Water Pumping Stations Research Articles

Long-Term Consequences of Water Pumping on the Ecosystem Functioning of Lake Sekšu, Latvia

Cultural eutrophication, the process by which pollution due to human activity speeds up natural eutrophication, is a widespread and consequential issue. Here, we present the 85-year history of a small, initially Lobelia–Isoëtes dominated lake. The lake’s ecological deterioration was intensified by water pumping station activities when it received replenishment water for more than 10 years from a eutrophic lake through a pipe. In this study, we performed a paleolimnological assessment to determine how the lake’s ecosystem functioning changed over time. A multi-proxy (pollen, Cladocera, diatoms, and Chironomidae) approach was applied alongside a quantitative reconstruction of total phosphorus using diatom and hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen with chironomid-based transfer functions. The results of the biotic proxy were supplemented with a geochemical analysis. The results demonstrated significant changes in the lake community’s structure, its sediment composition, and its redox conditions due to increased eutrophication, water level fluctuations, and erosion. The additional nutrient load, particularly phosphorus, increased the abundance of planktonic eutrophic–hypereutrophic diatoms, the lake water’s transparency decreased, and hypolimnetic anoxia occurred. Cladocera, Chironomidae, and diatoms species indicated a community shift towards eutrophy, while the low trophy species were suppressed or disappeared.

Attraction of migrating glass eel (Anguilla anguilla) by freshwater flows from water pumping stations in an urbanized delta system

Most studies on glass eel (Anguilla anguilla) migration are performed in natural estuaries, where they enter freshwater systems to live there for a period of years before they swim back again to the sea to reproduce. In these natural systems, river flows play a major role in attracting and directing migrating eels. However, coastal areas get urbanized more and more and characterized by anthropogenic barriers and hampered or artificial water flows. The effects of these flows on glass eel migration are poorly understood. Therefore, in this study glass eel were sampled at water pumping stations in a constructed part of the Rhine delta in the Netherlands. A mixed linear-effect model was used to determine effects of freshwater flows from water pumping stations on glass eel catch. We found that freshwater flows from water pumping stations had a significant but small effect on glass eel catch. Pumping activity had no significant effect on glass eel catch at sample locations with a continuous freshwater flow from fish passages. However, a low predictive value of the model and low numbers of individuals per sample prohibited strong conclusions on effects of anthropogenic freshwater flows on glass eel migration. More individual tracking techniques should be used to improve understanding migratory behavior of glass eel.

Philadelphia: Beyond the Liberty Bell

Philadelphia: Beyond the Liberty Bell

Factors Affecting Water Drainage Long-Time Series in the Salinized Low-Lying Coastal Area of Ravenna (Italy)

The low-lying coastal area of Ravenna (North-eastern Italy), like the majority of delta and coastal zones around the world, is affected by groundwater salinization due to natural processes (such as low topography, natural land subsidence, seawater encroachment along estuaries, etc.) and anthropogenic activities (i.e., increased anthropogenic subsidence rate, sea level rise, geofluids extraction, and drainage). Among all factors causing aquifer salinization, water drainage plays an important role in lowering the hydraulic head and favouring saltwater seepage in the Ravenna coastal aquifer. A network of drainage canals and water pumping stations first allowed for the reclamation of the low-lying territory and today are fundamental to keep land and infrastructures dry and maintain effective soil depth for agriculture practices. The aim of this work is to identify and assess factors affecting water drainage long-time series (1971–2017) of the most important mechanical drainage basin in this low-lying coastal area. Statistical analyses of drainage, climate, and land use change datasets help constrain the relative weight of each single factor potentially causing an increase of water drainage through time. The results show that, among these factors, subsidence rates and seepage processes are the most significant. The data trends also indicate that the climate, especially in terms of precipitation amount and extreme events, played no important role during the studied time interval. The process of infiltration soil capacity loss due to urbanization and consequent soil sealing probably has a small secondary effect. Moreover, an increase in pumping through time will exacerbate aquifer salinization and compromise freshwater availability in the coastal area.

A Multi-Objective Optimization Scheme for Resilient, Cost-Effective Planning of Microgrids

Natural disasters and cascading events have historically caused severe disruptions of the electric power system. For instance, in 2012, hurricane Sandy left over 8 million people in darkness and caused total damage costing $65 billion. Under emergency conditions, microgrids can help the electric power system recover critical loads, such as hospitals, data centers, and water pumping stations. While the literature has mostly focused on the utilization of existing microgrids, the idea of planning for future microgrids in combination with switching operations to make the grid more resilient against devastating events is investigated in this study. This work aims to simultaneously maximize the resiliency of distribution networks - in terms of service to the critical loads - and minimize the dispatchable generation capacity of microgrids. The considered microgrid model entails dispatchable power generators, renewable energy resources, and electrical energy storage systems (ESS) to serve consumers. Considering the topological and operational limitations, the robust optimization scheme optimizes the objectives by the effective selection of the node for microgrid connection and the minimum change in its generation capacity. While the problem is modeled as a multi-objective, mixed-integer linear programming (MO-MILP) problem, the results show more than 99% accuracy compared to the exact results of an exhaustive search algorithm. Numerical tests are performed on the IEEE 37-node test feeder and the IEEE 123-node test feeder to assess the proposed method's performance. Given the accuracy, computation time efficacy, and the generic formulation of the problem, the optimization scheme can be easily applied to any real network.

