Water Supply Project Research Articles

Application and effect of SCL film and SK polyurea in aqueduct roughness reduction transformation project

In order to explore the recommended roughness value and application prospect of SCL impermeable film and SK spray polyurea in reducing roughness and increasing flow in water conservancy projects, the prototype observation test is carried out in the typical aqueduct of the pumping irrigation area in Ningxia, and one-dimensional constant flow model based on HEC-RAS is built. The roughness value before and after the engineering transformation of the aqueduct is compared to test the effect of different roughness reducing materials. The results show that:the roughness value of the original concrete aqueduct is about 0.0131, the roughness value of SCL is 0.0115, and the roughness value of SK is 0.0098. The effective reduction of roughness of SCL impermeable film is 12.21%, However, the SK spray polyurea effectively reduced the roughness rate of 25.19%. The effective flow increase of SCL impermeable film is 13.91%, while the effective flow increase of SK scrap polyurea is 33.67%. According to the effect of roughness reducing, flow increasing, and construction technology of the tow different materials, SK spray polyurea will be more suitable for application of water supply and distribution channel renovation project with less cost, easier construction, and more effective.

Sanitary Evaluation of Rural Water Supply Projects - China, 2020.

What is already known about this topic?Over the last decade, the centralized water quality and supply have been substantially enhanced in rural China. However, compared with the urban water supply, most of the rural Water Supply Projects (WaSPs) are small in scale, simple in engineering facilities, and poor in management.What is added by this report?Most of the rural WaSPs have been basically guaranteed sustainable sources of water. More measures should be taken to improve water disinfection effects, water losses control, and operational and maintenance management. The WaSPs with water supply <3,000 m3/d need to be paid more attention.What are the implications for public health practice?Laws and regulations requiring rural WaSPs to carry out a sanitary evaluation should be established. WaSPs should use tools such as World Health Organization Water Safety Plans to identify and control risks.

Governance and effectiveness of public–private partnership in Ghana's rural-water sector

PurposeThis study examined the governance and implementation of public–private partnership (PPP) based on the management contract model in the water sector in rural Ghana.Design/methodology/approachIt employed in-depth interviews with key management officials and focus-group discussions among residents in selected water-stressed communities in the beneficiary District Assemblies. Thematic analysis was employed for the analyses.FindingsThe governance of the PPP project was characterized by a well-structured institutional arrangement and effective governance mechanisms. The PPP project has increased residents' access to potable and affordable water and facilitated local economic and social development in its catchment areas. However, insufficient funding, political interference, limited infrastructural capacity and pollution are threatening its success.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the literature on effective governance and performance of rural-based PPP water supply projects for the achievement of the sustainable development goals goal six on access to affordable and quality water.

Discussion on the Problems Existing in the Construction and Management of Rural Water Supply Projects

Discussion on the Problems Existing in the Construction and Management of Rural Water Supply Projects

Feasibility Assessment of the Application of Groundwater Remediation Techniques in Rural Areas: A Case Study of Rural Areas in the Soutpansberg Region, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Groundwater contribution towards human health and livelihood depends on the contaminants level in groundwater. Many people in rural communities are being exposed to waterborne diseases resulting from drinking untreated contaminated groundwater. This study argues that the lack of implementation of available groundwater remediation methods and associated high costs are exposing rural communities to health risks. This study assessed 22 years of groundwater quality data from 12 boreholes and 2 springs to understand the contaminants level in the Soutpansberg region. A feasibility assessment of the application and design of a sustainable groundwater remediation technique was carried out based on individual- and community-based groundwater remediation types. The assessment considered groundwater management, cost and risk of theft and damage to infrastructure model for rural settings. This study determined that groundwater was not suitable for drinking purposes in some parts due to high concentration levels of NO3− and F−. The feasibility assessment indicated that community-based groundwater remediation schemes are more sustainable in rural areas when compared to individual household remediation. In this study, it is recommended that groundwater remediation plans must be included in any proposed water supply or drought intervention project in rural communities.

