Water Quality Index Classification Research Articles

Analysis of groundwater and surface water quality using modelled water index and multivariate statistics in Kampala and Mbarara Districts, Uganda

The demand for domestic, public and industrial use of water increases with population growth. However, activities from humans and natural environment have resulted into decline in water quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of groundwater and surface water collected from Kampala and Mbarara districts of Uganda using water quality index and multivariate statistics. A total of 10 physicochemical parameters (pH, water temperature, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, total solids, and phosphate) were measured monthly to evaluate the quality of water in the study districts. Results showed that sulphate, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids were observed with significantly high values in surface water than the groundwater for both seasons. Among all the parameters measured, electrical conductivity was observed with the highest value (2129.67 ± 1.41 µS/cm) while nitrate concentration (0.57 ± 0.02 mg/L) was observed with the lowest during the wet season in surface water. In addition, the mean values of nitrate, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids and sulphate detected in the groundwater and surface water were within the recommended limits, while phosphate and chloride were observed with mean concentrations above the regulatory limits in 50% of the samples. The correlation analysis revealed strong and positive association between electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids in groundwater and surface water for both seasons. Also, the chemical make-up of groundwater and surface water within the study districts revealed that the determination of water quality rests on two major indices (conductivity and anthropogenic-pollutants) based on the factor analysis. The two indices accounted for 0.619% in groundwater and over 0.70% in surface water, indicating more pollution in surface water. Moreover, the water quality index (WQI) values obtained ranged from 14.81 to 115.73 in dry season and 7.77 to 108.24 during the wet season. According to WQI classification, 42% of the samples collected fell within the “excellent” and “good” categories while others fell within “poor” and “unfit” categories (58%) during the dry season. Based on these findings, appropriate treatment methods, proper sanitation and waste management should be implemented in locations with critical water conditions. Also, frequent monitoring of groundwater and surface water quality by environmental protection agency is highly recommended.

Evaluation of the drinking water quality and potential health risks of nitrate and fluoride in Southwest Delhi, India

ABSTRACT The present study was attempted to evaluate the water quality index (WQI) and also performed potential human health risk assessment i.e. Hazards quotient (HQ), Total hazard index (THI) of nitrate (NO3 −) and fluoride (F−) through ingestion of groundwater in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The WQI classification showed that 56%, and 34% of groundwater resources were unfit for consumption in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The HQ and THI of the non-carcinogenic hazards were computed using the potential health risk assessment of NO3 − and F−enriched groundwater. The findings showed that in adults, 26% and 36% of the water samples had high risk quotients for HQ-NO3 − and HQ-F−, respectively, while in children, 40% and 54% of the samples had risk quotients for HQ-NO3 − and HQ-F− above the permissible level. This suggests that F− contributes more to the non-carcinogenic risk than NO3 − in pre-monsoon. However, NO3 − adds more to the non-carcinogenic risk than F− in post-monsoon, as shown by the HQ-NO3 − and HQ-F− in 42% and 2% of samples for adults, and in 58% and 14% of samples for children, respectively. Children in the study area were more vulnerable to the non-carcinogenic effects of NO3 − and F− according to the findings. Total hazards index (THI) for adults and children in for NO3 − and F− were ranged from 0.34 to 8.61 (Avg. 1.68) and 0 to 8.20 (Avg. 1.75) in pre-monsoon season. Similarly, NO3 − and F− were ranged from 0.37 to 2.85 (Avg. 1.86) and 0 to 2.86 (Avg. 0.85) in post-monsoon season, respectively. The results of this study can improve effective environmental management measures for enhancing the groundwater quality and public health of the study area.

Hydrochemical characterisation and identification of seawater intrusion in the Visakhapatnam coastal aquifer.

Groundwater dependency has increased due to several factors like population increase, industrialization, and climate change impact. Analysis of groundwater is important to know the present status and also for better management of natural resources. Groundwater samples from 41 locations were collected along the study area during the pre and post-monsoon seasons, and samples were analysed for pH, EC, total dissolved solids (TDS), major cations, and anions like Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3- and SO42-. From the chemical analysis results, seawater intrusion is identified through qualitative approaches, i.e., Simson ratio (Cl/(HCO3 + CO3) and Na/Cl ratio. Simson ratio ranges between 0.316 to 2.119 during pre-monsoon and 0.124 to 3.947 during post-monsoon, and from Na/Cl ratio, 30 samples fell under seawater intrusion during pre-monsoon and 38 samples during post-monsoon. The Simpson ratio results also show that seawater intrusion is reducing during the post-monsoon due to increasing groundwater levels caused by rains. From the water quality index classification, 4.88% of the water samples fell under excellent in both seasons, and the rest of the samples were all in the remaining four classes. The spatial analysis was also done to understand the changes in groundwater quality and seawater intrusion over space.