Life cycle cost and energy conservation for water system pumping station reconstruction

The main goal of this study is evaluation of reconstruction options for water pumping stations, regarding various factors (equipment purchase cost, maintenance, energy consumption). The search for the most profitable solution was carried out using the life cycle cost methodology for the urban water supply system’s first lift pump station. An analysis of the operating modes of the pumping station was carried out using curves of pumps and system. It was found that the option with a higher purchase price has the best technological indicators, including energy consumption. The expediency of the complete replacement of pumping equipment is confirmed by an analysis of life cycle costs.

Power Quality Assessment of Debremarkos Town Water Pump Station Found In Ethiopia

Power Quality Assessment of Debremarkos Town Water Pump Station Found In Ethiopia

Engineering design highlights of high-efficiency slab casters relocated at Baosteel Zhanjiang

Baosteel Group decided in 2013 to relocate the main segment equipment of the 2 single-strand 2,300 mm slab casters which were shut down at its Luojing Plant to the Zhanjiang Plant and transform them into an upgraded two-strand slab caster. CISDI was contracted to supply the overall design and the main equipment packages. CISDI employed a couple of advanced technologies including online mould width adjustment, top-inserted dummy bar, dual strand tracking and casting at constant speeds to enhance the production capacity of the caster; for sake of Opex saving CISDI also optimized the arrangements of the independent mechanical maintenance shop, utilities of compact design, cooling water valve stations and hydraulic valve stations of compact designs, and open-air cooling water pump station, etc.

Health Evaluation Method for Unit of Multi-sand Water Pumping Station

The progress of science and technology has provided strong support for water conservancy modernization. The development of modern water conservancy has put forward new standards and new requirements for the intelligent management of pumping stations. The overhaul management is no longer satisfied with the traditional maintenance mode of the combination of planned maintenance and corrective maintenance. The multi-sand water pumping station unit health evaluation system can effectively evaluate the overall safety level of the pumping station system, and timely find and eliminate equipment hidden dangers. Maintenance provides significant decision support and provides a new type of predictive maintenance mode for the pumping station, which greatly improves the safety and reliability of the unit operation. The pump health status evaluation model is built from the top to the bottom according to the level. Through the analysis of the unit's vibration, swing, temperature, electrical quantity and other indicators, through the end evaluation price standard, the current status of the equipment is evaluated in real time, then push the real-time evaluation status of the current device to the upper layer according to the recursive logic. Combined with the unit fault diagnosis results, the health evaluation results of the pump station units are obtained through priority comparison.

A virtual power plant optimal dispatch model with large and small-scale distributed renewable generation

Volatility and sharp increases in the price of electricity are serious economic problems in the primary sector because they affect modernization investments for irrigation systems in Spain. This paper presents a new virtual power plant (VPP) model that integrates all available full-scale distributed renewable generation technologies. The proposed VPP operates as a single plant in the wholesale electricity market and aims to maximize profit from its operation to meet demand. Two levels of renewable energy integration in the VPP were considered: first, a wind farm and six hydroelectric power plants that inject the generated electricity directly to the distribution network, and second, on-site photovoltaic plants associated with each of the electricity supply points in the system that are designed to prioritize self-consumption. The proposed technical-economic dispatch model was developed as a mixed-integer optimization problem that determines the hourly operation of distributed large-scale renewable generation plants and on-site generation plants. The model was applied to real data from an irrigation system comprising a number of water pumping stations in Aragon (Spain). The results of the VPP model demonstrate the importance of the technical and economic management of all production facilities to significantly reduce grid dependence and final electricity costs.

Water desalination and purification using desalination units powered by solar panels

One of the problems of the south area in Iraq is the reduced of quantity and the lack of quality of the supplied water, especially in the remote areas. This problem is caused due to many reasons. One of these reasons is the decrease of supplied electricity, which reflected on the performance of water pumping and desalination stations. This paper presenting a project that presented to municipality of Al-Nasiriya city to overcome the problem of the lack in quantity and quality of the supplied water to some villages that remote from the center of the city, through the use of complex modules that consists of small renewable power station with desalination unit. The project goes through some stages starting from collecting the data that related to the aim of the project like; sun radiation level, wind speed, dust quantity, quality and quantity of the presented water, and the type of activity in the area. The collected data were analyzed and evaluated and then the decision comes to execute three complex modules in three locations, powered by small solar energy unit in each. The operation of these modules gives good results, where they offers an acceptable quality with sufficient quantity of water and this an encourage results to populate this experiment in remote areas.

