Emulsion Research Articles

Enhancing the Deformability of the Adjuvant: Achieving Lymph Node Targeted Delivery to Elicit a Long-Lasting Immune Protection.

A key challenge in vaccine development is to inducean effective and durable immune response. Live virus vaccines induce lifelong antibody responses; however, the immune responses induced by inactivated or subunit vaccines decrease gradually. Activation of the germinal center (GC) reaction, which generates long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs), is a key mediator of long-term antibody responses. To enhance the activation of GC, lymph node-targeted delivery of the vaccine is promoted by enhancing the deformability of the delivery vector. In this study, a double emulsion is designed with strong deformability and containing chitosan nanoparticles (CSNP) in the internal aqueous phase (WNP) for efficient antigen loading, called WNP/O/W. The flexible oil layer and the internally loaded positively charged particles endow the emulsion with strong deformability, continuously enrich model antigen ovalbumin(OVA)in the lymph nodes, activate germinal center B (GC B) cells and T follicular helper (TFH) cells, induce LLPCs, and obtain high-level antibody persistence for more than 5 months, which is significantly better than the traditional oil emulsion adjuvant. Concurrently, it also improves the immune-protective effect in aged mice. Altogether, these results indicate that WNP/O/W achieves lymph node targeted delivery by strengthening deformability, generating high-intensity antibody responses, and long-lasting immune protection.

Enhancing pectin's antioxidant properties through ferulic acid grafting: Application in olive oil‐in‐water emulsion

AbstractIn order to improve pectin antioxidant properties and enlarge the field of its potential applications, ferulic acid grafted pectin conjugates (PE‐g‐FA) were prepared using laccase as the catalyst at 30°C in an aqueous medium. The structures of PE‐g‐FA were characterized using UV–vis, FTIR, and NMR (1H and 13C). In addition, the antioxidant activity of PE‐g‐FA was evaluated according to the DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging ability. Olive oil in water emulsions, containing emulsifiers WPI and PE‐g‐FA, were assessed for their physical and oxidative stability through particle size, zeta‐potential, peroxide value (POV), and 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) formation. The results indicated that the formation of covalent bonds between the pectin carboxymethyl groups and FA hydroxyl group. The determination of the total phenolic content showed that PE‐g‐FA contained seven times more polyphenols than native PE. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging rate of 0.5HMP‐g‐FA were increased by 56.83% and 18.90% compared with HMP, respectively. In addition, the emulsion stabilized by WPI and 0.5HMP‐g‐FA showed smallest and uniform average particle size (855.9 ± 51.13 nm) on the 1st day. Although its POV value was slightly higher than that of emulsion stabilized by WPI and HMP, it was much lower than that of control groups. Overall, these results have important implications for enzymatic modification of pectin to obtain high antioxidant products and their application in pectin‐based emulsions.

Encapsulation of Monascus pigments in gel in oil in water (G/O/W) double emulsion system based on sodium caseinate and guar gum

In this study, a gel in oil in water (G/O/W) double emulsion system was developed with the objective of effectively encapsulating Monascus pigments and enhancing its stability. To this end, various formulations were prepared using guar gum co-dissolved with Monascus pigments in the internal phase and sodium caseinate as an outer phase surfactant. Different parameters were examined, including emulsion stability, encapsulation efficiency, rheological and tribological properties, as well as the light and thermal stability of the encapsulated Monascus pigments. The results demonstrated that Monascus pigments were effectively encapsulated in the G/O/W, with an encapsulation efficiency exceeding 90 %. The formulated system exhibited a relatively small particle size, which decreased with increasing guar gum and the external emulsifier contents. This resulted in an increase in viscosity accompanied by the formation of a gel-like structure and improved tribological properties, thereby enhancing the system's stability. The system with 1–1.25 % guar gum and 2.5 % sodium caseinate exhibited the highest stability for Monascus pigments, making them more resistant to heat and light. These findings have the potential to expand applications of Monascus pigments by providing a stable and effective encapsulation and delivery system that can also be utilized in the development of healthier food products.

