ABSTRACT Currently, a variety of land surface temperature (LST) products generated from thermal infrared bands have been already accumulated. Compared to the thermal infrared band, the mid-infrared band exhibits higher transmittance and greater robustness under humid atmospheric conditions, offering potential for further improving LST retrieval accuracy. However, the mid-infrared band presents larger variability in emissivity and higher estimation difficulty, limiting the effectiveness of LST retrieval using mid-infrared remote sensing data sources. This study proposed a MODIS night-time mid-infrared LST retrieval algorithm that integrates reflectance spectral characteristics to estimate emissivity. A few-shot machine learning model was established to build the correlation between MODIS optical band reflectance and mid-infrared band emissivity within a simulated dataset accounting for mixed spectral components, then applied to real observational data. Validation results from SURFRAD ground stations indicate an overall RMSE of 2.5521 K for this new algorithm, with values of 2.5558 K under dry atmospheric conditions and 2.5021 K under humid atmospheric conditions. The new algorithm can accurately retrieve night-time LST without significant error increasing as atmospheric water vapor content rises. Future work will further study on fields including eliminating daytime solar radiance effects, conducting multi-surface-type validation, and reducing dependence on external parameters.

• A systematic study of HT-PEMFC response to realistic methanol reformate compositions • Reformate gas compositions based on methanol steam reforming 0D process modeling. • Spatial mapping reveals impurity effects and how water vapor restores current distribution. • DRT analysis separates impurity effects on electrochemical processes. HT-PEMFCs are attractive for operation with methanol steam reforming systems, but their response to individual reformate components remains complex and spatially non-uniform. This study investigates the effects of carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon monoxide (CO), and water vapor (H₂O) on HT-PEMFC performance under representative reformate compositions at 160°C and 170°C. Gas mixtures containing hydrogen with controlled CO₂ (10-30%) and CO (0.1-3%) concentrations were examined, while water vapor levels (1.0-2.5% RH) were selected based on reformer process modeling. A combined diagnostic approach using polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy with distribution of relaxation times (DRT), and segmented current density mapping was applied. CO₂ induces performance losses primarily through hydrogen dilution and changes in fast anode processes, with higher overall degradation observed at 170°C due to increased ohmic resistance rather than kinetic. CO addition causes severe voltage losses, particularly at 160°C, driven by catalyst site blocking and strong kinetic limitations. Spatial analysis reveals that both CO₂ and CO preferentially suppress initially highly active MEA regions, leading to a more uniform-but overall reduced-current distribution. Introducing water vapor improves performance mainly by reducing the ohmic resistance associated with membrane hydration. This effect is spatially localized near the anode inlet and does not fully restore previously poisoned regions, indicating that hydration mitigates transport and conductivity losses but does not reverse kinetic deactivation. These findings highlight the importance of temperature-dependent ohmic effects and spatial diagnostics for realistic reformate-fed HT-PEMFC operation.

Water plasma generated from in-situ adsorbent-released vapor inactivates bacterial spores and damages DNA and proteins via OH-radical-rich chemistry

This study reports the fabrication of multifunctional gelatin-based films designed for sustainable food packaging, utilizing vanillin as a matrix enhancer and tannic acid as a natural crosslinking agent. Films were developed both with and without silica nanoparticles (NPs) to systematically evaluate their structural and functional properties. The resulting films exhibited high transparency alongside an effective UV-blocking capacity. While FE-SEM confirmed the complete physical self-healing ability of the films, mechanical testing quantified healing efficiencies at 52.30% for the silica-free films and an impressive 90.51% for those containing silica NPs. Chemical analysis revealed the synergy of Schiff base and hydrogen bonding interactions, with the latter identified as the dominant healing mechanism. Notably, the silica-containing film showed a reduced band gap energy of 2.66 eV, indicating enhanced photocatalytic potential. Furthermore, the fabricated films demonstrated robust barrier properties against water vapor and oxygen, as well as biodegradability, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli .

