Water-saving Equipment Research Articles

Transformation of Water Consumption and Sanitation in the Russian Part of the Transboundary Ural River Basin

Aim. Study of the transformation of water consumption and wastewater disposal in the Russian part of the Ural River basin. Ural in 1995-2020 due to changing socio-economic and technological conditions.Materials and Methods. The data of state statistical reporting (form 2-TP (vodkhoz)) for the period 1995-2020 were used. Materials of the AllRussian Agricultural Census of 2016, collections of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, "Agro-industrial Complex of Russia", on the commissioning of irrigated lands, the regional Department of Land Reclamation and reports on the state and environmental protection for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation were consulted. The study was carried out on the basis of a systematic approach using the following methods: (1) analytical (collection and systematization of primary information); (2) special (tables compiled, charts constructed; (3) statistical data processing and comparative analysis.Results. It was revealed that from 1995 to 2020 water intake in the Russian part of the Ural River basin to meet the needs of the population and the economy was reduced by 2.4 times. The average daily specific water consumption per 1 inhabitant has decreased in all regions. The water cycle coefficient in the basin increased from 73 to 88%. In recent years, an increase in the area of irrigated land has begun.Conclusion. There has been a noticeable reduction in water consumption and wastewater disposal in the Russian part of the Ural River basin. This is mainly due to the decline in industrial and agricultural production, as well as the development of circulating water supply in industry and the introduction of water-saving equipment in housing and communal services.

Improving Water Conservation at Universitas Diponegoro, Indonesia

It is estimated that the amount of water needed by Universitas Diponegoro will increase in the years to come. Several efforts are required to ensure the fulfillment of water needed while also considering its sustainability. There have been studies on water conservation at the industrial level. Still, limited studies have discussed this problem in Indonesia specifically at university level. Therefore, this study discusses the water conservation program at Universitas Diponegoro that might be used as a reference for other universities to address water supply problems. This study aims to discuss in depth water conservation efforts at Universitas Diponegoro. This study incorporates a descriptive-qualitative approach along with direct observation. Some programs on water supply have been implemented in Universitas Diponegoro such as conservation, treated water consumed, water recycling and water-efficiency. The existence of rainwater harvesting tanks (RWH), reservoirs, biopores, wastewater treatment plans (WWTPs) and ponds are among the efforts that have been applied at Universitas Diponegoro in order to conserve the water. To date, Universitas Diponegoro has successfully conserved more than 75% of the water, recycling about >50% of wastewater, installing about >50% of water-saving equipment, and has treated clean water into drinking water using reverse osmosis.Keyword: water, conservation, sustainability, campus

Design of Integrated Water Systems: Water Distribution System, Household Water-Saving Scheme, and Sanitary Sewer Perspectives

An integrated design method that complements the increasing uptake of water-saving schemes (WSSs) is presented. WSSs may consist of water-saving fittings, appliances, rainwater-harvesting systems (RWHSs), and water-reuse schemes that provide the link between water distribution systems (WDSs) and sanitary sewers (SSs). The method developed here considers the interaction between WDSs, WSSs, and SSs to provide unified solutions. In this paper, a multiobjective optimization problem is formulated and solved considering three objectives, which are (1) minimization of the total cost incurred by implementing water system interventions, i.e., excluding the associated cost savings; (2) maximization of cost savings, which are benefits conferred by interventions; and (3) minimization of system water demand. The decision variables include conventional water network design interventions (i.e., addition of pipes) and the water-saving equipment at a household level. The main constraints include both WDS and SS hydraulic performances. The optimal trade-off solutions are obtained using nondominated sorting genetic algorithm optimization processes. This method was demonstrated in the realistic subsystem of the Tsholofelo Extension water and SS networks in Gaborone, Botswana. The results show that integrating and optimizing WDS, WSS, and SS designs would improve water security and lead to more sustainable water systems.

Urban water and food security in this century and beyond: Resource-smart cities and residents

The urban world population will increase from 3 to 8.5 thousand million in the 21st century. Cities become hot spots of both demand for water and global food and for disposed used water and nutrients. Sustainability requires that resource flows through our cities are co-managed and connected to agriculture. Reduced use of harmful chemicals in consumer products facilitates treatment to a quality that allows reuse/recycling of water and nutrients. A solid and liquid waste hierarchy can assist in ordering measures. A novel flexible water balance can guide city infrastructure and keep toilet water separate. New water-saving equipment can substantially reduce water use without losing personal comfort. The combination of these new approaches ascertains access to safe urban water, and that recovered nutrients from cities can substitute half of chemical fertilisers needed in food production. Now, thousands of new cities and suburbs provide unique opportunities to develop resource-smart and sustainable flows.