Water quality assessment through numerical indices in Phewa Lake, Nepal

ABSTRACT Pokhara valley is gifted with nine lakes out of which the largest lake, Phewa is the lifeline for the economic development of that region. However, the lake water is deteriorating owing to wastewater discharge from nearby hotels, restaurants, and urban settings. Therefore, the current study aims to rate the status of water quality in Phewa Lake concerning the water quality index (WQI), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), and pollution load index (PI). Ten selected physicochemical parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, nitrate, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, turbidity, hardness, chloride, and alkalinity were analysed for the calculation of WQI. Likewise, iron (Fe), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and nickel (Ni) were selected for HPI and PI calculations. The average WQI value in the winter, rainy, and autumn seasons of 2021 was 33.64, 66.94, and 58.71 respectively. In general, water quality was good in the WQI classification and it showed significant differences seasonally. However, the value of HPI and PI indicated that the water of Phewa Lake is polluted with heavy metals. The study findings are a useful database that is important for the concerned authorities for effective lake management.

Water Quality Index classification of ground water samples collected from Opete, community, Delta State, Southern Nigeria

The overall quality of groundwater samples collected from different sampling points in Opete Community, Delta State was evaluated using Water Quality Index (WQI) assessment. Ten ground water samples abstracted in duplicates were obtained from 10 sampling points in various areas within Opete. Selected physico-chemical evaluation of the water samples was conducted using standard techniques. The parameters were; Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids (TDS), magnesium and calcium. All the water samples were acidic as the pH values ranged from 3.20 to 6.00. The mean TDS readings varied from 9.80 mg/L to 134.50 mg/L. The water quality index values obtained ranged from 34.506 to 69.44. The WQI classification of water samples collected from sampling point (SP) 3 and 10 was bad while samples sourced from SP 2,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 were of medium quality. Although the results indicated the unsuitability of the sampled ground water for direct anthropogenic consumption, the water is suitable for conducting domestic chores such as sanitation activities.

Water quality index for assessment of drinking groundwater purpose case study: area surrounding Ismailia Canal, Egypt

The dramatic increase of different human activities around and along Ismailia Canal threats the groundwater system. The assessment of groundwater suitability for drinking purpose is needed for groundwater sustainability as a main second source for drinking. The Water Quality Index (WQI) is an approach to identify and assess the drinking groundwater quality suitability.The analyses are based on Pearson correlation to build the relationship matrix between 20 variables (electrical conductivity (Ec), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), carbonate (CO3), sulphate (SO4), bicarbonate (HCO3), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and aluminium (Al). Very strong correlation is found at [Ec with Na, SO4] and [Mg with Cl]; strong correlation is found at [TDS with Na, Cl], [Na with Cl, SO4], [K with SO4], [Mg with SO4] and [Cl with SO4], [Fe with Al], [Pb with Al]. The water type is Na–Cl in the southern area due to salinity of the Miocene aquifer and Mg–HCO3 water type in the northern area due to seepage from Ismailia Canal and excess of irrigation water.The WQI classification for drinking water quality is assigned with excellent and good groundwater classes between km 10 to km 60, km 80 to km 95 and the adjacent areas around Ismailia Canal. While the rest of WQI classification for drinking water quality is assigned with poor, very poor, undesirable and unfit limits which are assigned between km 67 to km 73 and from km 95 to km 128 along Ismailia Canal.

