Water Resource Management Agencies Research Articles

An Evaluation of the Sustainability of the Urban Water Resources of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, China

The availability of water resources is crucial to maintaining the sustainability of urbanization. Calculating the ecological footprint of water (EFW) is one of the ways to realize the protection of water resources in the process of urbanization. The minor settlements in border areas have been the focus of China’s urbanization development but have rarely received research attention. The objective of this study was to develop an improved model of the ecological footprint of water (EFW) to assess the water security status of urban areas in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (YKAP), and to demonstrate its authenticity compared with the traditional ecological footprint of water (EFW). The results showed that water pollution is the main reason for the increase in the EFW in each city, and the ecological water carrying capacity (ECW) showed strong fluctuations with the interannual variation in precipitation. Although the overall availability and quality of water resources are within safe limits, there are significant differences among cities, and water pollution poses a direct threat to the health and well-being of urban dwellers in some cities. Therefore, it is recommended that water resource management agencies adjust their water supply strategies based on the data from the EFW model, control wastewater discharge, improve their management systems and take urban economic development into account. This will significantly improve the sustainable management of water resources and ensure the health and well-being of urban residents.

Seasonal Propagation Characteristics from Meteorological to Hydrological Drought and Their Dynamics in the Headstreams of the Tarim River Basin

Abstract In the propagation from meteorological to hydrological drought, there are time-lag and step-abrupt effects, quantified in terms of propagation time and threshold, which play an important role in hydrological drought early warning. However, seasonal drought propagation time and threshold and their dynamics as well as the corresponding driving mechanism remain unknown in a changing environment. To this end, the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and standardized runoff index (SRI) were used respectively to characterize meteorological and hydrological droughts and to determine the optimal propagation time. Then, a seasonal drought propagation framework based on Bayesian network was proposed for calculating the drought propagation threshold with SPI. Finally, the seasonal dynamics and preliminary attribution of propagation characteristics were investigated based on the random forest model and correlation analysis. The results show that 1) relatively short propagation time (less than 9 months) and large propagation threshold (from −3.18 to −1.19) can be observed in the Toxkan River basins (subbasin II), especially for spring, showing low drought resistance; 2) drought propagation time shows an extended trend in most seasons, while the drought propagation threshold displays an increasing trend in autumn and winter in the Aksu River basin (subbasins I–II), and the opposite characteristics in the Hotan and Yarkant River basins (subbasins III–V); and 3) the impacts of precipitation, temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and soil moisture on drought propagation dynamics are inconsistent across subbasins and seasons, noting that reservoirs serve as a buffer to regulate the propagation from meteorological to hydrological droughts. The findings of this study can provide scientific guidelines for watershed hydrological drought early warning and risk management. Significance Statement The aim of this study is to better understand how the delayed and step-abrupt effects of propagation from meteorological drought to hydrological drought can be characterized through propagation time and threshold. These response indicators determine the resistance of a catchment to hydrological droughts and meteorological droughts. They can help water resources management agencies to mitigate hydrological droughts by taking measures such as water storage, increasing revenue, and reducing expenditure. The findings of this study can provide scientific guidelines for watershed hydrological drought early warning and risk management.

The linkage of water quality measurement the downstream of the Citarum cascade reservoir management

Cascade Citarum Reservoirs, located in the western part of the island of Java in Indonesia country, cover the main building dams, hydropower, irrigation facilities and other supporting facilities. The study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of the existing condition of the downstream reservoir, including the relation of the water quality and quantity, by using a conceptual model of the Citarum Cascade Reservoir management. The study mostly used the secondary data acquired from Indonesia Power, the Management Bureau of Cirata Dam (BPWC), Perum Jasa Tirta II (PJT) Jatiluhur, the Management Bureau of the Citarum-Ciliwung River Basin (BPDAS Citarum-Ciliwung), and the Water Resource Management Agency of the West Java Province. This research aims to predict the discharge plans R5 and R20 using the Weibull method and the uncertainty of future discharge using the continuous model approach. Furthermore, the multivariate statistical test will analyse the linkage of water quality in reservoir management. To solve the problem of the allocation of the raw water discharge to fulfil the water requirement in the downstream area was developed proportionally in this study, in which the raw water discharge allocations were 46.92 m3/sec, 91.9 m3 /sec and 97.95 m3/sec for Saguling, Cirata, and Jatiluhur, respectively. The tests to determine the relationship between the discharge and water quality using the Discriminant test indicated that the discharge correlates strongly with the parameters such as NH3. BOD and COD.

