Water-soluble Base Research Articles

Physical and Chemical Characteristic, Irritation Index and Anti-inflammatory Activity from Ointment of Syzygium aromaticum Oil by Adding an Enhancer

This research aimed to evaluate how enhancers affect the properties of Syzygium aromaticum oil in both water-soluble and hydrocarbon bases. Physical and chemical characteristic tests, irritation index evaluations, and anti-inflammatory activity assessments were carried out to analyze the Syzygium aromaticum oil ointment. The pH tests were conducted to measure the chemical characteristics and viscosity, adhesivity, spreadability tests were conducted to measure the physical characteristics of the ointment. Rabbit-based tests were used to determine the irritation index, mice induced by crotton oil were used in anti-inflammatory activity assessments. The pH tests revealed no significant differences between both of ointments. The ointment in the water-soluble base had higher viscosity and adhesivity but lower spreadability than the ointment in the hydrocarbon base. The epidermis thickness of watersoluble and hydrocarbon-based ointments was 3.81±0.40 μm and 4.22±0.15 μm, while the number of cells with COX-2 expression was 18.24±6.51 and 21.01±5.96. The addition of enhancers did not cause any irritation in either ointment. The study concluded that the formula of Syzygium aromaticum oil in a water-soluble ointment with the addition of propylene glycol and oleic acid (70:30) as enhancers provided better physical and chemical characteristics, a lower irritation index, and higher anti-inflammatory activity compared to the hydrocarbon.

A study on fly ash, M−Sand and bottom ash incorporated ecological geo polymer blocks with banana fiber

In the modern era, global warming happens to a critical green concern. Every year, the magnitude of greenhouse gas emanation to the ambience is in increasing trend In the scenario of throw-away exploitation and making of ecological geopolymer blocks, the probability in entirety substitution of fly ash as a primary binder instead cement and incorporation of manufactured sand and bottom ash in ecological geo-polymer composite was explored This experimental study aims to investigate the properties of Incorporating M−Sand, Bottom Ash and fly ash geo polymer composites by using banana fibers.Variations in the mechanical characteristics of Ecological geopolymer composites concerning diverse concentrations of inorganic water-soluble bases solution were considered. Geo composites with natural sand with 6 m, 8 m, 10 m, 12 m and 14 m were considered. For each molarity of concentration compressive and, flexural strength were performed on fly ash geopolymer composites. On the investigation, it is concluded that the optimal molarity ratio is 12 m. The optimum molarity ratio was kept constant for the partial replacement of river sand with M−Sand. In this research, Geopolymer composites were partially replaced for river sand in the percentage proportions of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% with manufactured sand. Investigation reveals that optimal compressive characteristics were achieved for geopolymer composite with 40% replacement of river sand with M−Sand. Furthermore with 40% replacement of M.sand for river sand as constant, partial replacement of bottom ash for river sand was done. The bottom ash was added with MS40 mix proportions with the percentages of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 as a partial replacement with river sand and the optimum replacement of bottom ash was identified at 40% to be optimum based on test results. Durability and microstructural studies were carried out for was also conducted Banana fibre-embedded MS40BA40 geopolymer composite compressive characteristics, with the fiber of length 30 mm and 0, 5, 7.5, 10, and 12.50 % of geopolymer composites on ecological geopolymer composite was investigated.

The Comparison of Analytical Methods for Determination of Eugenol Content in Water Soluble Base from Clove Flower (Syzygium aromaticum) Essential Oil Ointment using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry and High Performance Liquid Chromatography

The eugenol content in clove essential oil can be used as a parameter to determine the chemical stability of clove essential oil ointment. Both UV- Vis and HPLC spectrophotometry methods can be used to determine eugenol levels. However, no studies have compared the two methods. This study aims to find out which analytical method is more valid in determining the eugenol content of clove flower essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum) in water-sea based ointments, between the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method and the HPLC method. The parameters in the validation of the analytical method carried out include parameters of linearity, selectivity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). The results of method validation using UV spectrophotometry showed linearity (R = 0.9998), precision (CV = 0.137%), LOD 0.190 µg/mL, LOQ 0.632µg/mL, accuracy (recovery = 100.05%). Method validation using HPLC produced parameters of linearity (R= 0.998), precision (CV = 0.533%), LOD 0.28 µg/mL, LOQ 0.93 µg/mL, accuracy (recovery = 106.43. Average levels of eugenol in water-soluble base MABC ointment using UV spectrophotometry (% concentration = 2.201 ± 0.037) while using HPLC (% concentration = 3.191 ± 0.023). Both methods met the validation requirements. The assay results using both methods met the requirements according to the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia Edition VI. The two methods did not have a significant difference based on the student test, both in the validation parameters and the results of determining the levels of eugenol.

