The hydrological functions of forests are well recognized, but their influence on water storage and release dynamics remains poorly quantified. The fraction of young water ([Formula: see text])-the proportion of streamflow younger than 2 to 3 mo-serves as an integrative indicator of a watershed's capacity to retain and release precipitation. Here, by analyzing [Formula: see text] across 657 watersheds worldwide, we found that forest cover exhibited a significant negative relationship with [Formula: see text]. The causality was further corroborated through a meta-analysis of postdeforestation [Formula: see text] trends, confirming that forest loss accelerates the conversion of recent precipitation into streamflow. This effect was most pronounced in watersheds with shallow groundwater, highlighting the role of forests in regulating rapid, near-surface flowpaths. Beyond total forest cover, we found that forest landscape patterns also exerted influences: A lower proportion of forest edge was associated with higher [Formula: see text], but only in sparsely forested watersheds ([Formula: see text][Formula: see text]40% forest cover), where the edge-enhanced evapotranspiration was most pronounced. This global synthesis not only reinforces the hydrological value of forest conservation and restoration but also highlights that deliberate planning of forest landscape patterns can help mitigate the hydrological consequences of forest loss. Together, these findings demonstrate that integrating forest protection with forest landscape planning is essential for sustaining hydrological functions.

Determining long-term changes in global ice and water storage from satellite gravimetry remains challenging due to the limited temporal coverage of high-resolution missions. Here, we combine Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data to reconstruct large-scale, non-linear mass variations from 1995 to 2024, extending gravity-based observations into the pre-GRACE era while preserving spatial detail through backward extrapolation. The combined model reveals widespread and statistically significant accelerations in global water and ice mass changes and enables the identification of key turning points in their temporal evolution. Results indicate that in Svalbard, a non-linear transition in ice mass balance occurred in late 2004, followed by a pronounced acceleration of mass loss due to climate warming. Glaciers in the Gulf of Alaska exhibit persistent mass loss with a marked intensification after 2012, while in the Antarctic Peninsula, ice mass loss substantially slowed and a potential trend reversal emerged around 2021. The reconstructed mass anomalies show strong consistency with independent satellite altimetry and climate indicators, including a clear response to the 1997/1998 El Niño event prior to the GRACE mission. These findings demonstrate that integrating SLR with GRACE enables robust detection of non-linear, climate-driven mass redistribution on a global scale and provides a physically consistent extension of satellite gravimetry records beyond the GRACE era.

Summary The Geocenter Motion (GCM) time series captures periodic variations arising from diverse Earth system changes. This study pioneers the use of Successive Variational Mode Decomposition (SVMD) in GCM research, enabling the precise extraction and analysis of these meaningful geophysical signals. SVMD outperformed Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) by effectively isolating signals and minimizing interference from components with similar variance contributions. However, a high maximum penalty factor in SVMD may lead to noise-dominated Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs). To overcome this limitation, we propose an extraction criterion that utilizes the standard deviation of the correlation coefficient and mean kurtosis as thresholds. Validations with simulations and the real GCM time series demonstrate its superiority over traditional single- and dual-threshold criteria, effectively retaining valuable information while excluding most noise-dominated IMFs. This improved approach is further employed to explore the geophysical driving factors of key periodic variations in the GCM time series, focusing on the annual, semi-annual, 10.5-year, 451-day, ∼160-day, and ∼120-day periods. Multi-source GCM analyses combined with the fingerprint method reveal distinct contributions from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, terrestrial water storage, continental glaciers, and atmosphere-ocean interactions to different periodic signals. This study provides a robust methodology for decomposing GCM and attributing its variations to underlying Earth system changes, advancing our understanding and interpretation of global mass redistribution.

This study investigates the effects of saline reclaimed water recharge on soil salt accumulation and water migration in Xinjiang, China, aiming to provide scientific guidance for the sustainable utilization of reclaimed water in arid regions. Indoor vertical infiltration simulation experiments were conducted using reclaimed water with varying salinity levels (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 g L−1) to evaluate their impacts on soil water–salt distribution and infiltration dynamics. Results showed that irrigation with saline reclaimed water increased soil pH and significantly enhanced both the infiltration rate and wetting front migration velocity, while causing only minor changes in the moisture content of the wetted zone. When the salinity was 2 g L−1, the observed improvement effect was the most significant. Specifically, the cumulative infiltration increased by 22.73% after 180 min, and the time required for the wetting peak to reach the specified depth was shortened by 21.74%. At this salinity level, the soil’s effective water storage capacity reached 168.19 mm, with an average moisture content increase of just 6.20%. Soil salinity increased with the salinity of the irrigation water, and salts accumulated at the wetting front as water moved downward, resulting in a characteristic distribution pattern of desalination in the upper layer and salt accumulation in the lower layer. Notably, reclaimed water recharge reduced soil salinity in the 0–30 cm layer, with salinity in the 0–25 cm layer decreasing below the crop salt tolerance threshold. When the salinity of the reclaimed water was ≤2 g L−1, the salt storage in the 0–30 cm layer was less than 7 kg ha−1, achieving a desalination rate exceeding 60%. Reclaimed water with a salinity of 2 g L−1 enhanced infiltration (wetting front depth increased by 27.78%) and desalination efficiency (>60%). These findings suggest it is well suited for urban greening and represents an optimal choice for the moderate reclamation of saline-alkali soils in arid environments. Overall, this study provide a reference for the water quality threshold and parameters of reclaimed water for urban greening, farmland irrigation, and saline land improvement.