Evaluation of the new maximum water authorized in Rio de Janeiro state / Avaliação da nova vazão máxima outorgável do estado do Rio de Janeiro

A water rights permit is an important instrument of the Brazilian National Water Resources Policy and aims to ensure the quantitative and qualitative control of watercourses, guaranteeing the maintenance of multiple uses and the right of access to water. Most Brazilian water resource management agencies adopt, in the evaluation of water availability, the maximum water authorized, represented by percentages of the Q7,10 and Q95% reference flows. The State Institute of the Environment, the governing body of the water resources in the state of Rio de Janeiro, calculated water availability based on the maximum water authorized of 50% of Q7,10, and since 2019, 40% of Q95% has been adopted. Considering the difference between the values, we evaluated the magnitude and impact of the current maximum water authorized in granting processes for water use in Rio de Janeiro state, which is inserted almost entirely in subbasin 59. Based on the results, it is recommended to adopt a more conservative criterion represented by 30% of Q95%, estimated at the monthly level.

Innovations in Sustainable Groundwater and Salinity Management in California’s San Joaquin Valley

The Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) of 2014 and the Central Valley Salinity Alternatives for Long-Term Sustainability (CVSALTS) initiative were conceived to reverse years of inaction on the over-pumping of groundwater and salination of rivers that both threaten agricultural sustainability in the State of California. These largely stakeholder-led, innovative policy actions were supported by modern tools of remote sensing and Geographic Information System technology that allowed stakeholders to make adjustments to existing resource management and jurisdictional boundaries to form policy-mandated Groundwater Sustainability Agencies (GSAs) and Salinity Management Areas (SMAs) to address future management responsibilities. Additional resources mobilized by the California Department of Water Resources (CDWR) and other water resource and water quality management agencies have been effective in encouraging the use of spreadsheet accounting and numerical simulation models to develop robust and coherent quantitative understanding of the current state and likely problems that will be encountered to achieve resource sustainability. This activity has revealed flaws and inconsistencies in the conceptual models underpinning this activity. Two case studies are described that illustrate the disparity in the challenges faced by GSAs in subregions charged with developing consensus-based Groundwater Sustainability Plans (GSPs). These case studies also illustrate the unique aspect of SGMA: that alongside mandates and guidelines being imposed statewide, local leadership and advocacy can play an important role in achieving long-term SGMA and CVSALTS goals.

STUDI KETINGGIAN KOLAM RETENSI SIMPANG POLDA PALEMBANG UNTUK LANGKAH PENENTUAN KEBIJAKAN

Simpang Polda retention pond is an alternative flood control construction which is designed to temporarily hold exceeding water flow during rainfall in the vicinity of Simpang Polda, in order to avoid or reduce flood in the area. Retention ponds are prone to sedimentation due to garbage and other materials settling down in the bottom of the pond, which in turn causing reduction of total volume of water it can contain. To ensure that the pond has enough volume, depth measurements were done so that the pond can function as intended. Boat robots from previous research in 2019 and 2020 were utilized as the method to measure the depth of the retention pond. The boat robots mapped the depth of the whole pond area with the help of remote control and single beam sensor. Measurement result shows that the Simpang Polda retention pond has an average depth of 2.245 m. Based on this finding it is suggested that the local government water resource management agency (Dinas PUPR Dept. PSDA) to follow up with the appropriate sediment removal procedures to return the pond’s depth back to the original value when it was constructed

The coupling impact of climate change on streamflow complexity in the headwater area of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau across multiple timescales