Multifunctional superhydrophobic sugarcane bagasse capable of efficiently separating oil-water mixtures and degrading MB

Biodegradable and low-cost superhydrophobic absorption materials are still urgently required for the removal of organic compounds from sewage. In this study, sugarcane bagasse (SCB), an abundant and readily available byproduct from sugarcane industries, was used as substrate to fabricate the superhydrophobic adsorbent through a facile dip-coating technique. Firstly, β-FeOOH particles were in-situ grown on the SCB surface, which was further decorated with SiO2 particles. Next, the modified SCB were coated with benzoxazine based on cardanol and dodecylamine (CD) followed by a thermal curing to obtain a superhydrophobic SCB (PC-D/β-FeOOH@SiO2/SCB) with a water contact angle (WCA) of 154°. PC-D/β-FeOOH@SiO2/SCB not only exhibited excellent oil absorption capacities in the range of 11.8 to 22.6 g/g for various organic solvents and oils, but also could successfully separate immiscible oil-water mixtures and emulsions with a separation efficiency of over 99.1 %. After 30 cycles of use, the absorption capacity of the modified SCB only displayed a slight decrease and its separation efficiencies for immiscible oil-water mixture, water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions are all more than 99.2 %, meanwhile, all these repeatedly used SCB still maintained a superhydrophobicity, demonstrating an outstanding reusability. Moreover, the WCA of PC-D/β-FeOOH@SiO2/SCB was still higher than 150o after 48 h of immersion in HCl, NaOH and NaCl solutions, exhibiting a satisfactory chemical stability. Besides, the prepared SCB also possessed a high photocatalytic degradation activity to methylene blue. Therefore, this work not only provides a sustainable and cheap superhydrophobic absorbent for wastewater treatment, but also presents a route for the better utilization of SCB.

Unique dual superlyophobic covalent organic frameworks (COF-TpBD) intercalated MXene composite membrane for efficient oil-water separation

The development of composite membranes utilizing transition metal carbides and nitrides, exemplified by Ti3C2Tx (MXene), has proven efficacious in the treatment of oily wastewater. However, challenges arise from the prolonged and convoluted transport paths within MXene interlayer nanochannels, significantly impeding mass transfer and diminishing membrane permeability. This investigation incorporated porous covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as intercalating agents into two-dimensional (2D) MXene-based membranes to expand the interlayer nanochannels. The resulting MXene@COF-TpBD functional layer polyethersulfone (PES) composite membrane exhibited a distinctive dual superoleophobic surface, concurrently manifesting underwater superoleophobicity and underoil superhydrophobicity (underwater oil contact angle > 150°, underoil water contact angle > 150°). The membranes exhibited excellent water flux (up to 4092.7 L·m-2·h-1·bar-1), efficient oil-water emulsion separation (up to 1908.4 L·m-2·h-1·bar-1, rejection rates >99.78%), noteworthy fouling resistance and structural stability, outperforming most of existing similar membranes. Furthermore, supported by the extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (XDLVO) theory, the incorporation of COF-TpBD improved the antifouling characteristics of the composite membrane. This work presents innovative insights into the improvement of 2D MXene membranes and the use of COF-TpBD for the specific remediation of oily wastewater.

Flammulina velutipes protein-Flammulina velutipes soluble polysaccharide-tea polyphenols particles stabilized Pickering emulsions for the delivery of β-carotene

The delivery vehicles based on protein-polysaccharide-polyphenol are promising methods to encapsulate bioactive components with the aim of improving their solubility and bioavailability. In this study, we used Flammulina velutipes protein (FVP) and Flammulina velutipes soluble polysaccharides (FVSP) as raw materials and prepared FVP-FVSP and FVP-FVSP-TP composite particles loaded with tea polyphenols (TP), the high internal phase Pickering emulsions stabilized by FVP-FVSP and FVP-FVSP-TP for the delivery of β-carotene (BC) were created. FVP-FVSP-TP has more promise as Pickering emulsion stabilizer than FVP-FVSP because of the smaller particle size, proper contact angle, and lower surface tension. The optimal preparation conditions of the emulsion were 4 % particle concentration and 80 % oil phase volume fraction. The emulsions stabilized by FVP-FVSP and FVP-FVSP-TP were o/w emulsions. Compared to the emulsion stabilized by FVP-FVSP, the FVP-FVSP-TP stabilized emulsion had higher G′, G″ values and viscosity and showed better thermal, centrifugal, storage and oil oxidation stability. Moreover, FVP-FVSP-TP stabilized emulsions could further enhance the retention rate and bioaccessibility of TP and β-carotene. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of FVP and FVSP in Pickering emulsions, and a reference for the fabrication of delivery vehicles to improve the stability and bioaccessibility of bioactive substances.

