed that the groundwater levels in the study area would continue to rise in the long-run under the existing conditions. Thus, suitable water management strategies such as changes in cropping patterns with reduced rice area, reduced canal water use, increased groundwater use, and canal lining are suggested to bring the groundwater level down to a safe depth and to prevent further rising of the groundwater level.

Using GIS to discover changes in the local water cycle of wetlands – case study Poblockie Peatbog

Abstract The aim of this study is to reconstitute the changes in the local water cycle and plant habitats occurring in wetlands under anthropic influence. The selected area for the study in this paper is the swamp of Pobłockie Peatbog, located in the catchment area of the river Łeba in northern Poland. The fieldwork was performed in October of 2013. Using ArcMap the hydrographic network of the study area in the years 1837, 1918, 1936, 1976 and 2000 were digitized and represented. Using a LIDAR image, the terrain model for the swamp of Pobłockie Peatbog was generated in ArcMap. This was then used to create a map showing the location of runoff pathways from the waterlogged areas. Long-term drainage and the construction of new drainage ditches have led to the encroachment of bog woodland on the originally treeless swamp of Pobłockie Peatbog.

Modeling of transient water table response to managed aquifer recharge: a lagoon in Muscat, Oman

Natural and anthropogenic conditions in the Gulf countries lead to substantial changes in groundwater (GW) dynamics. GW mound under a lagoon supplied by treated wastewater (TWW) from a municipal sewage treatment plant (STP) in Muscat, Oman, is studied using analytical and numerical modeling techniques. The water table mound in an unconfined aquifer, laterally bounded by the sea, receives recharge from a lagoon fed by a STP in a seasonally varying regime. The onset and duration of the filling period and, correspondingly, infiltration from the lagoon bed is dictated by the wastewater processing and TWW use. Following the period of recharge-induced growth, the GW mound decays when recharge ceases, and the void space above the water table becomes available for future injection in the next annual cycle of infiltration and TWW subsurface storage. The Green-Ampt model application illustrates that the first phase of the process (vertical infiltration with front propagating from the lagoon bed to the regional flat water table) is typically short (several hours). The second phase, when TWW gets in a direct hydraulic contact with GW, is the longest and with a mound spreading to hundreds of meters during winter months. No analytical solutions to this moving boundary-value problem are known and approximate models, based on the Boussinesq approximation and its linearizations, are utilized. The Hantush-type drawup of the water table in the vicinity of the lagoon is studied by the Watson analytical solution to the diffusion equation for a vertically averaged hydraulic head in an unbounded domain, with an instantaneous jump of the head over a disk-shaped zone. This drawup is compared with MODFLOW simulations, which take into account a finite size of the flow domain (catchment) and discharge into the sea through a constant-head segment. The Mishra-Guyonnet’s formula assumes a spatially uniform flux from the lagoon bed (disk in a model plain) into a growing mound and is used for calculation of the total discharge, which progressively decreases from the early stages of the Green-Ampt infiltration to a theoretically zero value if the second phase lasts indefinitely long. We assess characteristic times and phases of the mound dynamics during the rise and fall stages using regional hydrogeological parameters, site geometry, and typical patterns of wastewater disposal. Sensitivity analysis of the locus of the phreatic surface at a given instance and location is carried out, with storativity, hydraulic conductivity, undisturbed aquifer thickness and lagoon radius as input variables. For an example of an aquifer of saturated depth of 40 m, undisturbed vadose zone thickness of 10 m, saturated hydraulic conductivity of 10 m/day, effective porosity of 0.2, a circular lagoon size of 90 m and water depth there of 1 m we found that the infiltration front propagates to the water table in less than 0.2 days; after 40 days of a continuous mound growth in a hypothetical piezometer located 400 m from the lagoon the water table drawup was in the range of 2.0–2.7 m if the aquifer hydraulic parameters and lagoon size are varied 20 % from the average value. This approach will permit to plan more detailed site investigation, facilitate management decisions on the rate of water release to the lagoon, and foresee waterlogged areas.

Status of Waterlogged Areas in Muktsar District of South-West Punjab Using Remote Sensing and GIS Technique

The extent of waterlogging and its effect on existing crop on each day of the monsoon or post monsoon season could be delineated using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS). The Muktsar district of south-west Punjab was selected for delineating waterlogged areas for the year 2006 and 2007 using Fast Colour Composite (FCC). The analysis was carried out using ESRI ArcMap 8.3 GIS software for the years 2006 and 2007. The Muktsar district falls in two scenes of IRS data used and both scenes were registered together. The district boundary and village boundaries of Muktsar district was then overlaid on the satellite data. The other information like settlements, major roads and major canals were interpreted and digitized. The FCC of IRS-P6 LISS-III satellite data for the date of pass 17 March 2006 and December 25, 2007 were prepared. The FCC was used to identify and demarcate the surface water logged areas. The total surface waterlogged area was demarcated estimated to be 2387.623 ha on 17 March 2006 and 1072.3083 ha on 25 December 2007 respectively using Remote sensing data. The increase in waterlogging has been analyzed about four times over a period of one year nine months. It was also found that the waterlogging predominantly follows a trend from northeEast to South-west of the state.