Design of a Transdermal Sustained Release Formulation Based on Water-Soluble Ointment Incorporating Tulobuterol Nanoparticles.

We aimed to investigate which base was suitable for preparing transdermal formulations incorporating tulobuterol (TUL) nanoparticles (30-180 nm) in this study. Three bases (water-soluble, absorptive, and aqueous ionic cream) were selected to prepare the transdermal formulations, and TUL nanoparticles were prepared with a bead-milling treatment. In the drug release study, the TUL release from the water-soluble ointment was higher than that from the other two ointments. Moreover, the addition of l-menthol enhanced TUL nanoparticle release from the ointment, and the rat skin penetration of the TUL water-soluble ointment was also significantly higher than that of the other two ointments. In addition, the drug penetration of the TUL water-soluble ointment with l-menthol sustained zero-order release over 24 h, and the skin permeability of TUL increased with TUL content in the ointment. On the other hand, this penetration was significantly inhibited by treatment with a caveolae-mediated endocytosis inhibitor (nystatin). In conclusion, we found that the water-soluble base incorporating TUL nanoparticles and l-menthol was the best among those assessed in this study. Furthermore, the pathway using caveolae-mediated endocytosis was related to the skin penetration of TUL nanoparticles in the TUL water-soluble ointment with l-menthol. These findings are useful for the design of a transdermal sustained-release formulation based on TUL nanoparticles.

Spatial distributions of salt-based ions, a case study from the Hunshandake Sandy Land, China.

Soil water soluble base ion salt-based ion concentrations are critical parameters for estimating soil buffer capacity and vegetation productivity. Ionic content clearly covaries with the distribution of plant communities. Previous studies on salt-based ions in soils focused primarily on ion migration and its relationships with vegetation growth. Few studies have sought to characterize larger scale spatial distribution of salt-based ions or correlation with climatic and plant community characteristics. This study used ion chromatography to analyze the salt-based ion content (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) of surface soils from the Hunshandake sandy lands. Statistical methods were used interpret spatial variation. Results showed that the average content of salt-based ions in Hunshandake sandy land was 86.57 mg/kg. Average values ranked as Ca2+ > Na+ > K+ > Mg2+ but concentrations also exhibited uneven spatial distributions. Horizontal spatial variation in Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ ions showed these ions gradually decrease from northwest to southeast. Potassium ions (K+) showed no obvious spatial variation trends. Ions varied significantly across different soil layers but their average concentrations ranked as K+>Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+ (from shallow to deep). The 20–30 cm soil layer contained the highest salt ion concentrations. Of the four base ions, only K+ ions appeared in surface samples. In terms of water soluble base ion available salt-based ions, Ca2+ occurred in the highest concentrations along the north and west side of the study area. K+ ions occurred in the highest concentrations along the south and east sides of the study area. Na+ concentrations did not show a consistent spatial pattern. Statistical analysis detected significant correlations of normalized ion concentration parameters (Ca2+/CECT, K+/CEC, effective water soluble base ion salt-based ions) and the total species number, average species number and total biomass of the plant communities (P <0.05). This study can help inform understanding of soil water transport in sandy areas and provide a reference for interpreting ecosystems in arid regions.

Development and Physico-Chemical Analysis of Varnya Lepa Sunscreen Lotion (In-Vitro)