The streamflow from the headwater areas of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) provides critical support for downstream regions, yet understanding of the streamflow complexity on the TP, which is essential for hydrological modeling and water resource management, remains scarce. This study aims to measure streamflow complexity in the headwater areas of the TP and investigate the coupling effects of climatic variables (i.e., precipitation and air temperature) on the streamflow complexity across multiple timescales. Using daily streamflow records, we employ permutation entropy as the measure of annual streamflow complexity in the upper Heihe River (UHR) watershed in the northeastern TP from 1960 to 2014. Additionally, wavelet coherence is applied to evaluate the impact of climate (i.e., precipitation and temperature) change. Our results show: (1) due to climate change, streamflow complexity has significantly increased since 1972 in the UHR watershed; (2) the periods of warmer and wetter weather have a longer-term influence on streamflow complexity. Specifically, before 1972, dryer, colder weather in the TP would significantly affect the complexity of the streamflow every three to four years, but after that date, these climatic events occurred less frequently, with gaps of between eight and twelve years, during which the weather was much warmer and wetter; and (3) the influence of precipitation on the streamflow complexity decreased, while that of air temperature increased. Therefore, the impact of climate change on streamflow complexity relating to the dynamic structure of streamflow should be regarded as significant to the work of hydrologists and water resource management agencies.

Federal Decentralization and Adaptive Management of Water Resources: Reservoir Reallocation by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

AbstractReservoir operations must respond to changing conditions, such as climate, water demand, regulations, and sedimentation. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) can reallocate reservoir storage to respond to such changes. We assembled and analyzed a database of reservoir reallocations implemented and proposed by the Corps. While only a small portion of total reservoir storage nationwide has been reallocated, there are substantial differences in reallocation frequency and magnitude across the nation: some Corps Districts and Divisions use reallocation while others do not, relying more on discretion and small‐scale adaptation of operations. This difference illustrates how water resource agencies like the Corps decentralize management decisions to allow responding to disparate conditions. Decentralized decision‐making provides a responsive approach to water management, while centralized and hierarchical decision‐making is a slower, more deliberative approach. Decentralized decision‐making may lead to the accumulation of short‐term, local decisions over time to the point that the system is managed differently than anticipated. Reallocation, which is a form of planned adaptive management, can be accommodating of multiple competing demands and different stakeholders, yet expensive and less temporally responsive. The challenge for any large water resource management agency is to balance between local‐level, responsive discretion vs. centralized, planned decision‐making.

Evaluasi Kinerja Alat Ukur Tinggi Muka Air Otomatik Menggunakan Kalibrator Di Laboratorium

Water Resources Infrastructure Development requires careful planning, one of which requires hydrological analysis. The accuracy of hydrological data is influenced by the method, operator/observer, and the performance of the measuring instrument. Until now, Water Resources Management Agencies in Indonesia conducted observations of discharges in rivers or channels indirectly, by observing WL (Water Level) in the WL Gauging Station. WL values can be read directly and manually or using an Automatic WL Meter Tool (AUTO) which has been found in many types. Whatever the type, it is necessary to evaluate its performance, one of which is through calibration trials in the laboratory. This paper presents an evaluation of several types of AUTO (AWLR, AWLL Buoyance, and AWLL Pressure) using a Calibrator in the Laboratory. With calibration can be compared the results of WL readings from AUTO with the Standard/Reference Tool using the Calibrator as the main facility, so that the value of the Measurement Error and Measurement Uncertainty is obtained. Both parameters are used to determine the performance of a device because it is related to the level of accuracy and precision. Based on the results of the test, it was found that both the best level of accuracy and precision in sequence are AWLR, AWLL Pressure, and AWLL Buoyance.

Automatic Identification of Center Pivot Irrigation Systems from Landsat Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Being hailed as the greatest mechanical innovation in agriculture since the replacement of draft animals by the tractor, center pivot irrigation systems irrigate crops with a significant reduction in both labor and water needs compared to traditional irrigation methods, such as flood irrigation. In the last few decades, the deployment of center pivot irrigation systems has increased dramatically throughout the United States. Monitoring the installment and operation of the center pivot systems can help: (i) Water resource management agencies to objectively assess water consumption and properly allocate water resources, (ii) Agro-businesses to locate potential customers, and (iii) Researchers to investigate land use change. However, few studies have been carried out on the automatic identification and location of center pivot irrigation systems from satellite images. Growing rapidly in recent years, machine learning techniques have been widely applied on image recognition, and they provide a possible solution for identification of center pivot systems. In this study, a Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) approach was proposed for identification of center pivot irrigation systems. CNNs with different structures were constructed and compared for the task. A sampling approach was presented for training data augmentation. The CNN with the best performance and less training time was used in the testing area. A variance-based approach was proposed to further locate the center of each center pivot system. The experiment was applied to a 30-m resolution Landsat image, covering an area of 20,000 km2 in North Colorado. A precision of 95.85% and a recall of 93.33% of the identification results indicated that the proposed approach performed well in the center pivot irrigation systems identification task.