Abstract. Water storage in snowpacks in mountainous areas is critical for hydropower production, hydrological forecasting, and freshwater availability. Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a powerful tool for quantitatively measuring snow mass because of its high spatial resolution and signal sensitivity to snow depth (SD). In particular, the first SAR SD product (C-snow) based on Sentinel-1 satellites displays high sensitivity to depolarization signals for dynamic SD monitoring in mountainous areas. Moreover, upscaled C-snow retrievals (e.g., 10 and 25 km) have been used to provide reference data to train machine learning models, improve passive microwave-based retrieval, and calibrate many hydrological models. However, to date, a systematic assessment of C-snow products at various scales has not been conducted. In this study, the performance of C-snow products at three scales (1, 10 and 25 km) is compared via station-based measurements and airborne LiDAR observations, and the scale patterns associated with the heterogeneity of the geographic environment and the representativeness of so-called true data are analyzed. The scale patterns of C-snow products vary across resolutions. They differ from the patterns observed in the station and airborne reference data. As the spatial scale increases from 1 to 25 km, the error of C-snow retrieval in reference to station measurements tends to increase (e.g., ubRMSE from 69.43 to 81.87 cm; bias from −8.89 to 11.66 cm), whereas it tends to decrease compared with Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) data, with ubRMSE values ranging from 104.3 to 83.29 cm and bias values ranging from −91.31 to −52.73 cm. We also found that land cover types, e.g., tree cover and permanent ice, affect the C-snow product at various scales. Overestimation tends to occur in coarse pixels covered with even a small amount of permanent ice. The findings indicate that C-snow retrieval at three scales is characterized by high uncertainty. Therefore, researchers should focus on developing a robust SD retrieval algorithm by combining SAR backscattering signals and polarimetric and interferometric information.

ABSTRACT Globally, many wetlands and lakes are at risk for further loss, which can amplify downstream consequences of flood and drought events. We derived remotely sensed based time series of surface water storage (SWstorage) to determine when and where accounting for SWstorage dynamics improves predictions of river discharge. We trained four long short-term memory (LSTM) models, that differed in their inclusion of storage data and catchment characteristics, to simulate daily river discharge (2016–2023) for select watersheds across the conterminous United States. Adding SWstorage to a meteorology-only or meteorology-and-catchment characteristics model improved upon model Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) in 80.6% of the watersheds. Residuals during low-flow (Q70) events decreased by 47.6% when adding storage to meteorological data. Improvements were most consistent in ecoregions with a greater abundance of non-floodplain lakes and wetlands. This effort represents the first exploration to train a multi-watershed LSTM on landscape-scale remotely sensed time series of SWstorage.

Abstract - The increasing demand for thermal comfort and potable cold water has resulted in higher electricity consumption, leading to environmental degradation and increased operational costs. This research presents the design, development, and performance evaluation of a solar water cooler cum room cooling system, which utilizes renewable solar energy to provide both chilled drinking water and indoor air cooling simultaneously. The system integrates a solar photovoltaic panel, DC water pump, evaporative cooling chamber, water storage tank, and air circulation fan. During operation, solar energy powers the pump to circulate water through cooling pads, thereby reducing room temperature while simultaneously cooling stored water through evaporative heat transfer. Experimental analysis shows that the system can reduce room temperature by 6–10°C and lower water temperature by 8–12°C under typical Indian climatic conditions. The proposed system is eco-friendly, cost-effective, and suitable for rural and semi-urban areas with limited electricity access. Key Words: Solar energy, evaporative cooling, water cooler, room cooling, renewable energy, energy conservation.