Background: Direct exposure to Solar radiation causes many harmful effects on the skin like suntan, sunburn, hyperpigmentation and skin ageing etc. To overcome these types of problems sunscreen applications can be helpful. In Ayurveda, authors explained Varnya Lepa drugs like Raktachandana (Pterocarpus santalinus Linn.), Manjistha (Rubia cordifolia Linn), Lodhra (Symplocos racemosa Roxb), Kustha (Saussurea lappa), Priyangu (Callicarpa macrophylla), Vatankura (Ficus benghalensis) and Masura (Lens culinaria Medic) have a high potential due to their antioxidant activity, vitamin, photoprotective, flavonoids and phenolic acid in the safety of the skin from UV rays and blocks each UVA and UVB. This formulation is mentioned for external application in the form of Lepa but due to problems like stains after applications, impediment in utilization, protection trouble, non-accessibility of crisp medication all the season. If Lepa contains herbal drugs it should be used within 24 hours, otherwise, the drugs get decomposed and the application may harm the skin. Lotion is viscous semisolid preparation. They may be oil-in-water or water-in-oil type, easy to apply in unbroken skin without friction. Lotions contain water-soluble bases and hence are more convenient to use. Aim: The present study aim was to develop Varnya Lepa sunscreen lotion and Assessment of Sun Protection Factor (SPF) by In-vitro method. Material and Methods: A lotion base of Four trials was done, in this trial fourth was passed all parameters and the final development of sunscreen lotion was prepared. The quantity of extract used in sunscreen lotion was selected after assessment of the absorbance factor in UV-spectrophotometry and calculated sun protection factor. Results: The Sun protection factor was obtained 29 and shown under broad-spectrum sunscreen. Conclusion: Varnya Lepa sunscreen lotion was successfully developed. Hence, can be used as sunscreen lotion.

Uji Hedonik dan Daya Simpan Sediaan Salep Ekstrak Etanol Umbi Hati Tanah

The Tanah Hati plant is one of the medicinal plants that have benefits as traditional medicine and is used by the people of the city of Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan Province. Empirically this plant tuber is believed to treat wounds, postpartum wounds, malaria, and diarrhea. The ethanol extract of the Hati Tanah tuber has been made into an innovative pharmaceutical preparation in the form of an ointment. Hati Tanah tuber ethanol extract ointment is intended to inhibit wound infection caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of preference through hedonic tests and shelf-life stability of pharmaceutical preparations of ethanol extract ointment from Hati Tanah tuber with a hydrocarbon base and a water-soluble base. The method used in this study is a method non-experimental with steps in the form of hedonic tests and shelf-life stability. The assessment that becomes a reference in the hedonic test includes aroma, shape, and color. To test the stability with the shelf-life indicator using the variable storage time after the measured variable. The stability test was carried out for 2 weeks, tested from day 0 to day 14 by observing changes in aroma, shape, and color of the ethanol extract of the liver soil tuber ointment. Based on the results of research that has been carried out on 20 panelists and 2 weeks of storage, it was found that the pharmaceutical preparations of the ethanol extract of the liver tuber in a water-soluble base were preferred in terms of aroma and shape. Meanwhile, the preparation of hydrocarbon-based ointments is preferred in terms of the color of the preparation. In the shelf-life stability test, it was found that the pharmaceutical preparations of the ointment with ethanol extract of the liver tubers on a hydrocarbon basis showed a change in the dosage form on the 7th day, which was watery at the top of the ointment. While the water-soluble base ointment remained stable for 2 weeks of storage.

Increasing Drug Loading of Weakly Acidic Telmisartan in Amorphous Solid Dispersions through pH Modification during Hot-Melt Extrusion.

Oral drug therapy requiring large quantities of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can cause a substantial pill burden, which can increase nonadherence and worsen healthcare outcomes. Maximizing the drug loading of APIs in oral dosage forms is essential to reduce pill burden. This can be challenging for poorly water-soluble APIs without compromising performance. We show a promising strategy for maximizing the drug loading of pH-dependent APIs in amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) produced by hot-melt extrusion (HME) without compromising their dissolution performance. We examine potential increases in the drug loading (w/w) of telmisartan in ASDs by incorporating bases to modify pH during HME. Telmisartan is a weakly acidic, poorly water-soluble API with pH-dependent solubility. It is practically insoluble at physiological pH, but its solubility increases exponentially at pH values above 10. Telmisartan was extruded with the polymer Soluplus and various bases. With no base, the maximum drug loading achieved by extrusion was only 5% before crystalline telmisartan was detected. Including a strong, water-soluble base (NaOH or KOH) increased the maximum amorphous drug loading to 50%. These results indicate that telmisartan has pH-dependent solubility in a molten polymer, similar to that in an aqueous solution. We also examine the stability of Soluplus when extruded with a strong base, using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) to determine that NaOH (but not KOH) causes degradation by hydrolysis. Supersaturation was maintained for at least 20 h during dissolution testing of a 50% telmisartan ASD in biorelevant media.