Comparison of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (f-AHP) for the Sustainability Assessment of a Water Supply Project

Comparison of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (f-AHP) for the Sustainability Assessment of a Water Supply Project

Individualized Community-Led Drinking Water Supply Projects in Rural Nepal

Despite access to water being a human right upheld by the United Nations, many residents in Nepal have limited access to safe drinking water due to factors including insufficient government assistance, the country’s mountainous topography, and devastating natural disasters. This paper examines the differences in effectiveness and sustainability in clean drinking water supply (DWS) systems in rural areas of the country that are either provided by the government or by local and international Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). I argue that drinking water supply projects that are conducted using an individualized community-led methodology by international and local NGOs working in partnership are more effective and sustainable than generalized methodologies often employed by the government, and positively contribute to other areas of development including gender equality. To do this, I look specifically at the approaches taken by the NGOs Nepal Water for Health (NEWAH) and Engineers Without Borders (EWB) in providing drinking water supply systems to rural communities in Nepal. Critically examining the outcomes of the differing methodologies that are employed to provide access to clean drinking water in this context is important in facilitating the achievement of the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal of safe and affordable drinking water for all.

Between development and banking: the KfW Development Bank in Latin America’s water sector

ABSTRACT This paper sheds light on the question to what extent public development banks can, and do, contribute to achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 on water and sanitation under the current political economic conditions, drawing on the case of the German KfW Development Bank and its activities in Latin America. It concludes that bankable, large water supply and sanitation services (WSS) infrastructure projects based on cost-recovery models can hardly deliver the WSS systems needed in Latin America in a sustainable manner. Achieving SDG 6 requires long-term subsidies for public water utilities and addressing the political conditions of WSS governance on the ground.

Design of a Spatial Information System for the Management of Drinking Water Supply Boreholes in the Departments of Yamoussoukro and Toumodi (Central Cote d’Ivoire)

Drinking water is an indispensable commodity for the life and development of the community. Despite the efforts made by the Ivorian government, much remains to be done to relieve the population. The satisfaction of such a need requires detailed and reliable information on the availability of groundwater. This study aims to design a database to manage the drinking water supply projects of the departments of Yamoussoukro and Toumodi from boreholes. The methodological approach used in this study is that of a relational database combining attribute and spatial data. The result of this work is a user-friendly interface that facilitates consultation and data entry on the boreholes. Spatial and statistical analyses show an uneven distribution of boreholes throughout the study area. Furthermore, all the boreholes in these two departments have flow rates classified as low and the most productive alteration thicknesses are between 15 and 30 m. The optimal depth of drilling in this area can be defined between 60 and 90 m. Finally, it appears from this analysis that, among all the lithological formations in these departments, the shales are the most productive. This database constitutes a real decision support tool for managers for the planning and evaluation of drilling.

The impact of the Tropical Water Project on the operation of Darbandikhan dam

In addition to global warming and population growth, the Turkish and Iranian water projects have negatively affected the water resources in Iraq. Recently, Iran has implemented its largest water project (The Tropical Water Project – TWP). This project aims to store the flowing water in the Sirwan and Zmkan rivers (i.e., tributaries of the Diyala River) to provide irrigation, domestic, and industrial water for areas inside and outside the Diyala River Basin. The Darbandikhan dam and Halabja water supply project are located on the Diyala River. In this study, the impact of the TWP on the operation of the Darbandikhan dam and Halabja water supply project was investigated. The monthly inflow data of the Darbandikhan dam from September 1991 to December 2017 were used to simulate the operation of the dam using the HEC-ResSim 3.1 package. Two scenarios were adopted for the operation of the Darbandikhan dam. In the first scenario, the Darbandikhan dam operation was simulated without considering the effects of the TWP project.In contrast, in the second scenario, the full operation of the TWP project was considered. The results revealed that about 48.4% of the power generation capacity would be lost, and the water surface elevation in the reservoir would be affected significantly due to the TWP project. The water surface elevation would be at or below 443 m for long periods, which will affect the operation of the Halabja water supply project.

Study of the Lateral Bearing Capacity and Optimization Reinforcement Scheme of an Open Caisson with Consideration of Soil Disturbance

The bearing capacity of an open caisson under lateral loads is a key factor affecting the normal operation of an open caisson. It will inevitably have a disturbing effect on the surrounding soil layers during the sinking process of the caisson; that is, a disturbance ring will develop around the caisson. Based on the Jurong Yangtze River water supply project, the lateral bearing characteristics of the open caisson are analyzed by the numerical method with due consideration to soil disturbance, and the reinforcement scheme is optimized. The numerical results show that when the thickness of the disturbance ring is less than 0.5 m the disturbance ring has little effect on the lateral bearing capacity of the open caisson. An arc-shaped cement–soil reinforcement at the loading area can effectively improve the lateral bearing performance of the caisson. The optimized reinforcement thickness is 2 times that of the disturbance ring, and the reinforcement angle is approximately 60°.