Characteristics, water quality index and human health risk from nitrate and fluoride in Kakhk city and its rural areas, Iran

Groundwater is an important source for drinking water supply in the arid and semi-arid regions around the world. Eighty four groundwater samples collected from Kakhk and its all rural areas were evaluated for drinking quality using the water quality index (WQI). Additionally, the human health risks associated with nitrate and fluoride concentrations in drinking water were estimated for children and adults using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) method in the investigated areas. Parameters including potassium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, fluoride, calcium, magnesium, sodium, pH, total hardness and electrical conductivity were analyzed. Among these, levels of potassium, carbonate, nitrate and fluoride in all areas were within the permissible limits of World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking water. The mean concentrations of nitrate and fluoride in the study areas were 20.00 ± 14.81 mg/L and 0.32 ± 0.17 mg/L, respectively. The WQI classification showed that 16.6 %, 38 % and 45.2 % of water resources had excellent, good and poor water quality, respectively. 40.4 % of the areas had Hazard Quotient (HQ) values more than one (HQ ≥ 1), indicating the possibility of being non-carcinogenic risk of nitrate through water consumption for children. But values of HQadults (for nitrate), HQchildren (for fluoride) and HQadults (for fluoride) all were less than 1 (HQ < 1), showing little or no risk from water consumption containing these elements in the areas. Regarding all of the measured parameters, higher CDI and HQ values were seen for children compared to adults. This study is useful, as it is the most comprehensive water quality assessment research conducted so far in Kakhk and its rural areas and will be a reference to future studies.

Assessment of Groundwater Variability in Mbagathi River Catchment

Groundwater is increasingly an important source of water. Assessment of its variability spatially and temporally besides quality and quantity is not easy. Groundwater contains multiple range of chemical parameters. This contribution proposes a water quality index (WQI) to synthesize various groundwater quality parameters (Na + , F - , Cl ‑ , SO 4 2- , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + and NO 3 - ) in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based environment. The parameters are analyzed relative to the Kenya Standard (KS) East Africa Standard (EAS) 12:2018 standard in the Mbagathi river catchment, a metropolitan area, Southwest of Nairobi, Kenya. Prediction maps for three seasons (wet, moderate and dry) and a combination all three seasons were produced. Based on WQI classification, results showed 36% - 28% good, 58% - 61% fair, and 6%-11% poor. A noticeable declining groundwater quality trend from wet to dry seasons was observed. Groundwater quality deterioration was observed to be greater in areas with higher yield and water rest level. Groundwater is safe for drinking, barring the elevated fluoride content in some areas. Application of GIS was a valuable tool in exploration of groundwater characteristics. Maps generated can serve as first-hand information for groundwater development. Keywords : groundwater, quality, kriging, semivariogram, variability DOI: 10.7176/JEES/12-4-03 Publication date: April 30 th 2022

Assessment of Water Quality in Safilguda Lake, Hyderabad using Water Quality Index

In the present study,Water Quality Index (WQI) was used to assess the quality of water in Safilguda lake. Safilguda lake was the source of drinking for the Nawabs and British authorities and was also the source of irrigation to the farmers. But today the agricultural fields have turned into housing colonies and multistorey complexes which led to the deterioration of lake water by direct entry of sewage into the lake. Three sampling stations were selected within the lake for the collection of surface water samples at monthly intervals for a period of one year. The water samples were analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters by following the standard procedures. For calculating WQI, ten physico-chemical parameters were considered such as pH, alkalinity, chlorides, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, nitrates, sulphates, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen. From the water quality index, the lake water quality was determined. On the basis of WQI classification, the water quality status ratings clearly indicates that the Safilguda lake has poor water quality due to the discharge of untreated domestic waste water from the surrounding residents and religious activities like immersion of Ganesh idols made up of plaster of paris and the lakewater is unsuitable for drinking, domestic and recreational purposes. The water quality rating study also exhibits eutrophic condition of the lake.

Assessment and modeling of groundwater quality by using water quality index (WQI) and GIS technique in meknes aquifer (Morocco)

ABSTRACT Assessment of groundwater quality is important for drinking water, especially for rural populations. The aim of this study was to assess the groundwater quality for human consumption by integrating the water quality index with geographic information system (GIS) for the eventual interpretation of Meknes area water quality. Eight wells and two springs were investigated between February 2013 and February 2014. In light of the analysis results, spatial distribution maps of chosen physico-chemical parameters such as pH, O2, EC, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO4 2−, NH4 +, NO3 −, NO2 −, PO4 3−, SO4 2− and HCO3 – were prepared using GIS. Water Quality Index (WQI) approach is utilized with the groundwater parameters and spatial distribution maps have been developed using GIS for the obtained indexes. The anthropogenic activities may be the likely cause of poor water quality. The north and north-west regions are influenced by anthropogenic inputs from the leaching of landfill and wastewater, whereas the south-west region is affected by agricultural runoff due to a quite high level of agricultural activity. The WQI values varied from 28.88 to 187.18. According to WQI classification, 30% of samples are unsuitable for drinking water purposes. These findings indicate the need for serious reflection on the part of the planners and decision-makers for efficient management of the groundwater resources.