Study on the Pretreatment of Soil Hyperspectral and Na+ Ion Data under Different Degrees of Human Activity Stress by Fractional-Order Derivatives

Soluble salts in saline soil often exist in the form of salt base ions, and excessive water-soluble base ions can harm plant growth. As one of the water-soluble base ions, Na+ ion, is the main indicator of the degree of soil salinization. The pretreatment of visible, near infrared and short-wave infrared (VNIR-SWIR) spectroscopy data is the key to establishing a high-precision inversion model, and a proper pretreatment method can fully extract the effective information hidden in the hyperspectral data. Meanwhile, different degrees of human activity stress will have an impact on the ecological environment of oases. However, there are few comparative analyses of the data pretreatment effects for soil water-soluble base ions on the environment under different human interference conditions. Therefore, in this study, the difference in the degree of soil disturbance caused by human activities was used as the basis for dividing the experimental area into lightly disturbed area (Area A), moderately disturbed area (Area B) and severely disturbed zone (Area C). The Grünwald-Letnikov fractional-order derivative (FOD) was used to preprocess the VNIR-SWIR spectroscopic data measured by a FieldSpec®3Hi-Res spectrometer, which could fully extract the useful information hidden in the FOD of the VNIR-SWIR spectroscopy results and avoid the loss of information caused by the traditional integer-order derivative (1.0-order, 2.0-order) pretreatment. The spectrum pretreatment was composed of five transform spectra (R, R, 1/R, lgR, 1/lgR) and 21 FOD methods (step size is 0.1, derivative range is from 0.0- to 2.0-order). In addition, this manuscript compares and analyzes the pretreatment advantages between fractional-order and integer-order. The main results were as follows: (1) Grünwald-Letnikov FOD can reveal the nonlinear characteristics and variation laws of the field hyperspectral of saline soil, namely, due to the continuous performance of the order selection, the FOD accurately depicts the details of spectral changes during the derivation process, and improves the resolution between the peaks of the hyperspectral spectrum. (2) There is a big difference in the shape of the correlation coefficient curve between the original hyperspectral and Na+ at different FOD. The correlation coefficient curve has a clear outline in rang of the 0.0- to 0.6-order, and the change trend is gentle, which presents a certain gradual form. With the continuous increase of the order of the FOD, the change range of the correlation coefficient curve is gradually increased, and the fluctuation is greater between the 1.0-order and the 2.0-order. (3) Regardless of the transformation spectrum and different interference regions, the improvement effect of the FOD on the correlation between hyperspectral and Na+ is significantly better than that of the integer-order derivative. Comparative analysis shows that he percentage of increase of the former is more than 3%, and the highest is more than 17%.

FORMULASI DAN UJI FISIK SEDIAAN SALEP EKSTRAK DAUN JAMBU AIR (Syzygium aqueum (Burm F.) Alston) DENGAN VARIASI TIPE BASIS SALEP

Water guava leaves contain chemical compounds such as flavonoids, tannins and saponins. As a medicinal preparation, water guava leaves can be made into an ointment. This study aims to determine the ointment formulation, conduct physical evaluation of the ointment and determine the effect of different types of ointment base extracts of water guava leaves on physical properties. Water guava leaves extract was made by maceration method of ethanol 70% solvent. Ointment are made with four types of bases which include hydrocarbon base, absorption, water washed and water soluble. Each formula was tested for physical properties including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, dispersal, and adhesion. The data obtained were then analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test method. The results showed that the four ointment formulas had different shapes and colors, had the same odor and had good homogeneity. The pH test of the hydrocarbon bases ointment was 4.09, the absorption bases was 3.98, the water-washed bases was 4.33, and the water-soluble base was 3.87 did not meet the pH test parameters. The dispersibility test results for hydrocarbon bases 6.20 cm, absorption basis 6.19 cm met the test parameters, base ointment was washed with water 3.99 cm, water soluble base 3.49 cm did not meet the dispersibility test parameters. The results of the adhesion test for hydrocarbon bases 11.85, absorption bases 12.11, water washable bases 20.03, and water soluble bases 4.97, which means they meet the adhesion test parameters. The results of the One Way ANOVA test showed that the pH test, spreadability and adhesion had the same significant value, namely 0.000 &lt;0.05. These results indicate that the different types of ointment bases used have a significant effect on pH, dispersion and adhesion.