Serviceability assessment of prestressed concrete cylinder pipes with broken wires: Analytical solution and numerical simulation

Wire breakage is the most prevalent type of damage to prestressed concrete cylinder pipes (PCCPs) as widely used in large-scale water supply projects. Based on the elastic mechanics theory, the distribution of deflection, bending moment, shear force, and strain along the length of PCCP after wire breakage is calculated in this work. A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model of PCCP is also established. The analytical and numerical models for PCCP with intact wires are then evaluated using a full-scale test. Furthermore, the two analyses on PCCPs with broken wires are compared and assessed against each other. Upon calibration, the impact of broken wire width on the responses of PCCPs is investigated. Finally, the wire breakage thresholds of PCCPs with different inside diameters and steel wire areas are determined. The findings reveal that wire breakage has a limited influence on the pipe's force distribution, showing little changes in the force state within 1/3 of the pipe's length at both ends. The broken wire threshold increases with the steel wire area for pipes with an inside diameter of 1400 mm, although the increasing trend slows down. Under the action of internal working pressure, different pipes reach their serviceable limit states once their wire breakage ratios are beyond a certain value, (i.e., 7.4%, 7.7%, 8.3%, 10.4%, and 14.1% for PCCPs with a steel wire area of 787, 910, 1088, 1317, and 1598 mm2/m, respectively).

Reservoir Operation Sequence- and Equity Principle-Based Multi-Objective Ecological Operation of Reservoir Group: A Case Study in a Basin of Northeast China

The sequence of reservoir operations has a profound influence on the regulation and storage capacity of reservoir groups to effectively utilise the natural water inflow and external water transfer in the basin, especially for reservoir groups with water supply tasks. This study establishes the reservoir operation sequence (ROS) of four reservoir group modes, aiming at national economic and ecological water consumption, constructs a model of ROS-based multi-objective ecological operation of the reservoir group, and uses the particle swarm optimisation (PSO) method to optimise the solution. Analysing the results of the three schemes in two scenarios at the Yinma River Basin (YRB) indicates that after the Central Jilin Water Supply Project is put into operation, not only will the production and living water be effectively improved, but also the ecological water in the basin. Then, we compared the optimisation results of different water supply sequences in series and parallel reservoirs, which illustrates that the ROS of the four modes formulated in this research is the optimal water supply sequence.

A Novel Intelligent Leakage Monitoring-Warning System for Sustainable Rural Drinking Water Supply

Leakage occurs in rural water supply pipelines very often and its locating is quite demanding even for specialists, which could result in a poor operation efficiency of rural water supply projects and thus a low rural water supply guarantee rate. In view of this problem, the detection of leakage, as well as its prediction, is of great significance for the operation, maintenance, and administration of rural water supply projects. The traditional monitoring-warning systems for urban water distribution networks cannot be applied to rural water distribution networks, due to various limitations. Meanwhile, as with the traditional models, most new approaches based on machine learning such as the artificial neural network (ANN), probabilistic neural network (PNN), and statistical learning theory (SLT) do not fit rural water distribution networks much better, being unable to converge and force high-accuracy results with small sample sizes, which is a crucial demand to meet when dealing with rural water supply pipelines. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), a model that specializes in small sample sizes and has a high generalization ability, was applied to a rural water supply project in Ningxia, China. In this study, a monitoring-warning system featuring both leakage locating and quantity estimation was established based on XGBoost. The accuracy and F1-score of the leakage locating model were 95% and 93%, respectively, while those of the leakage quantity model reached 96% and 97%, respectively. Furthermore, the pressure of monitoring stations could be obtained through the feature importance analysis enabled by XGBoost, which is essential for leakage warning. These results indicate that this system based on XGBoost could be a promising solution to the leakage issue in rural water supply projects, as a great inspiration for future developments in intelligent monitoring-warning systems, thus providing reliable approaches for the sustainable development of rural drinking water supply projects.

Assessment Of Grid Electric Powered Transformation Into Solar Powered Pumping Water Supply Projects

Assessment Of Grid Electric Powered Transformation Into Solar Powered Pumping Water Supply Projects

Privatization in Rural Water Supply and Customer Satisfaction: An Empirical Case Study in Vietnam

This article investigates the private sector participation in investment, management, and operation in rural water supply schemes in Vietnam. Different organizations manage rural water supply facilities, including the private sector, public sector, and others. This paper aims to compare the different characteristics affecting user satisfaction of water supply facilities managed by the private sector and the remaining sectors. An ordered logit model was utilized for calculation with the data collected from semi-structure questionnaires with 1200 households using water from rural water supply systems managed by different sectors in Vietnam. The results indicate that the water-user satisfaction with rural water supply projects managed by the private sector is higher than that in other sectors (community, cooperative, commune people’s committee), whereas there is no significant difference in customer satisfaction between systems managed by the public sector and the private sector (enterprise, private management). The water availability and quality of schemes greatly influence the customer satisfaction. Findings from this study provide considerable information for the private sector on how to improve the management and operation of water supply systems efficiently through customer satisfaction assessment.