Background: Safe water is important for health, yet many people still rely on sources of water that are not adequately protected from contamination. Drinking unsafe water provides conditions that enhance the chances of contacting such waterborne illnesses as diarrhea and typhoid, especially in communities with poor sanitation measures. The study was conducted to assess water sources, handling practices, and waterborne diseases in Gyel and Du communities in Jos South Local Government Area. Methods: A total of 807 respondents participated in this community-based cross-sectional survey. The structured questionnaire focused on household drinking water sources, storage methods, hygiene behaviors, and episodes of illness in the past six months. Water samples were collected from common sources like wells, streams, and stored household water. The water samples were assayed for simple quality indicators, namely pH, turbidity, and bacterial contamination, using simple laboratory procedures. The results indicated a high reliance by households on water sources that were unsafe, with the majority being wells without protection and surface waters. The majority of households did not treat the water before drinking. Laboratory analysis indicated many samples contained unsafe levels for bacteria such as coliforms and Escherichia coli, indicative of fecal contamination. A large number of respondents reported diarrhea and typhoid within the last six months; this points to a strong association between water quality and health complaints. Conclusion: Drinking water in Gyel and Du communities is not always safe, leading to a high burden of waterborne diseases. Improvements in water supply systems are urgently needed along with the promotion of household water treatment and improved sanitation and hygiene practices in order to safeguard public health.

Polymeric Coatings Improve Mechanical and Biological Properties of Resin Composites: An In Vitro Study.

Lakes on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau are important indicators of global climate change, and variations in their water storage strongly influence regional hydrological cycles and ecosystems. However, existing studies have largely focused on relative changes in lake volume, while the precise quantification of absolute water storage remains insufficient, largely due to the lack of long-term, high-accuracy water storage time series. Constrained by harsh natural conditions and limited in situ observations, conventional approaches struggle to achieve the accurate long-term monitoring of lake water storage across the Plateau. To address this challenge, we propose a DEM-based underwater topography extrapolation method. Under the assumption of continuity between surrounding onshore terrain and submerged lakebed morphology, nearshore DEM data are extrapolated to reconstruct lake bathymetry. By integrating multi-source remote sensing observations of lake area and water level, we estimate and reconstruct 30-year absolute water storage time series for 120 Plateau lakes larger than 50 km2. This method does not require measured water depth data and is particularly suitable for data-scarce, topographically complex, high-altitude lake regions, effectively overcoming key limitations of conventional methods used for absolute water storage monitoring. Validation shows strong agreement between our estimates and an independent validation dataset, with an overall correlation coefficient of 0.95; the reconstructed time series are highly reliable, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.6. During the study period, the total lake water storage of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau exhibited a significant increasing trend, with a cumulative growth of approximately 137.297 billion m3, representing a 20.73% increase, and showing notable spatial heterogeneity. The water storage dataset constructed in this study provides reliable data support for research on water cycles, climate change assessment, and regional water resource management on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau.

Influence of residual ridge morphology and manufacturing methods on the trueness of digitally fabricated denture bases of the mandible.

Abstract The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission provides accurate observations of terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSA), but their coarse spatial resolution (∼3°) limits sub‐regional‐scale applications. Existing downscaling methods rely on high‐resolution hydrometeorological inputs, which often underestimate the full magnitude of GRACE signals. Here, we develop a machine‐learning‐based iterative downscaling method that reproduces TWSA at 0.25° resolution while retaining nearly all of the original GRACE signals, using ERA5 soil moisture, precipitation, and temperature as inputs. We find that the downscaled TWSA has improved agreement with in situ groundwater levels compared to the original GRACE data, with higher correlation at over 63% of wells and reduced RMSE at more than 83% globally. The downscaled TWSA also retains an average correlation of 0.99 with original GRACE data at the basin scale, outperforming a previously released downscaling product. The downscaled TWSA data set is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17265162 .

ABSTRACT At present, low-rank coal occupies a large proportion of coal resources and has poor wettability, making it difficult to use effectively. In order to separate cleaned coal from slime and achieve high-quality improvement and utilization, imidazole ionic liquid was used as a modifier to pretreat the surface of low-rank coal. After the modification with ionic liquid, the hydrogen bonds between oxygen-containing functional groups and water molecules are broken, and the coal’s bonding ability with water molecules is weakened. In addition, the number of hydrophilic functional groups is reduced, and the proportion of hydrophobic alkyl functional groups increases. Compared with Br and Cl, HSO4 has a stronger modification effect on hydroxyl groups, resulting in increased hydrophobicity and a higher contact angle. The modified contact angle of [Bmim]HSO4 is the highest, which is 77.63% higher than that of raw coal. In water absorption experiments, the total moisture content of the modified coal decreased, indicating that the modified ionic liquid worsens coal’s water storage capacity, with [Bmim]HSO4 showing a 2.45% decrease compared with raw coal. The influence mechanism of different anionic imidazolyl ionic liquids on coal wettability was revealed by studying microstructure changes and water absorption. It provides a fresh concept and direction for flotation agents development and has certain guiding significance for modifiers synthesis with green and high efficiency advantages.