Pesticide-Loaded Nanocarriers from Lignin Sulfonates-A Promising Tool for Sustainable Plant Protection.

Lignin is a promising feedstock in sustainable formulations for agrochemicals not only because of its biodegradability but also because the biopolymer occurs naturally in the cell wall of plants and therefore is renewable and abundant. We used different lignin sulfonates to prepare stable aqueous dispersions of lignin nanocarriers loaded with agrochemicals by interfacial cross-linking in a direct miniemulsion. Despite the differences in structure and functionality, different lignin sulfonates were successfully methacrylated and degrees of methacrylation (>70%) were achieved. The resulting methacrylated lignin sulfonates were water-soluble and exhibited interfacial activity; they were used as reactive surfactants to stabilize oil droplets (cyclohexane or olive or rapeseed oil) loaded with a dithiol cross-linker [EDBET, 2,2′-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylthiol)] and a hydrophobic cargo (the fluorescent dye 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-8-phenyl-4,4-difluoroboradiazaindacene or the commercial fungicides prothioconazole and pyraclostrobin). After the addition of a water-soluble base, the thia-Michael addition was initiated at the droplet interface and produced lignin sulfonate nanocarriers with a core–shell structure within oily core and a cross-linked shell. Nanocarriers with diameters of ca. 200–300 nm were prepared; encapsulation efficiencies between 65 and 90% were achieved depending on the cargo. When the amount of the cross-linker was varied, the resulting lignin nanocarriers allowed a controlled release of loaded cargo by diffusion over a period of several days. The strategy proves the potential of lignin sulfonates as a feedstock for delivery systems for advanced plant protection.

REVIEW : KARAKTERISTIK FISIK DAN DAYA IRITASI MINYAK ATSIRI BUNGA CENGKEH (Syzygium aromaticum) DALAM BEBERAPA TIPE BASIS SEBAGAI ANTI-INFLAMASI

This review aims to determine the types of bases that can be used every day, which are effective and efficient as anti-inflammatory drugs. The research method used was to review the development of clove essential oil formulations that have been carried out using various concentrations of various types of bases including M / A type cream, A / M type cream, water soluble base, lotion, emulgel, hydrocarbons, hydrogels and absorbents. The recommended formulation is type M / A cream with a concentration of 5% clove flower essential oil. The types of bases studied were M / A cream, type A / M cream, water soluble base, lotion, emulgel, hydrocarbons, hydrogels and absorption properties which had good physical properties and did not irritate the skin of the test animals. This review refers to several national and international journals released in the last ten years, from 2010 to 2020.

UJI DAYA HAMBAT ANTIBAKTERI SALEP EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN PANDAN HUTAN (Freycinetia sessiliflora Rizki.) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Staphylococcus epidermidis

Freycinetia sessiliflora Rizki is a plant that has secondary metabolites, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids-steroids, saponins, phenols and tannins. This study aims to determine whether there is inhibitory and concentrated ointment extract of thick pandanus leaf of the forest that can inhibit the growth of Stapylococcus epidermidis bacteria. Inhibition testing was carried out by disk diffusion method with different concentrations of 5% and 10% concentrations made 9 ointment formulas with a variety of 3 bases namely hydrocarbon base, absorbency base and water soluble base. The results of inhibitory measurements of ethanol extract ointment leaves of pandanus leaves are good or have the greatest value to the smallest inhibitory effect on the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria with an average diameter of inhibition at F6 of 4.11 mm, F1 of 2.78 mm, F3 of 2.68 mm, F5 of 2.47 mm, F4 of 2.25 mm, F2 of 2.23 mm, F7 of 1.29, F8 of 1.13 and F9 of 0.86 mm.

New Formulation and Evaluation of Camptothecin Encapsulated and/or Dispersed Suppository.