Modeling water supply and demand for effective water management allocation in Mazafran basin (north of Algeria)

The process of securing water supply is one of the biggest problems in the world. Along with the ever-increasing demand for water for different users, water resource management agencies face many challenges, some of which may be an obstacle to achieving sustainability and guaranteeing water for the various sectors of water supply. To face this dilemma, integrated water resources management is the best approach. The region of Tipaza is facing this problem. Through this work the WEAP model is applied to assess and analyze the current and projected balance of water resource management taking into account the different policies and operational factors that can affect the demand up to the year 2050. The results of the simulation showed that a deficit of 18.936Mm3 will be registered in the year 2042. For the years 2043 and 2044, the demand will be of the same order as the supply. For the period 2045 to 2050 a deficit of (3.44Mm3 to 85.48 Mm3) will be recorded in the case of scenario RCP4.5. On the other hand, in the case of the pessimistic scenario RCP8.5, the deficit will start from the year 2025 and will continue until the horizon of the year 2050 with 130.95 Mm3.

Comprehensive Evaluation of Water Resource Security: Case Study from Luoyang City, China

The security of water resources is the core content and ultimate goal of urban water resource management agencies. The management of water resources is directly related to the needs of urban residents’ lives and the area’s socio-economic development. How to determine the effective evaluation indicators and methods is an important prerequisite to solving the water resource security problem. This study took Luoyang City as the research area and constructed a water resource security evaluation index system based on pressure-state-response framework. An analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight method were used to determine the index weight. A set pair analysis model was then introduced to evaluate the security of water resources in Luoyang from 2006 to 2016. The results of this study show that the standard of water resource security generally improved in Luoyang in the latter years of the study period. From 2006 to 2008, Luoyang was graded at the Insecurity Level. This compares to a slightly improved grading of Critical Security Level from 2009 to 2016 (except for 2013). However, the overall grade is still low. The pressure on the Luoyang water resource system mainly comes from the development of the urban socio-economy, which in turn has caused problems for both the quantity and quality of water resources. Therefore, a series of countermeasures have been introduced as a means of improving the water resource security of Luoyang, and these measures have achieved certain results. However, further improvements to the efficiency of water resource utilization and strengthening the management and protection of water resources remain necessary.

Evaluation of Hydrological Data Collection Challenges and Flood Estimation Uncertainties in Nigeria

In recent years, flooding has become a recurring problem in many regions including Nigeria, owing to changing climatic conditions, as well as anthropogenic factors such as poor land use management and urbanization that aggravate flood impact. To effectively manage and mitigate flood impact, hydrological data is required, and in many developing regions gauging stations are established, and gauge readers recruited and trained to collect and transmit such data to designated hydrological or water resource management agencies. This study focuses on understanding the challenges associated with hydrological data collection in Nigeria, using the Ogun-Osun River as a typical case, while analytically assessing how these challenges result in uncertainties that propagate unto flood frequency estimates that are used to inform flood management decisions. The findings reveal that (i) capacity and institutional gaps; lack of maintenance of hydrological infrastructure and surrounding landscape; poor data management architecture; and floods events that destroy hydrological equipment and inundate roads thereby restricting access to collected data during peak floods, are some of the challenges associated with hydrological data collection in developing regions; (ii) these conditions result in gaps in and shortened length of annual maximum hydrological time series required for flood frequency estimation, consequently leading to under or overestimation of low and high flood quantiles such as 1-in-2year and 1-in-100year floods, to levels of 0.67 m and 0.9 m respectively for the Ogun Osun River Basin. The need for improved data collation, management and adaptation of new technologies such as radar or sonar by the Ogun-Osun River Basin Development Authority is recommended in this study, to ensure sustainable and improved hydrological data collection, management, transferability and usability for flood management.