Pickering high internal phase emulsions stabilized by soy protein isolate/κ-carrageenan complex for enhanced stability, bioavailability, and absorption mechanisms of nobiletin

Nobiletin (NOB), a lipid-soluble polymethoxyflavone with potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, suffers from poor stability and pH sensitivity, limiting its bioavailability. In this study, Pickering high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) stabilized by soy protein isolate (SPI) and κ-carrageenan (KC) were developed to encapsulate and protect NOB. The emulsions, containing a 75 % medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) volume fraction, were optimized by investigating the effects of pH and KC concentration on the key properties such as the creaming index, particle size, zeta potential, microstructure, and rheology. Results showed that under optimal conditions (pH 7 and 1.0 % KC), the SPI/KC HIPEs exhibited improved physicochemical properties. Furthermore, encapsulation of NOB in HIPEs significantly improved its stability against UV exposure, heat, and storage conditions. Additionally, simulated gastrointestinal digestion studies revealed that the SPI/KC HIPEs improved the digestion stability and bioaccessibility of NOB, with controlled release in the intestinal phase. Moreover, the SPI/KC HIPEs facilitated increased cellular uptake and bioavailability of NOB, with clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis as primary absorption pathways. The encapsulated NOB also showed enhanced inhibition of inflammatory markers, including NO, IL-6, and TNF-α. These findings suggested that SPI/KC HIPEs provided a promising delivery system for improving the bioavailability and bioactivity of hydrophobic compounds.

Fabrication and characterization of acidic high internal phase emulsion gels stabilized solely by wheat gluten for plant-based mayonnaise

Plant-based diets are currently gaining more popularity as a means of reducing the environmental footprint and promoting human health. Herein, plant protein-based acidic high internal phase emulsion gels (HIPE gels) were fabricated via a facile one-pot approach using wheat gluten (WG) solely. Pre-dissolving WG in edible vinegar-water solution was contributed to the fabrication of stable emulsion gels. Factors that affect the structure and performance of plant proteins as HIPE gels stabilizers were investigated. The results indicated that the stable HIPE gels could be formed with a vinegar concentration between 5 % and 20 % and a WG concentration of 1.0 %–7.5 % only. Microscopy images reveal that a collaboration of the soluble protein molecules adsorption and protein aggregate Pickering stabilization at oil-water interface, which was turned to form stable HIPE gels. In addition, the resulted HIPE gels exhibited shear thinning behavior, viscoelastic features, and good thixotropic recovery, which provide a similar perceived texture and sensory property for formulating egg-free mayonnaise. These findings provide a useful approach to construct HIPE-based softs from low-cost wheat gluten for preparing plant-based mayonnaise.

Respiratory delivery of single low-dose nebulized PFCE-C25 NEs for lymphatic transport and durable stimulation of antitumor immunity in lung cancer.

The currently available immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) often fail to achieve the desired clinical outcomes due to inadequate immune activation, particularly in patients with lung cancer. To reverse this situation, we synthesized inhalable PFCE-C25 nanoemulsions (NEs), which target lymphocyte activation genes (LAG-3) on immune cells within tumor microenvironment and tumor-draining lymph nodes (TDLNs). By combining in vivo 19F-MR molecular imaging, we investigate the immunological effects of a single low-dose PFCE-C25 NEs in multiple murine lung cancer models, including human immune system (HIS) mouse models, and validated its immunological effects in human TDLNs. The nebulization therapy with PFCE-C25 NEs demonstrated a notable and enduring maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) in TDLNs, leading to systemic immune responses, prolonged survival, the establishment of immune memory, and resistance to tumor rechallenge. Thus, PFCE-C25 NEs successfully demonstrate a promising and efficient approach for enhancing lymphatic transport and sustained activation of antitumor immune responses in lung cancer.

Polymer drag reduction in dispersed oil–water flow in tubes

Drag reduction by polymers is a critical issue, with several applications first reported more than 70 years ago. The number of related works is vast, but most are restricted to single-phase flow. The few available works treating two-phase flow use drag reducers only in the water phase. One goal of the present work is to study the role of polymer additives in both phases for a range of water fractions. We conduct the main tests by considering the pressure drop in a fully developed turbulent flow in a pipeline and fixing each phase flow rate. In our tests, the pressure drop depends on the water fraction, mixing viscosity, mean phase densities, polymer concentration, and molecular weight. It is worth mentioning that, in small concentrations, the water drops also work as a drag reducer. We conduct the tests to compare the role of polymers in single and two-phase flow, paying particular attention to mechanical polymer degradation. Our main conclusion is that drag reducers are effective only in the external phase. In our tests, the water drag reducer is effective for water fractions larger than 0.5, and the oil drag reducer for water fractions smaller than 0.5. When both phases contain additives, the pressure drops, relatively to the case in the absence of additives, for an entire range of water fractions.