Promotion of residential water conservation measures in South Africa: the role of water-saving equipment

In many urban settings around the world the severity of water scarcity has induced changes in household behavior, leading to reduction in the volume of water demanded. One of the most widely used strategies is the adoption of water-saving equipment that collects, stores and eventually treats wastewater from various sources within the household. This paper investigates the factors that drive adoption of water-saving equipment in Cape Town, South Africa, following the catastrophic “Day Zero” water crisis in 2018. First, the paper develops a disaggregated technology diffusion model. Second, we make use of choice experiments to determine the attribute levels and socioeconomic characteristics that influence adoption of water-saving equipment in urban communities in South Africa. Data collected from a sample of 465 representative households in Cape Town are used in a choice modelling framework. Latent class analysis (LCA) is compared with both multinomial logit and conditional logit models to estimate marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) for adoption of water-saving equipment. The LCA identified three household classes with distinct preferences, suggesting divergence in adoption of water-saving equipment.

Creating a low-carbon campus in Chaoyang University of Technology (CYUT)

Founded in 1994, the campus of Chaoyang University of Technology (CYUT) is located in the suburban area of Taichung, Taiwan. In 2009, the president of CYUT signed the Talloires Declaration to show his commitment for promoting environmental sustainability on campus. In 2012, CYUT and many other universities in Taiwan cofounded the Green University Union of Taiwan (GUUT) to collaboratively promote the concept of environmental sustainability. Following the announcement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations in 2015, CYUT has been putting a lot of effort into converting itself into a green university. Four different fields of management, which are energy and resources management, accident prevention and rescue management, occupational safety and health management, and environmental management, have been promoted in the campus of CYUT for this cause. Furthermore, four management practices including implementing management systems, organizing green courses, promoting green activities and creating green environment, have been applied to improve the effectiveness of the campus management. In the case of energy and resources management in particular, not only ISO 50001 and 14001 management systems were implemented but also an intelligent energy network (iEN) was established for maintaining effective usage of the campus energy. For years of striving in creating a green university, CYUT had several remarkable accomplishments. The green open space ratio in campus is 94.43%. Water-saving equipment was installed in the whole campus and reclaimed water is collected for urban reuse. Garbage reduction and classification have been enforced to make ease for later treatments. For issues related to energy and climate change, strategies, such as renewal of high energy consuming facilities, installation of green roofs, utilization of recycle energy and education of staffs were enacted and the consumed energy in campus gradually decreased in recent years. For example, the electricity and oil (including gasoline and diesel) consumption in campus of 2017 were 7.59% and 14% lower than those of 2016, respectively. In order to overcome the challenges from climate change, CYUT will continue on its process of creating a low-carbon campus focusing on energy sustainability.

Assessment of water-saving equipment to support the urban management of water

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the environmental and economic impacts of the implementation of water-saving equipment in residences in the municipality of Caruaru-PE as a measure of water conservation and mitigation of the drought effects that have been devastating the region along the past five years. For this purpose, eight neighborhoods were selected and their populations were estimated along the years of 2015 and 2035. Subsequently, the water consumption per capita, water volumes consumed with the use of conventional sanitary equipment and with the use of water-saving equipment were calculated, obtaining the volume of water saved. For the estimates of cost for the services and material required for the installation of water-saving equipment, tables of price compositions for budgets were consulted and adapted. The results demonstrated that it is possible to save up to 40% of consumed water only with the implementation of water-saving equipment, with a mean return time of six and a half years. Therefore, it is possible to understand that the use of water-saving equipment represents an important instrument of water management.

Contribution of Water Saving to a Stable Power Supply in Vietnam

In Vietnam, the rapid expansion of cities is exceeding the supply capacity for water and electricity, and restrictions on water supply and blackouts occur on a daily basis. In this study, the authors examined whether water-saving equipment could solve these problems. This paper focused on toilet bowls that consumed a large amount of water, and on showers for which heat consumption was high. In Vietnam, the main heat source for showers is the electric water heater, typically having a power consumption of 2500–4500 W. Although the current diffusion rate of such water heaters is just 13%, their use will spread widely in the future. These heaters have already placed a peak load on electricity consumption in winter when a large amount of energy is consumed for heating water, and they will become a significant factor in blackout risks as their use becomes commonplace nationwide. It is clear that the introduction of water-saving showers will allow not only a more efficient use of water resources, but will also mitigate against the risk of blackouts.