Holistic Approach to Water Resources Development through Generations

Sustainable development of water resources systems must balance between socio-economic development and environmental protection. This is both a technical and governance challenge to reconcile the technical challenge of competing ecological-social-economic objectives and the governance challenge of harmonizing long-term policy frames and short-term management decisions. With climate and ecosystem changes and uncertainty as well as socio-economic and political changes, water resources development has become complex. In view of this, sustainable water resources development requires transdisciplinary approach that combines science-based tools from physical, social, economic, and behavioral sciences and engages stakeholders from various sectors (academics, professionals, government, civil society) to solve problems through an iterative process of collaborative learning, research, and consensus building. This paper discusses holistic approach for sustainable and resilient water resources development in the context of the following items: (1) linking science, policy, and management decisions through decision support systems; (2) sustainability science; (3) transdisciplinary approach; and (4) evolutionary resilience. Then, specific studies and discussions are given showcasing holistic approach for the following water resources systems: 1) Pasig-Marikina River Basin, 2) West Mangahan Lakeshore Road Dike, 3) Marikina River Flood Tunnel to Agos River, 4) New Centennial Water Supply Project for Metro Manila, 5) Pulangi Hydropower Plant IV Reservoir sediment flushing, and 6) Banaue Rice Terraces as an archetype of sustainable design. In conclusion, with climate and ecosystem changes and uncertainty including economic, social, and political changes, sustainable water resources development requires transdisciplinary approach with sustainability science and evolutionary resilience.

Influence of mass-awareness campaign on community behavior pattern changes for safe drinking water availability in a groundwater arsenic-affected area of South Asia

Environmental pollution of drinking water and it's mitigation policies spose one of the most significant global sustainability challenges. The remediation of pollutants from drinking water depends on technological efficacy, whereas its implementation on the target population requires social acceptance besides economic resources. In this context, mass awareness of the benefits of community safe water supply scheme and people's willingness to use the treated water may improvise the effective implementation of the project. The present research demonstrated the effectiveness of a field-scale mass awareness experiment on the management of arsenic (As) pollution through the implementation of piped community water supply project, in areas with profuse As contaminated tubewell-based water use. Extensive baseline and end-line surveys were conducted to assess the public awareness of the As issues, identification of the captive population, which delineates the impact of the campaign program and the associated change in behavior of the studied population. Lorenz curve was employed to estimate the awareness of arsenic contamination in different population clusters and it was observed that a cumulative awareness share of 96.9% was achieved in 97.5% of households. Hotspot analysis was conducted to identify the spatial distribution of As incidences and unresponsive captive population to awareness program. A neural network-based prediction model was developed, integrating the baseline and end-line survey data to assess the impact of the awareness program on public behavioral change on shifting to community piped water supply sources from contaminated groundwater. The high value of R2 (0.986) and F statistics (3721.6) signify the effective application of the model

Research on Planning, Design and Construction of Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Project

Research on Planning, Design and Construction of Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Project

Experimental study on pressure characteristics of direct water hammer in the viscoelastic pipeline

Abstract With the increasing popularity of long-distance water supply projects and the development of materials technology, the variation of water hammer characteristics in the viscoelastic pipeline has become the focus of researchers. To find out the mechanism of water hammer in the viscoelastic pipe of both elastic and viscous properties, an experiment was set up to study the direct water hammer generated by rapid closure of the downstream valve in the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) pipe, with six flow velocities in nearly 70 tests. The experimental results showed that the maximum water hammer pressure generated in the viscoelastic pipe in all flow velocities was (20% at most) greater than the traditional value of Joukowsky's formula. A faster closing time of the valve caused a higher water hammer pressure. The difference in water hammer pressure generated between the fastest and the slowest closing time of the valve was 14–17% at each flow velocity. Based on the relationship between the stress and strain of the pipe wall in the viscoelastic pipe, the reason that the water hammer characteristic in the viscoelastic pipeline was different from the traditional value was explained. The study provides a reference for the mechanism of transient flow in viscoelastic pipelines.