Spatio-temporal variations in physicochemical water quality parameters of Lake Bunyonyi, Southwestern Uganda

The current study was carried out to examine the spatial and temporal variations of physicochemical water quality parameters of Lake Bunyonyi. The observations were made on the surface water of Lake Bunyonyi for 1 year to determine the water quality. The basic 12 variables used to determine the quality of water were measured monthly at nine stations. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, electric conductivity (EC), pH and Secchi depth (SD) were measured in the field, while parameters like total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) were determined following APHA 2017 standard guidelines for physicochemical analysis. Taking into account standard guidelines for drinking water by the Uganda National Bureau of Standards (UNBS) and the World Health Organization (WHO), the water quality index (WQI) was used to determine the water quality. Temperature, DO, pH, turbidity and EC did not differ significantly among the study stations (p > 0.05) but showed significant temporal variations among the study months (p < 0.05). Likewise, TN, TP, NO2-N, NO3-N and SRP did not differ significantly among the study stations (p > 0.05) but showed significant temporal variations among the study months (p < 0.05). The WQI values ranged from 28.36 to 49 across and from 28.2 to 56.2 between study months with an overall mean value of 36.9. The measured water quality variables did not exceed the UNBS and WHO standards for drinking water in all months and at all stations. According to these values, the water quality of Lake Bunyonyi generally belongs to the ‘good’ class in terms of drinking water quality based on the WQI classification. The study findings are fundamentally important for policy makers in setting guidelines for effective lake management.

Reliability assessment of water quality index based on guidelines of national sanitation foundation in natural streams: integration of remote sensing and data-driven models

Rivers, as one of the freshwater resources, are generally put in the state of jeopardy in terms of quantity and quality due to the development in industry, agriculture, and urbanization. Management of water quality is inextricably bound up with a reliable prediction of the Water Quality Index (WQI) for various purposes. In this way, an accurate estimation of WQI is one of the most challenging issues in the water quality studies of surface water resources. There is a board range of traditional methodologies for the WQI evaluation. Due to the intrinsic limitations of conventional models, Data-Driven Models (DDMs) have been frequently employed to assess the WQI for natural streams. In the present research, WQI values and their typical classifications were obtained by guidelines of the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF). Hence, four well-known DDMs such as Evolutionary Polynomial Regression (EPR), M5 Model Tree (MT), Gene-Expression Programming (GEP), and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline (MARS) are employed to predict WQI in Karun River. In this way, 12 Water Quality Parameters (i.e., Dissolved Oxygen, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Electrical Conductivity, Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate, Turbidity, pH, Calcium, Magnesium, and Sodium) were accumulated from nine hydrometry stations and additionally missing values of water temperature were extracted from images analysis of Landsat-7 ETM+. Furthermore, the Gamma Test (GT), Forward Selection (FS), Polynomial Chaotic Expression (PCE), and Principle Component Analysis (PCA) were used to reduce the volume of DDMs-feeding-input variables. Results of DDMs demonstrated that FS-M5 MT had the best performance for the estimation of WQI classification. WQI values for Karun River were assessed in the reliability-based probabilistic framework to consider the effect of any uncertainty and randomness in the input parameters. To this end, the Monte-Carlo scenario sampling technique was conducted to evaluate the limit state function from the DDMs-based-WQI formulation. Based on the qualitative description of the WQI, it was observed that the WQI of Karun River is classified into “Relatively Bad” quality. Moreover, based on the reliability analysis, there is only a 19% chance exists for a specimen from Karun River to have a better quality index.

Evaluation of edible bird’s nest processing plant wastewater quality: a factory case study

Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is a rapidly growing industry, especially in Southeast Asia. Cleaning raw EBN is an essential process in an EBN processing plant to remove any contaminant and impurities from the end products. However, this process has introduced a potential risk of environmental pollution through the disposal of the wastewater that may contain contaminants from the EBN. This study was conducted to determine the quality of wastewater from the selected EBN processing plant. Water samples were collected from 4 sampling points (SP) and analysed to determine the water quality index (WQI), metal content, nitrite content and microbiological contamination level. The results showed that the wastewater at SP1 and SP2 was classified as clean, while that of SP3 and SP4 was classified as slightly polluted based on the WQI classification. Metal content analysis results showed that only arsenic was found to exceed the permissible level according to the Environmental Quality Act 1974. The total aerobic count was highest in samples from SP4 with an average reading of 4.72 + 0.47 log CFU/mL. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was only found at all samples from SP4 with an average of 3.20 + 0.05 log CFU/mL. No other coliform readings were obtained from all sampling points. Overall, although the general quality of the wastewater was still at a safe level, the high content of arsenic indicated potential risk to the surrounding environment. Management of wastewater must be improved to ensure an environmentally safe and sustainable EBN production industry.