CO2 Reduction Potential of Water Saving in Vietnam

In a previous study, we showed that widespread adoption of water-saving equipment had the potential to reduce CO2 emissions by 1% in Japan. The usage of already diffused equipment was used as an evaluation baseline. This was an evaluation model of developed countries. In order to evaluate the potential benefits of water-saving in developing countries, it is necessary to set the baseline, as cities in developing countries are expected to have the necessary infrastructure in place in the near future. In this paper, the potential for reducing CO2 emissions by water saving in Vietnam was evaluated. Based on the development of water infrastructure, and envisioning a society in which the latest high-efficiency flush toilet bowls and showers installed in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City are used in all Vietnamese houses as a near future baseline, we evaluated the potential reduction when a water-saving project is implemented. Under these conditions, an 8.8% reduction in CO2 emissions in Vietnam would be achieved by the widespread adoption of water-saving equipment. Following the recognition of the large environmental contribution potential of water saving, a water-saving project has been planned for implementation in Vietnam in the near future.

The Research Progress of Water-Saving Irrigation in China since 2000

It is known that, in our country, the current situation of water for farmland irrigation is low utilization, lack of management and a large number of serious water wastes. Therefore, the development of agricultural water-saving irrigation technology has become a top priority. According to the statistics survey of National Water Resources Development Ministry which published by Water Resources Bulletin, from 2000 to 2012, this paper analyzes the Chinese investment trend on water-saving irrigation, as well as the changeable situation of effective irrigation area. The results show that, during statistical periods, our country has paid attention to irrigation work and increased emphasis policy on agriculture. On this occasion, the irrigation investment increased 6 times and the promotion area increased by 14%. We can even draw a conclusion that China has promoted the development of agricultural water conservation work effectively. Moreover, in view of the existing multiple saving irrigation methods, this manuscript also analyzes the advantages and disadvantages in practical application, respectively. Putting forward the simulative suggestions to promote the water-saving irrigation technology and equipment provides a theoretical basis for future water-saving irrigation.

Experiment Research on Moisture Transmission Rate between Humidity Sensitive Material and the External Environment

The intelligent water-saving valve without power supply is an equipment characterized by high automation, low costs and controlling without power supply, which is targeted to solve problems of water-saving irrigation equipment all around the world. To make this valve apply in production and irrigation better, this paper does research on transmission rate of moisture between humidity sensitive materials and external environment, and illustrates three rules: (1) For different types of soil, the fastest transmission rate of moisture between humidity sensitive materials and soil could be found in sand and the slowest one in clay. (2) For different ratios of humidity sensitive materials, the material water-absorption ratio performs faster when ratio is 1:1 than 1:3; and material water-loss ratio performs slower when ratio is 1:1 than 1:3. (3) For whether humidity sensitive materials contact with air or not, the transmission rate is faster when contacting with air.

Analysis of the Response of Small and Medium Farmers Incentives for Investment in Water Saving

The review of current water balance of Tunisia as a result of increasing demand and a stagnant supply reveals a situation of water stress, an endowment of nearly 450m3/an/habitant. The irrigated sector, the largest consumer of this resource (80%) would be the first affected by this situation. To reduce the effects of water scarcity on irrigated agriculture, the government has designed and implemented since 1995 a national program of water conservation. Significant positive incentives have been decided to encourage farmers to adopt new irrigation techniques offered by this program. It is clear that despite the importance of subsidies for investment in water-saving equipment (60% of the amount invested), the equipment rate remained below the expected objectives. The present work aims to define a methodological approach and test to explain the slow growth of water-saving program and analyzing adoption decisions of the proposed techniques by small and medium farmers. The data used to estimate the model specified is collected by survey of 40 small and medium farmers belonging to a private irrigated area Abida Kairouan Governorate. The results show that the effects of eliminating the interest subsidy is higher than the subsidy rate of capital. So the reaction of small and medium farmers is slow vis-a-vis technological change, and must be supplemented by other types of interventions. Thus, the instrument implemented is not effective. The remainder of paper is organized as follows: In the first section, we will present the general framework and then the specific context and the background information in order to introduce the problem and the research methodology. The second section will develop the background literature of our work. In the third section, we will discuss the various results of the work. Finally, the last section talks about the findings and to remember the different political implications of this research.