Sludge Wastewater Management by Conventional Treatment Process: Case Study - Bujumbura Municipal Sewage

In the period 1990-2012, the percentage for open defecation has dropped by 11% in sub-Saharan Africa which has resulted to substantial progress in access to improved sanitation facilities i.e. pit latrines, VIPs, septages and centralized sewage facilities since 1990 [figure 1]. This therefore put at ease the operations of many municipal’s water resource and waste management agencies. Recent investigation confirms that the number of people defecating in the open is currently increasing in 26 of 44 countries of sub-Saharan Africa and this unsustainable practice is predicted to persist as long as there are toilets that are dysfunctional or unhygienic (WRC, 2015) in Africa. Per review conducted, the unhygienic and dysfunctional conditions of public toilets facilities are results of poor sludge management operations of which inconsistent collection of faecal sludge from toilet sites is a major part. Reported cause of inconsistent emptying of faecal sludge at sanitation sites is due to higher cost of faecal sludge management(FSM) services within urban and peri-urban settlements. FSM services comprise of three stages i.e. collection, treatment & re-use, and disposal of which the treatment stage accrue the most cost of the services. Treatment cost depends on treatment techniques applied by sanitation inspectors/operators but there is currently no definite treatment method which is the most suitable as the physico-chemical properties and environmental compliance requirements for disposal of faecal sludge is highly variable and most solutions have not been demonstrated at scale. To be precise on the key scope of study, on-site sanitation & centralized facility faecal sludge treatment techniques and management practices are deemed the core basis of study hereafter. In this paper, anaerobic-aerobic phosphorous removal process (A/O) is selected as an efficient and cost-effective centralized facility sludge treatment technique and its applied to a case study in Bujumbura municipal of Burundi. Also a simple but effective on-site sanitation management plan which is feasible in Africa communities is discussed.

Vazões mínimas e de referência e rendimento específico para o estado de Minas Gerais

For proper management of water resources, especially in administration activities such as, for example, in granting use of water resources for a given purpose, water availability needs to be known. To overcome existing difficulties in the attainment of hydrologic information, necessary to an appropriate water resources management of a region, we use the technique of regionalizing streamflows. The purpose of this work was to develop products, which help in water resources management, seeking to obtain subsidies for determining the water availability to water resource management agencies of Minas Gerais State. We used mathematical models for estimating the streamflows Q7,10, Q90 and QMLT in the watersheds of the rivers Doce, Paraiba do Sul, Grande, Paranaiba, Sao Francisco, Pardo, Jequitinhonha, Mucuri and Sao Mateus, at the Minas Gerais State. The spatialization of hydrological variables was performed as specific yields in SIG environments. According to results obtained, the spatialization was found to be potential for supporting the water resources planning and management.

Collaborative triangle for effective community water resource management in Thailand

Water resource management through community collaboration is a crucial way to bring sustainability to water utilization. This study highlighted the key factors affecting community water resource management. The study was based on the Royal Initiated Project in Thailand's southern region. In this research, qualitative analysis was used and a case study was applied as the research strategy. The data were collected from relevant documents, observations, and in-depth interviews with 30 key informants consisting of 5 water resource management experts, 4 academics, 5 community leaders, 10 members of community water resource management committees, and 6 government organization officials. The data were analyzed using content analysis and accuracy checks were made with relevant people until a common conclusion was achieved. Then, synthesis was used to describe the context relationship linkages. The findings showed the importance of geography, lifestyle, sense of ownership, and modes of practices of people in the area as well as the involvement of a network of government agencies (Hydro and Agro Informatics Institute and local government agencies), Thammasat University, and the Ban Kuan community. The government agencies and Thammasat University played a partnership role in supporting the community in terms of transferring knowledge, helping with analysis of existing situations and problems, and giving guidance in problem-solving, supporting management-related issues, and coordinating with water resource management agencies and other government agencies. These interactions can transform the concept of community water resource management into actual practice and create sustainable development for the community. Moreover, the findings illustrated the key factors in community water resource management according to His Majesty the King's initiatives which include management-oriented, community-oriented, social network-oriented, and technology-oriented factors.