Prioritization of network transformers in electrical distribution system by considering social welfare index

<span lang="EN-US">To supply a meshed distribution system, network transformers are required. When few transformers are not in service, they must be repaired or replaced. A method is proposed for prioritizing the transformers considering the critical loads. Repair or replacement of transformers can be done by giving priority based on risk reduction. By addressing the possibility of network collapse due to failure of the feeder and impacted customers, risk can be predicted where the loads are extremely used at feeders section, network transformers and secondary mains. To select the transformer that needs to be replaced quickly and economically, an algorithm is proposed and it was tested on IEEE test system using GridLAB-D, MATLAB softwares. An index is proposed to give priority to emergency needs like hospitals and water pumping stations. Replacement or repair can be done by prioritizing network transformers incorporating social welfare index. </span>

Quantifying mortality and injury susceptibility for two morphologically disparate fishes exposed to simulated turbine blade strike

Passage of fishes through hydropower turbines and water pumping stations may cause mortal injury as the result of exposure to blade strike impact. Laboratory trials of simulated blade strike on two morphologically distinct fishes, American eel (Anguilla rostrata) and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) were undertaken to assess injury and mortality rates. We hypothesized that bluegill would have comparable rates of injury and mortality to other laterally compressed fishes while anguilliform American eel would be more resistant to injury. American eel had low observed mortality rates at the highest velocity tested (13.6 m/s), but many fish were observed with vertebral fractures which we categorized as functionally dead individuals. Bluegill were more susceptible to blade strike with high rates of mortality regardless of blade thickness, velocity, or impact conditions (location, angle, or fish orientation). These data have broadened our understanding of the range of responses among entrained fishes exposed to blade strike and represent species with low (American eel) and high (bluegill) susceptibility to injury and mortality. Our blade strike data can help inform safer turbine designs or prioritization of pumps that minimize traumatic injury and mortality of fishes during non-volitional passage through hydropower turbines or water pumping stations.

Flow loss analysis of a two-stage axially split centrifugal pump with double inlet under different channel designs

The double-stage axially split centrifugal pump is widely used in water diversion and water pumping stations due to their ability to deliver at high heads and large flow rate for long running hours. Their flow characteristics can be greatly influenced by the geometry of the channels between the stages, which is a prominent place for irreversible loss to occur. Numerical investigations were extensively carried out and a comparison was drawn between two multistage axially split centrifugal pumps, with different channel designs between its stages. The reliability of the numerical model was confirmed after a good agreement existed between numerical results and the experiments. Subsequently, entropy generation terms were used to evaluate turbulence dissipation to characterize the flow losses. The modified channels had a great effect on reducing swirl near the impeller eye, thereby improving pump head by 12.5% and efficiency by 4.98% at the design condition. They however induced flow impact, causing an unusual separation, which generated high turbulence dissipation at the blade surfaces. The channels and second stage impeller were identified as major areas for selective optimization since their turbulence dissipation was dominant. Consequently, entropy production analysis with computational fluid dynamics could be relied upon to reveal the loss locations for selective optimization in centrifugal pumps.

Study of the forecasting problem of energy consumption of water pumping station

The article describes the study of the energy consumption forecasting of city water pumping station. The review of the existing approaches for technical systems energy consumption forecasting is made. The shot description of the studied object properties including hourly energy consumption is presented. Two often used forecasting methods exponential smoothing and the autoregression of the integrated moving average methods was tested on real data. The results of predict calculations shows that the autoregression of the integrated moving average methods is suitable for energy consumption planning and can be used to submit an hourly bid for the required amount of the electricity in the wholesale market. Directions for future research is also presented.

Experimental Implementation of an APC With Enhanced MPPT for Standalone Solar Photovoltaic Based Water Pumping Station

In this paper, a new active power control (APC) with enhanced maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm are implemented to improve the performances of a solar photovoltaic system (SPV) based standalone water pumping station. The APC uses proportional resonant controller with antiwindup (AWPRC) for ac voltage regulation without saturation phenomena and with high power quality at the point of common coupling. Furthermore, the proportional resonant controller design method for optimal gains to achieve high performance during transition period in terms of phase margin and desired settling time is analyzed. To achieve the MPPT with less oscillation while protecting the battery energy storage system from overvoltage, an enhanced power ratio variable step based perturbation and observation algorithm is used. The effectiveness of the developed control strategies are validated through simulations and experimental results.