Rheological properties of water-oil emulsions of Archinskoe oil deposit

Relevance. The development of new methods for regulating the rheological properties of water-oil emulsion using thermal and chemical methods will allow reducing the viscosity of oil well products and energy consumption for pumping hydrocarbon mixtures. Aim. To determine the activation energy of viscous flow and particle sizes of the internal phase of the initial emulsion of the Archinskoe deposit and the emulsion with an introduced demulsifier. Methods. All experiments required to investigate the rheological properties of colloidal disperse systems were performed using HAAKE Viscotester iQ rotational viscometer. Results. Comparative experimental studies were carried out on the effect of the introduced demulsifier on the effective viscosity of the water-oil emulsion of the Archinskoe deposit. Laboratory-scale experiments were performed using the rotational viscometry, which allows one to evaluate the dependence of viscosity on shear rate and temperature. It was established that the studied samples are liquids with pronounced non-Newtonian properties, which are a consequence of the paraffinic nature of oil and its water-oil emulsion. The structure of nanoparticles of the dispersed phase of dehydrated oil and its emulsion is discussed and justified. Using the analytical Arrhenius–Frenkel–Eyring expression, which describes the dependence of viscosity on temperature and the physical and chemical nature of the liquid system, the results of viscometrical experiments were processed and the activation energies of viscous flow and the particle size of the inverse emulsion were calculated in the absence of a demulsifier and in its presence. Laboratory experiments have confirmed that for complete dehydration of oil well products, it is not enough to introduce only a demulsifier, but it also requires heating the emulsion to a temperature sufficient to melt and dissolve paraffin particles, which form a structural and mechanical barrier situated on the surface of the emulsion droplets.

Preparation, Characterization and Immune Activity of ViolaPhilippicaPolysaccharide PLGA Nanoparticles.

Recent pharmacological studies have demonstrated that Viola philippicapolysaccharide (VPP) exhibits a modulating effect on immune activity. However, its utilization has been hampered by its large particle size and complex spatial structure. Poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA) is recognized as an effective drug delivery carrier, exhibiting excellent biochemical properties. In this experiment, VPP was encapsulated with PLGA to form Viola philippica polysaccharide PLGA nanoparticles (VPP-PLGA NPs). The morphological structure and immunomodulatory effects of VPP-PLGA NPs were evaluated. The particle size of VPP-PLGA NPs was reduced compared to VPP, and the optimal preparation conditions were as follows: the ratio of the organic phase to the internal aqueous phase was 8:1, the ratio of the external aqueous phase to the primary emulsion was 7:1, and the concentration of PLGA was 20 mg/mL. Additionally, VPP-PLGA NPs significantly increased the NO content, IL-4, and IFN-γ levels in RAW264.7 cells, as well as enhanced their phagocytic activity. Furthermore, VPP-PLGA NPs were found to increase NO content and IFN-γ secretion in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). These findings suggest that VPP-PLGA NPs could enhance the immune activity and may be utilized as a VPP delivery system for inducing strong immune responses.

Microalgae-loaded SPI-based monodisperse emulsions prepared by PREMIX membrane emulsification: Effect of pH and HHP on droplet size and droplet size distribution

Emulsions containing Chlorella vulgaris (CV), Arthrospira platensis (AP), Soy Protein Isolate (SPI) powders, or their combination as emulsifiers were prepared at 2 or 3 % protein concentration by intramembrane PREMIX membrane emulsification. Then, the effect of pH (3.5, no-change, 10) and HHP (0.1 and 200 MPa) on mean droplet size (MDS) and size distribution (SPAN) of canola oil in water emulsions was assessed. Emulsions with individual emulsifiers showed undesired MDS and SPAN at pH 3.5, while plant-microalgae emulsions presented better MDS and SPAN values at all pHs. Emulsions at pH 10 had better MDS and SPAN values. AP emulsion prepared at 3 % concentrations showed the highest improvement in MDS and SPAN when 200 MPa were applied. HHP had a positive effect when applied to CV-SPI and AP-SPI at 2 % protein concentration. However, an adverse effect was observed at 3 % protein concentration. Microalgae and plant emulsions with interesting properties can be obtained by pH and HHP treatment.