Camptothecin is known for its potent anticancer activity. However, its optimal activity is reduced due to its low solubility and stability in biological media. The aim of the present study is to design and characterize a Camptothecin (CPT) suppository formulation. Rectal suppositories of camptothecin alone, encapsulated with Cyclodextrin (CD) and in the ternary system (CPT encapsulated with cyclodextrin and dispersed in Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 6000) were prepared using various hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymeric bases as semi-synthetic glyceride (Suppocire® AM Pellets) and Polyethylene Glycols (PEGs) mixtures. Formulations were evaluated by various parameters like weight variation, drug content, hardness and liquefaction time. In vitro release study was performed in USP type I apparatus using phosphate buffer pH 7.2 as dissolution media. Suppositories were within the permissible range of all physical parameters. In vitro drug released from water soluble base (PEG) was greater than that from oil soluble base with ninety percent (90%) of drug dissolution. It was also established that drug release from various formulations was by diffusion mechanism, according to the Higuchi's equation. This new formulation offers a new approach to colorectal cancer treatment by offering an alternative and simple drug administration route.

Ointment Formulation and Test Safety from Sapodilla Manila Leaf Extract (Manilkara zapota L.) with Variation of Ointment Base as an Ulcer Medicine

Leaf extract of Manilkara zapota L has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus at a base on potency test of 50%, where the bacteria are the cause of boils. Some of effort to facilitate the use and increase the activity of active substances, then ointments are prepared on a variety of ointment bases. This study aims to prepared Manilkara zapota L leaf extract into ointment formulations, and chosed the best of ointment base formulations that meets the requirements standards for good ointment preparations. The extract was obtained by maceration using ethanol 96%. Ointments are formulated with four different types of ointment bases, which are hydrocarbon base, absorbing base, water removed bases, and water soluble base. The ointment that has been produced is tested for the physical characteristics such as organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH, spreadibility, adhesion, and viscosity had been tested on manufactured ointments. The results of this study indicate that leaf extract of Manilkara zapota L can be formulated into ointment preparations, variations in the ointment base affect the physical characteristics of ointment preparations.Keywords: Ointment, Manilkara zapota L Leaf, Antibacterial, Staphylococcus aureus

Analysis of In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Carbohydrate-Based Materials Used for Dissolvable Microneedle Arrays.

Dissolvable microneedle arrays (MNAs) can be used to realize enhanced transdermal and intradermal drug delivery. Dissolvable MNAs are fabricated from biocompatible and water-soluble base polymers, and the biocargo to be delivered is integrated with the base polymer when forming the MNAs. The base polymer is selected to provide mechanical strength, desired dissolution characteristics, and compatibility with the biocargo. However, to satisfy regulatory requirements and be utilized in clinical applications, cytotoxicity of the base polymers should also be thoroughly characterized. This study systematically investigated the cytotoxicity of several important carbohydrate-based base polymers used for production of MNAs, including carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), maltodextrin (MD), trehalose (Treh), glucose (Gluc), and hyaluronic acid (HA). Each material was evaluated using in vitro cell-culture methods on relevant mouse and human cells, including MPEK-BL6 mouse keratinocytes, NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblasts, HaCaT human keratinocytes, and NHDF human fibroblasts. A common laboratory cell line, human embryonic kidney cells HEK-293, was also used to allow comparisons to various cytotoxicity studies in the literature. Dissolvable MNA materials were evaluated at concentrations ranging from 3mg/mL to 80mg/mL. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of cytotoxicity were performed using optical microscopy, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry-based assays for cell morphology, viability, necrosis and apoptosis. Results from different methods consistently demonstrated negligible in vitro cytotoxicity of carboxymethyl cellulose, maltodextrin, trehalose and hyaluronic acid. Glucose was observed to be toxic to cells at concentrations higher than 50mg/mL. It is concluded that CMC, MD, Treh, HA, and glucose (at low concentrations) do not pose challenges in terms of cytotoxicity, and thus, are good candidates as MNA materials for creating clinically-relevant and well-tolerated biodissolvable MNAs.

Разработка алгоритма работы системы мониторинга водорастворимых оснований гидротехнических сооружений

The article discusses algorithm of development of the monitoring system operation for water-soluble bases of a hydraulic structures based on the conductometric control method using special technical measuring instruments. The structure of the information system for monitoring water-soluble bases of hydraulic structures is presented. A mathematical description of the monitoring method based on the conductometric control method is carried out. A general algorithm for the information system operation and an algorithm for polling conductometric sensors have been developed. An adaptive algorithm for polling sensors is proposed, which allows changing the polling period depending on the level of threat of an emergency

Variasi Basis Salep Minyak Kemiri (Aleurites moluccana) dan Uji Daya Penyembuhannya Pada Luka Kelinci