Impact of Design Parameters on the Performance of Centrifugal Pumps

Abstract The burden of production is in the difficulties of installation, maintenance, and operations. Centrifugal pumps contain two main parts: an impeller (rotor) that rotates at the motor speed and imparts centrifugal forces to the production fluid and diffuser (stator) which is the fixed part that guides the flow to the discharge. The shape of the impeller influences the performance of the pump. Thus, the area of significance to the pump design is the impeller geometric parameters to achieve pump performance. The consumption of energy by the pump is caused by the failure to choose the right pump size for the system, improper installation, and pump operation. Poor pump performance may affect the plant operation such as maintenance cost, downtime, loss of production, increase in operating cost. The loss of the hydraulic performance of the centrifugal pump is as a result of the detachment of the impeller neck rings on the impellers. A design modification to the casing wear rings or impeller neck rings is recommended to smooth the entry of water into the eye of the impeller by reducing the gap between the casing wear ring and the impeller neck ring. Various tests are performed on the Rand Water centrifugal pump installed at Zuikerbourch Rand Water Pumping Station. These tests show that design parameters such as the diameter of the impeller, blade angles, and number of blades, suction diameter and discharge diameter can have considerable influence on the performance of the centrifugal pumps. On this basis, the design of a suitable impeller is proposed. A model to predict the efficiency losses of these pumps is proposed.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WATER PUMPING SYSTEM POWERED BY SOLAR ENERGY

There are many factors affect the performance and efficiency of photovoltaic system that need to study to avoid or reduce its negative impact when designing the photovoltaic system. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of photovoltaic water pumping system under actual operating conditions by study the effect of intensity of solar radiation, dust accumulation on Pv panels, panels temperature, system components efficiencies, and the life cost comparison for Pv, and diesel water pumping systems. Experiments were carried out on photovoltaic water pumping station located in Bani Salamah- Al-Qanater-Giza Governorate-Egypt, which located at latitude 30.325364o N, longitude 30.805797oE, and 19 m above the sea level, from September 2016 to June 2017. The measurements were taken daily from sunrise to sunset every 15 minutes. The measurements include: solar radiation (tilted, direct, horizontal), panel`s temperature, solar generator output (DC current, DC voltage,), inverter output (AC current, AC voltage, frequency Hz), pump discharge, dynamic pressure. The study showed that; the pump flow rate was strongly affected by the intensity of solar radiation. where the hourly-average flow rate in December, March, and June was 18.2, 22.2, and 22.8 m3/h respectively. The degradation in panels efficiency, which decreased from 13.2% at dust density of 0 g / m2 to 0.8% at dust density 375 g / m². When the temperature increases by 1 co in summer and winter the efficiency decreases with 0.48% and 0.42% respectively. The total cost in the Pv, and diesel-powered systems was 9.22, and 37.2 LE/h, and the cost of producing 1 kilowatt of energy reaches 1.23, and 4.96 LE/kW.h respectively.

International Scientific Conference “People, Buildings and Environment 2018 (PBE)”

ForewordThe 13th edition of the International Scientific Conference PEOPLE, BUILDINGS AND ENVIRONMENT (PBE2018) was organized by the Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering in cooperation with the Riga Technical University. The conference was held in Brno, Czech Republic from 17th to 19th October 2018.PBE is a middle-sized conference, convened biennially in order to address current research issues related to two main specific areas which are Economics and management of sustainable construction and Water and landscape engineering.Conference started with a welcome reception, followed by two keynote lectures, parallel oral presentation sessions, poster session and social part of the event. Keynote speeches were delivered by Prof. Juris Smirnovs from the Riga Technical University, Latvia, and Prof. Anca Constantin, from the Ovidius University in Constanta, Romania, respected researchers in the main conference fields. Prof. Smirnovs gave an engaging lecture about “Road Traffic Safety in Latvia” and Prof. Constantin spoke about “Considerations on Water Pumping Station Operation in the Context of Sustainable Development”.

PV-pumped energy storage option for convalescing performance of hydroelectric station under declining precipitation trend

The precipitation trend is critically important for functioning of hydroelectric power stations and development of irrigation sector. Studies indicate that freshwater availability in many river basins in India is likely to decrease due to climate change. Despite having promising hydro potential in north-eastern (N-E) region of India, decline in rainfall in the region causes paucity of water in various hydro power plants' reservoirs. Many units of hydroelectric projects are being kept off and as a result, generation comes down to a large extent. As a partial solution to the problem, many such small hydroelectric projects' may be revived by integrating solar photovoltaic (PV) powered pumped storage unit as there is synergy of solar energy with irrigation water pumping and hydro power station. The present study aims to looking at reliable, continuous and cost-competitive power supply option. The study has been conceived with the lone hydroelectric power station of Tripura (one of the N-E states of India) which practically remains inoperative as water is hardly available at the end of the year and before next monsoon. Results substantiate that PV powered pumped storage is a viable option for restoring the steady annual performance of the hydroelectric plant.