Scenario-based pollution discharge simulations and mapping using integrated QUAL2K-GIS

Malaysia is a tropical country that is highly dependent on surface water for its raw water supply. Unfortunately, surface water is vulnerable to pollution, especially in developed and dense urban catchments. Therefore, in this study, a methodology was developed for an extensive temporal water quality index (WQI) and classification analysis, simulations of various pollutant discharge scenarios using QUAL2K software, and maps with NH3–N as the core pollutant using an integrated QUAL2K-GIS. It was found that most of the water quality stations are categorized as Class III (slightly polluted to polluted). These stations are surrounded by residential areas, industries, workshops, restaurants and wet markets that contribute to the poor water quality levels. Additionally, low WQI values were reported in 2010 owing to development and agricultural activities. However, the WQI values improved during the wet season. High concentrations of NH3–N were found in the basin, especially during dry weather conditions. Three scenarios were simulated, i.e. 10%, 50% and 70% of pollution discharge into Skudai river using a calibrated and validated QUAL2K model. Model performance was evaluated using the relative percentage difference. An inclusive graph showing the current conditions and pollution reduction scenarios with respect to the distance of Skudai river and its tributaries is developed to determine the WQI classification. Comprehensive water quality maps based on NH3–N as the core pollutant are developed using integrated QUAL2K-GIS to illustrate the overall condition of the Skudai river. High NH3–N in the Skudai River affects water treatment plant operations. Pollution control of more than 90% is required to improve the water quality classification to Class II. The methodology and analysis developed in this study can assist various stakeholders and authorities in identifying problematic areas and determining the required percentage of pollution reduction to improve the Skudai River water quality.

Assessment of groundwater quality using GIS in Kurud block of Dhamtari district Chhattisgarh

This paper examines the quality of groundwater of Kurud block, Durg district of Chhattisgarh state, which comes under the semi-critical block with 78% groundwater development. During this study, ten groundwater samples which represent the entire block were collected during the post-monsoon period to determine its suitability for drinking and irrigation purpose. Sixteen groundwater quality parameters namely pH, EC, TDS, chloride, fluoride, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfate, total hardness, carbonate, bicarbonate, nitrate, manganese, and arsenic were analyzed at CGWB, NCCR Raipur. Based on the above parameter for irrigation purpose percentage sodium, Sodium absorption ratio (SAR), Residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Soluble sodium percentage (SSP) and Permeability Index (PI) were calculated. Water Quality Index (WQI) has been a useful tool for water quality monitoring programs, to evaluate the impacts of corrective measures on water quality and also useful for the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes was also estimated. The present study block shows that 10% of samples were falling under the excellent category, 70% samples were falling under the good category and rest 20% samples were falling under the poor category as per the WQI classification. The index map provides a comprehensive picture which is easily interpretable for the decision-makers for better planning and management of water resources for drinking and irrigation purpose.

Application of Water Quality Index (WQI) and Regression Analysis of Groundwater in Budigumma Village, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh

The research work is aimed at assessing the subsurface or groundwater suitability for human use or consumption depends upon the calculated water quality index values, correlation coefficient and regression analysis. The water quality index (WQI) is main important tool to calculate the characteristics of drinking water quality in rural, urban and industrial area. Different parameters which is measured and determination of the water quality index for selecting parameters. Further to study the correlation and regression method in this research work. Totally fifteen groundwater samples were collected from the Budigumma Village Anantapur district in the state Andhra Pradesh in India. Nine water quality parameters has been considered for the computation of water quality index such as pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), total hardness (TH), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), nitrates (NO3), chlorides (Cl ), sulphates (SO4), fluorides (F ). The World Health Organization (WHO) has been assessed to the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes or other uses for public and determining of WQI. This WQI index values ranged from 97.78 to 108.37. The study shows that 87% area comes under the poor category of drinking purposes and the remaining 13% comes under as good water for drinking purposes as per the WQI classification. The correlation and regression analysis gives as an outstanding device for the calculation of different parameter values within realistic degree of precision. The subsistence of strong correlation or relationship between the total hardness and magnesium is determined. The analysis of selected parameters revealed that proper treatment before use or consumption and protected from more contamination.