Kemiri di Indonesia masih terbatas penggunaannyasecara tradisional seperti bumbu masak dan obat tradisional. Penelitian tentang minyak Kemiri belum banyak dilakukan.Tujuan penelitian ini ialah membuat variasi Basis Salep terhadap mutu sediaan salep minyak Kemiri 12,5% dan Uji daya penyembuhannya terhadap luka terbuka pada kelinci yang terinfeksi bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Metode penelitian ini ialah eksperimen laboratorium menggunakan 3 variasi basis salep yaitu basis hidrokarbon, basis absorpsi dan basis larut air dengan larutan uji minyak Kemiri 12,5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan uji mutu salep dengan tiga variasi basis salep memenuhi syarat uji organoleptik, uji homogenitas, dan uji pH, tetapi Salep minyak Kemiri 12,5% dengan basis hidrokarbon tidak memenuhi syarat daya sebar. Hasil uji Anova menunjukan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara variasi basis salep dan besar luka penyembuhan. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa ketiga variasi basis salep minyak Kemiri 12,5% dapat digunakan dalam penyembuhan luka terbuka pada kelinci (Oryctolagus cuniculus) yang terinfeksi bakteri Staphylococcus aureus.

Formulation, in vitro and Bioavailability Assessments of Ranitidine Rectal Suppositories

The objective of the current work was to develop and evaluate suppository dosage form in order to improve ranitidine bioavailability as a substitute to the oral administration. Suppocire (different grades), Witepsol W25 and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used as suppository bases and prepared by molding method. The prepared formulations were examined for hardness, disintegration time, melting point, content uniformity, drug release, stability and bioavailability. The hardness ranged from 3.82 to 12.53 kg and disintegration time from 13.32 to 28.22 min. The melting points of fatty bases had values from 33.94 to 36.82±0.36ºC while PEG based suppositories melting points were directly proportional chain length. Higher content uniformity was observed in PEG based suppositories due to easy incorporation of RT into water soluble base. Release was affected by hydroxyl value and molecular weight (in cases of fatty and PEG bases respectively). All formulations were relatively stable after 12 months. In vivo studies of all formulations exhibited double peak phenomena. PEG based formula (S8) showed significant higher Cmax (10.05±1 μg/ml) and AUC0-12 (58.313±3.9 µg.h/mL) than fatty bases and oral solution. In conclusion, rectal administration of S8 could be prepared as an alternative to the oral dosage form to improve bioavailability and overcome the first-pass metabolism.

Pengaruh Penambahan PEG 4000 terhadap Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Pembersih Wajah dengan Basis Salep Larut dalam Air mengandung Nanoemulsi M/A Minyak Biji Anggur (Vitis vinifera)

Abstrak: Radiasi sinar UV merupakan salah satu penyebab terjadinya photoaging. Minyak biji anggur merupakan salah satu bahan alam yang mengandung antioksidan dengan mekanisme penghambatan aktivasi Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) dan jalur Nuclear Factor kB (NF-kB). Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan PEG 4000 terhadap stabilitas fisik sediaan pembersih wajah basis salep larut dalam air mengandung nanoemulsi m/a minyak biji anggur. Formulasi pembersih wajah basis salep larut dalam air dibuat dengan variasi konsentrasi PEG 4000 (13%, 17% dan 20%). Evaluasi sediaan pembersih wajah basis salep larut dalam air yang dilakukan meliputi uji organoleptik, pH, viskositas, daya sebar, dan uji stabilitas. Hasil evaluasi sediaan menunjukan bahwa F2 yang mengandung nanoemulsi m/a minyak biji anggur (Minyak Biji Anggur 1%, Tween 80 22,5 %, Gliserin 7,5% dan Aquademineral 69 %) sebanyak 33,5 %, PEG 4000 17 %, PEG 400 20 %, Asam stearat 13 % , TEA (Triethanolamin) 3 % dan Triethylhexanoin ad 100% merupakan formula terbaik dengan hasil kemampuan penyebaran 0,1828 ± 0,02 cm/g, pH 8,48 ± 0,01 dan viskositas 460.00 ± 20.00 dPas. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi dapat dinyatakan bahwa F2 memiliki efektivitas pembersih wajah yang baik dan dari hasil uji stabilitas dapat dinyatakan bahwa F2 stabil secara fisik.&#x0D; Kata kunci: minyak biji anggur, nanoemulsi, pembersih wajah, basis salep larut dalam air