An integrated modelling framework for building a daily river system model for the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia

ABSTRACTThe Murray–Darling Basin (MDB) is home to two million people and accounts for about 60% of the water use in Australia. The MDB river system is a highly complex and mostly regulated system covering four states (Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia) and one territory. Different jurisdictions used different models for water resources and planning. A number of difficulties were faced in combining those models (of different characteristics and spatio-temporal resolutions) for basin-wide water resources planning. In order to overcome those difficulties and enhance the consistency and transparency in modelling outcomes across multiple jurisdictions, this paper proposes a homogeneous agent-based integrated modelling framework. Each agent is used to represent a region in the MDB. Its behaviour is modelled by a newly built Source river model. The interactions between agents are modelled based on the hydrological connectivity in the real-world river systems. A three-level parallel computing mechanism is developed to significantly increase its efficiency and reduce computational time. Due to its homogeneousness, it largely reduces the system complexity and makes modelling results consistent, explainable and comparable. By nature, the agent-based system is flexible and portable. All these unique features of the platform suit the modelling needs of various states to federal government water resource management agencies.

Agricultural water rights trading and virtual water export compensation coupling model: A case study of an irrigation district in China

Water rights trading is an effective way to promote efficient water allocation. The implementation of agricultural water rights trading can promote water saving, but may reduce the agricultural production scale in irrigation districts. Compensation for crop virtual water export can increase the benefits of agricultural water use, so as to enhance the competitiveness of economic benefit for agricultural production. This paper analyzed the relationship between agricultural water rights trading and virtual water export compensation, then a bi-level programming model was established with multiple objectives. The model was applied in Hetao irrigation district by using enumeration method. The changes of new water use of different users, benefits of irrigation district and water users with different water prices were analyzed and the optimization schemes were selected. Results show that the model through adjusting price variables including both water rights trading price and virtual water compensation price to optimize the allocation of agricultural water quantity saved among different water users, which at the same time makes both the irrigation management administration and water users get more benefit. The optimized scheme can raise the willingness of water saving in irrigation district, and enhance the competitiveness of agricultural water user against non-agricultural water user. This study provides a new method and scientific basis for the water resource management agency in their policy making.

Influência da sazonalidade das vazões nos critérios de outorga de uso da água: estudo de caso da bacia do rio Paraopeba

O Brasil possui uma das mais modernas leis de gerenciamento de recursos hidricos do mundo. Dentre seus instrumentos de gestao e planejamento, a outorga dos direitos de uso de recursos hidricos permite ao orgao gestor o controle quantitativo e qualitativo dos recursos hidricos. Considerando a importância da outorga como instrumento de controle do uso da agua, o objetivo do trabalho foi analisar alternativas de criterios de outorga que considerem a sazonalidade anual das vazoes, visando fornecer subsidios tecnico-cientificos para a tomada de decisao pelos orgaos gestores de recursos hidricos. Os efeitos quantitativos da adocao de periodos sazonais quadrimestrais e semestrais foram analisados em comparacao ao periodo anual das vazoes de referencia Q7,10, Q90 e Q95, a fim de se quantificar as diferencas relativas da disponibilidade hidrica entre as vazoes de referencia adotadas para fins de outorga de uso de agua. Na analise da Q7,10, os resultados mostraram que a aplicacao de criterios sazonais pode propiciar aumento de ate 126% na quantidade de agua disponivel para outorga nos periodos de maior disponibilidade hidrica. Ja para as vazoes associadas as permanencias de 90% (Q90) e 95% (Q95), foram registrados aumentos de ate 99% no periodo chuvoso, porem, no periodo seco a reducao da disponibilidade hidrica foi de ate 24,5% em comparacao com o periodo anual. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o uso dos criterios baseados no comportamento hidrico sazonal propicia flexibilizacao nas vazoes outorgaveis em determinados periodos do ano.

Administration of water resources in Beijing: problems and countermeasures

It is well recognized that climatic variability and human activities are resulting in severe water scarcity in China, especially in the mega city Beijing; one important issue is how to manage water resources in order to tackle this situation. This paper assesses the implementation of the Strictest Administration of Water Resources in Beijing, which was issued by the State Council of China in 2012. The assessment is threefold: (a) analysis of water consumption conditions in Beijing, (b) analysis of water resources management systems in Beijing, and (c) existing problems in the current water management system. Our study suggests that Beijing needs to focus more on improving the building of water resources management agencies, taking effective economic measures, strengthening law construction, developing advanced techniques for water-saving, and strengthening the building of a water-saving culture.