Groundwater Quality assessment using Water Quality Index (WQI) in parts of Varanasi District, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract The water quality index (WQI) is an important tool to determine the drinking water quality in urban, rural and industrial area. WQI is defined as an index reflecting the composite influence of different water quality parameters which is considered and taken for calculation of water quality index. In the present study, sixteen groundwater samples were collected from the southern portion of the Varanasi district, Uttar Pradesh, India, during the pre monsoon period of May, 2015. The twenty two water quality parameters have been considered for the calculation of water quality index viz. pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), total dissolved solid (TDS), alkalinity, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), nitrates (NO3"), bicarbonate HCO3–, chlorides (Cl–), sulphates(SO4–), fluorides (F–), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). The Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS, 2012) has been considered to assess the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes and for the calculation of WQI. Correlation study between various physicochemical properties also reveals significant negative relationships. The current study shows that ~20% area is falling under the non suitable for drinking water category and rest is falling under good, moderate, poor, very poor as per the WQI classification. The present study is helpful in proper planning and management of available water resource for drinking purpose.

Effect of Monsoon Flood to Groundwater Quality in Kuala Krai, Kelantan, Malaysia

Evaluation of water sources quality plays an important role during floods especially the groundwater. This study aimed to assess the effect of floods on the quality of groundwater in Kuala Krai. Six sampling stations were selected involving six main parameters, namely dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3N). The assessment was conducted according to the Interim National Water Quality Standards Malaysia (INWQS) and the water quality index (WQI) classification, which has been established by the Department of Environment (DOE). The study found that flooding could affect groundwater quality, especially the DO, pH and BOD parameters. Based on WQI classification, most of well water stations are in Class III which is moderately polluted except the T6 station which is in Class II with clean status. This condition shows that the quality of groundwater in Kuala Krai is in the moderately polluted category and a full treatment is required for drinking water supply, especially during flooding events.

Groundwater Quality Assessment for Drinking Purpose in Raipur City, Chhattisgarh Using Water Quality Index and Geographic Information System

ABSTRACT An effort has been made to comprehend the groundwater quality of Raipur city for drinking purpose utilizing Water Quality Index (WQI) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. In this study thirty four groundwater samples were collected during May, 2015. Standard methods has been adopted in groundwater sampling which are prescribed by the American Public Health Association (APHA, 1995). Eight water quality parameters have been considered to ascertained water quality index viz. pH, chloride, fluoride, calcium, magnesium, alkalinity, hardness and nitrate. The Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS, 2009) has been considered to assess the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes and for the calculation of WQI. This study reveals that 76% area is falling under excellent, very good and good category and 24% area is falling under poor, very poor and unfit category as per the WQI classification. The predicted accuracy of the obtained result is around 97.05% reflecting capability of adopted techniques. Anthropogenic activities are influencing the groundwater quality of the study area. The present study is helpful in proper planning and management of available water resource for drinking purpose.

ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY FOR DRINKING IN TUZ KHURMATU AREA, SALAHADDEN GOVERNORATE – IRAQ

The results of climatic data that obtained from Tuz Khurmatu meteorological station show actual evidence in the climatic changes, which are indicated by remarkable decreases in the means of annual rainfall, relative humidity percentages and with increases of the means of annual minimum and maximum temperatures. The unconfined aquifer of Adaim river basin is recharged mainly from rain water. Since this source is scarce, the aquifer gains its water slowly in a rate less than the rate of losing by both evaporation and abstraction wells. The water Quality Index (WQI) has been used to assess suitability of groundwater quality for human drinking purpose in Tuz Khurmatu area. Groundwater samples were collected in September (2010) and March (2011) from twenty wells and analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics such as pH, total dissolved solids, Electrical Conductivity, sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulphate, chloride and nitrate. Each parameter was compared with its standard permissible limit as prescribed by Iraqi drinking water standards. The results showed that WQI values for the groundwater of the study area ranged from 27.25 to 139.81. Based on the WQI classification majority of the samples are falling under excellent to good water category and suitable for drinking water purpose.