Study on Water Saving Technology of Water Ecological Construction in Shaoxing

The government of Shaoxing in response to the call of country, implemented sustainable development policy, promulgating green ecological water saving construction. Shaoxing ecological building water-saving technology was mainly divided into four parts, including the use of local advantages to collect rain water for reuse, using new water-saving equipment and water-saving water apparatus, making full use of solar energy and municipal pipe pressure, city water reuse and so on several aspects. The technology has been obtained the practical application, the water supply and drainage system efficiently, thereby reducing water consumption, good energy saving and water saving benefit.

Research of Sensing Probe Material in Wet and Dry Soil

Soil moisture sensor probe is the basic and key part of the automated water-saving irrigation equipment. It can measure soil moisture accurately and in real-timely, while metal probes have a serious problem of corrosion and passivation as working in the soil which is a severe environment of the soil of high humidity and complex chemical compositions. Graphite gelling of different content of graphite composite material under both wet and dry conditions, the experimental study, by testing the experimental data of its resistivity contrast to identify the proportion of the composite material of graphite content suitable for the production of a new probe.

Adopting versus adapting: adoption of water-saving technology versus water conservation habits in Spain

Issues of water scarcity can be ameliorated through household adoption of water-saving technologies and by adaptation of consumption behaviour. In this paper the determinants of the adoption of water-efficient devices and of water-saving habits in Spain are analyzed using data from 27,000 households. This includes information on choices about self-reported conservation habits and decisions about the adoption of water-saving equipment. The findings show that educational campaigns have a strong positive effect on both decisions to undertake investments and decisions to adapt habits. These results also allow campaigns to be aimed at certain socio-economic groups identified in the econometric analysis.

A No-Pump Cycling Water-Saving System for Solar Water Heater

In order to solve the problem which is very common when we use a solar water heater for a shower but the hot water can not come immediately because of the cooled water remained in the pipeline, a no-pump cycling water-saving equipment is designed based on a pressure-regulated suction device, temperature acquisition control circuit and a water-saving box. The kinematics and mechanics parameters are confirmed on the result of calculation and software simulation, and are tested by doing physical experiment. It can make it come true to economize the water and energy for solar power heater.

戸建住宅における節水機器の使用効果に関する考察

Survey was conducted various water-saving equipment to set up a detached house of six. In a previous paper, I had reported the findings of wastewater concentration and water. In this paper, we further investigated the water use survey and the number of uses of the toilet. Survey were compared, including the results was carried out and this time the basic unit of 1970s. To organize the contents compared to the findings of the literature, such as an increase or decrease the amount of water for each use of the home.

Creation of Carbon Credits through Water Saving Equipment

Creation of Carbon Credits through Water Saving Equipment

The Exploration of Water-Saving in Building Water-Drainage

Through the analysis of the present situation of water-saving in building water supply and drainage in our country to realize that some problems still exist in the water conservation consciousness, water saving technology, water-saving management etc, stating there is great space in water-saving, to ensure the water-saving society construction and save and protect the water resource, we should further improve water saving consciousness, changing the traditional water-using habits and improve water management way; Constantly innovating water-saving technology, researching and promoting water-saving facilities and equipment. dominated by the government, Comprehensive use of publicity and measure of administrative, law, management, economy, education and scientific means, unifying management, configuring scientifically, only this can solve the conflict of supplying and demanding to a certain extent and the lack of water in peak hour, it can ease the tension in water supply and protect the environment, bringing good environmental, social and economic benefits.

Study of Automatic Control System for Irrigation

This paper attempts to survey the compositions, functions and operation of an automatic control system for irrigation. By means of the application of technologies such as computer technology, telecommunication technology, autocontrol technology and modern agriculture technology, the automatic control system for irrigation can be realized. The system provides real-time monitoring for relevant parameters via sensors installed in field. All signals are delivered directly to a central controller through radio network. Based on the start and stop of pump unit and open and close of solenoid valve, the master computer can realize automatic irrigation and therefore provide a new water-saving equipment for the irrigation.