The growing demand for sustainable and recyclable alternatives to plastic packaging has driven the development of 3D-formed fiber-based materials. While fiber-based packages are biodegradable and compatible with paper recycling streams, their high porosity and poor resistance to moisture and grease limits their use in food packaging applications. Herein we demonstrate a scalable, biobased dispersion coating strategy based on tall oil fatty acid–esterified lignin nanoparticles (TOFA-LNPs) within microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) enhancing the barrier performance of 3D-formed fiber trays. A solvent shifting approach was employed to produce stable TOFA-LNPs, enabling their use in aqueous dispersions. The combination of MFC and TOFA-LNPs provides a synergistic effect: MFC provides excellent film formation, while TOFA-LNPs impart hydrophobicity and a plasticizing effect, mitigating the hygroscopicity of MFC and the poor film-forming ability of lignin. The coatings were applied using air-spray coating, and their effectiveness was evaluated in terms of water, oil, and water vapor resistance, as well as recyclability, and compared to that of coatings prepared with unmodified LNPs. Trays coated with TOFA-LNP/MFC at 1:2 nanoparticle-to-MFC ratio exhibited the best overall performance, showing reduced water absorption of 126 g/m 2 and water vapor transmission rate of 158 ± 11 g/m 2 ·day, improved hydrophobicity, and enhanced grease resistance. The barrier performance correlated with coating morphology and surface free energy. All coated trays retained full recyclability in paper stream. The use of aqueous dispersions and spray coating highlights the industrial relevance and scalability of this approach, offering a promising pathway toward recyclable fiber-based food packaging aligned with circular economy principles and emerging regulatory requirements. • Synergistic TOFA-LNP/MFC structures improved film formation and lowered coating wettability. • Spray-coated TOFA-LNP/MFC formulations enhanced water, oil, and vapor barrier properties. • Coated 3D-formed fiber trays remained fully recyclable in conventional paper recycling streams.

Preparation of carboxymethyl chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol double-layer film loaded with tannic acid- zeolitic imidazolate framework-8@quercetin particles for lotus root preservation.

Advanced flue gas purification for household heating: Evaluating CuO-based and Pt–Pd-based catalysts under real and simulated operating conditions

Tailoring highly stretchable, ultra-barrier, and transparent gelatin/PVA emulgel-templated oleofilms: Effect of oil saturation degree

A portable fast gas chromatography-mass spectrometry workflow for quantification of biogenic volatile organic compounds with humidity‑dependent sensitivity correction.

Retrieval and assessment of the refined layer precipitable water vapor based on FY-4B/GIIRS

Micro-structured porcine acellular dermal matrix: novel wound dressing promoting the repair of deep burn wounds.

Development of smart/active chitosan/Kapppa-carrageenan films incorporating Aronia anthocyanin and ginger essential oil Pickering emulsion stabilized by hempseed protein nanoparticles.

Enhancing gelatin-based films and coatings for food packaging: The role of novel technologies in extending shelf life.

Design and fabrication of smart and biodegradable food packaging film using anthocyanins from eggplant peel based on starch-chitosan polymer modified with green-synthesized copper nanoparticles

Theoretical model of dielectrophoretic water vapor condensation during multiphase flow of electrically charged water droplets in air

Development and characterization of EPS-modified alginate films with improved barrier, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibrowning capabilities.

Evaluation of the structure-bioactivity interaction in alginate-pectin films incorporated with Licania tomentosa seed extract for pear preservation.

High-temperature oxidation behavior of WC-12Co cemented carbide in dry air and water vapor atmospheres

Enhancement of chitosan/gelatin biodegradable films with cashew nut skin extract and Ocimum gratissimum L. essential oil for active food packaging

The growing environmental concerns regarding petroleum-based plastics have accelerated research into sustainable, alternative materials such as bioplastics or biopolymers. Gelatin-starch blend bioplastics (SPBBs) have gained momentum in research as a possible solution due to their biodegradability, biobased resource and potential for many applications. However, the structural and functional properties of SPBBs, such as barrier performance and rigidity properties, depend on the starch source and the formulation method. This study focuses on characterising SPBBs from potato, tapioca, sago and swamp taro. The aim was to assess the influence of starch composition, evaluated by amylose and amylopectin % ratio, with a specific interest in the relationship between chemical composition and functional properties of the materials. Methods including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), goniometry, water vapour permeability (WVP), oxygen permeability, and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMTA) were used to evaluate the biopolymer’s structural integrity, composition and barrier properties. The results revealed no significant variation in amylose to amylopectin ratios and subtle differences in starch profiles; however, once incorporated with the other materials, homogenised profiles were seen. XRD analysis showed distinct polymorphic structures in the raw starches. However, the incorporation of gelatine disrupted the starch structures and inhibited the gelatine’s triple helix reconstitution. Surface Free Energy (SFE) analysis showed that potato SPBB demonstrated wettable potential; in contrast, lower SFE and critical surface tension (CST) values of sago SPBB indicated more hydrophobic surfaces, which is ideal for food packaging. The assessed barrier properties showed that SPBBs have good water barrier properties but poor oxygen permeabilities. DMTA results indicated that tapioca SPBB had the highest rigidity, while sago SPBB had properties more suitable for shock-absorbing material applications. Further research is needed to enhance the specific properties of these polymers for particular applications. • XRD identifed starch polymorphism and demonstrate starch alteration in starch-protein bioplastics. • FTIR confirmed homogenous blending of starch, gelatine, glycerol and water. • Sago SPBBs were most hydrophobic, impacting potential uses. • Tapioca SPBB showed the best relative performance among tested starches for oxygen-sensitive packaging. • Surface behaviour varied by starch types, possibly affecting the potential food contact.