On the evaluation of global terrestrial water storage and divergent governing factors centring policymaking.

ABSTRACTCrassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a highly plastic photosynthetic pathway with ecological and evolutionary significance, ranging from weak inducible to strong obligate forms. While most Crassulaceae taxa may be capable of performing CAM, the Macaronesian genus Aichryson has not traditionally been associated with CAM. We integrate phylogenetic, physiological, isotopic, anatomical and bioclimatic data to investigate the distribution, plasticity and evolutionary history of CAM and related traits in Aichryson. Our study includes all 15 accepted species, combining over 1100 occurrence records, carbon isotope (δ13C) data, nocturnal acid titration and a CAM performance experiment under temperature and drought gradients. Multivariate analyses of bioclimatic variables show clear ecological differentiation among the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands, with life form strongly associated with climatic niche. Annual species are generally restricted to cooler, wetter climates, while the perennial A. tortuosum lineage, endemic to the arid eastern Canaries, exhibits increased succulence, lower minimum leaf conductance and higher CAM performance. Ancestral state reconstruction of δ13C data suggests that the ancestor of Aichryson possessed a predominantly C3 physiology with low‐level CAM capacity, from which independent shifts towards stronger CAM expression or reversions to predominant C3 photosynthesis occurred in response to local climatic conditions. Our CAM performance experiment revealed pronounced interspecific differences in nocturnal acid accumulation and plasticity. Some annuals, such as A. bollei, exhibited high CAM inducibility under stress, while others, like A. dumosum, maintained low ΔH+ across treatments, likely reflecting relaxed selection in mesic habitats. These physiological traits align with environmental niche and life history, supporting two main strategies: fast‐growing annuals with flexible CAM and slow‐growing perennials with more constitutive CAM and investment in leaf longevity, cuticular properties and water storage. These findings support a ‘CAM continuum’ and highlight the roles of ecological differentiation and climatic filtering in shaping CAM evolution. Aichryson emerges as a model system for understanding CAM plasticity and the interplay between photosynthetic pathways, life history and insular biogeography.

A nonporous crystalline organic cage (Oba-cage) effectively captures and stores water from a mixed organic solvent/water system. The observed water uptake capacities of 106.2 mg g−1 (10.6 wt%) at 0 °C and 102.1 mg g−1 (10.2 wt%) at 25 °C are significant for nonporous cages, as collectively confirmed by different techniques. This excellent water uptake and storage performance is attributed to the strong host–guest O–H⋯N hydrogen bonding interactions between the imine nitrogen atoms of the cage and water molecules. These findings establish organic cages as a promising class of compounds for water harvesting and storage applications.

Smallholder farmers' perceptions of the impact of climate change on the mental and physical health of their livestock in semi-arid Ghana.

Peatlands naturally function as water storage, water supply, and water controller. However, if they are not managed properly, this can cause changes in the water system or hydrology, especially fluctuations in groundwater levels. The decline in groundwater levels in peatlands triggers oxidation and subsidence, especially during the dry season. One effort that can be made to control this decline is to carry out a water balance analysis, which will provide a spatial and temporal understanding of the water's condition. This research was carried out in the Mangsang area at HTI PT. Rimba Hutani Mas, Merang District, Bayung Lencir District, Musi Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra. The research was carried out by the survey method using the Thornthwaite & Mather Water Balance method. The data used included dimensions of drainage channels, rainfall, temperature, ground water level, and canal water level. The calculated data consisted of average monthly rainfall, average monthly air temperature, potential evapotranspiration, accumulated potential water loss, available water capacity, monthly differences in soil moisture storage, actual evapotranspiration, deficit, surplus, and direct runoff. The research results show that in the Mangsang area of ​​PT. Rimba Hutani Mas, there was a water surplus in March, April, November, and December and a deficit in January, February, May, June, July, August, September, and October. Although the calculation results indicate that water-deficit months occur in January, February, May, June, July, August, September, and October, this research area has been anticipated to avoid groundwater level fluctuations through effective water management and the construction of canal blocks.

Soil water and carbon dynamics of barley - pea intercropping in a temperate environment under projected climate change.

Long-term water balance dynamics in a Brazilian neotropical forest: Insights from seven years of continuous observation.