Preparation and Characterization of Egg White Protein-Based Composite Edible Coating Containing Thymol Nanoemulsion

In this study, thymol-loaded nanoemulsion (THYNE) was incorporated into a mixture of egg white protein and hyaluronic acid to prepare antibacterial biopolymer coatings. The oil phase of the nanoemulsion (NE) was prepared by mixing different mass ratios of thymol and corn oil. NE was formed using ultrasonic emulsification, and the physicochemical properties of the NE were investigated. When the content of thymol in the oil phase was 30%, the particle size reached a minimum of 107.93 nm, PDI was 0.167, and Zeta potential was −18.2 mV, and it remained kinetically stable after 4 weeks of storage at 4 °C. Based on this study, composite coatings containing 5%, 10% and 20% THYNE were prepared, and the rheological properties, microstructure, FTIR, release properties and antibacterial properties of the coatings were investigated. The results show that the coating solutions exhibited shear thinning behavior. With increasing THYNE content, the coating structure became loose and inhomogeneous. The release rate of THY in the coatings was greater in 95% ethanol–water solution than in deionized water. In addition, the coating solutions showed stronger antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus than against Escherichia coli. The egg white protein-based composite coating containing THYNE developed in this study is expected to be an antibacterial material for food packaging with sustained release performance.

Multifunctional carboxylated polyimide fiber membrane for gravity-driven efficient simultaneous separation of oil-in-water emulsions and methylene blue dye

The development of multifunctional nanofiber membranes with high separation efficiency for the simultaneous removal of oil–water emulsions and organic dyes is essential due to the complexity of hazardous components in real wastewater. Herein, a polyimide (PI) fiber membrane prepared by electrospinning was carboxylated and used to simultaneously separate oil-in-water emulsions and methylene blue (MB) dye for the first time. A superhydrophilic/underwater oleophobic electrostatically spun carboxylated polyimide (Cx-PI) fibrous membrane was successfully prepared through electrostatic spinning, thermal imidization, and alkaline hydrolysis to construct carboxyl and imide groups on the polyimide fibrous membrane. The resulting membranes exhibited excellent performance in gravity-driven separation for the effective removal of oil, oil-in-water emulsions, and MB dye. The separation efficiency was ≥ 99.4 % for oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with various surfactants with a flux of up to 1128.5 L m−2 h−1. In addition, the oil and dye in the emulsion could be simultaneously separated with an emulsion separation efficiency of ≥ 99.2 %, a flux of about 910.6 L m−2 h−1, and an MB dye removal rate of 98.6 %, even when the MB dye concentration was as high as 100 mg/L. The Cx-PI nanofiber membrane also demonstrated excellent stain resistance, salt resistance, high-temperature resistance, and mechanical durability. The above results indicated that the Cx-PI membranes were suitable for the separation of oil-in-water emulsions containing MB dyes under complex conditions. This study provides a promising application in solving the global water pollution caused by oily organic solvents and water-soluble dyes.

Numerical study of the dynamic aggregation behaviors of oil droplets in the porous filter media consisting of basalt particles

Porous granular media based on the gravity-driven principle have been proven to be efficient for the separation of oil-water emulsions. However, the complexity of the relevant parameters and the intricate structure of porous media pose great challenges to the design and optimization of the separation process. In this study, the dynamic behavior of oil droplets within the porous structure was numerically analyzed based on the Euler-Euler model and the coupling of the two-phase flow and level set method. The oil-water separation efficiency and droplet trajectory were analyzed under different conditions, considering the deformation of the droplets, kinetic viscosity, and interactions among the droplets. The simulation results show the real-time movement, aggregation, and detachment of oil droplets within the porous filter. The results are useful for understanding the demulsification in a microscopic perspective and provide theoretical guidance for designing more efficient oil-water separation systems.

Analytical design of fourth and fifth harmonic generations of an elliptically polarized Bessel-Gauss beam by using the concept of guided wave optics and TIR-QPM technique in a biaxial material

This paper demonstrates the analytical design of an Elliptically polarized Bessel-Gauss beam-based frequency converter by using the guided wave optics concept and Total Internal Reflection Quasi phase matching technique. An anisotropic positive biaxial crystal featuring a rectangular structure of Rubidium Titanyle Phosphate has been used to carry out this analysis. The efficiency of the fourth and fifth harmonic conversion in the projected scheme is 7.05% and 4.3%, respectively, which is approximately three times greater than in a crystal length of approximately 1.4[Formula: see text]mm and 3.4[Formula: see text]mm, as provided by the scheme illuminated by a linearly polarized Bessel-Gauss beam at a wavelength of 735[Formula: see text]nm and 588[Formula: see text]nm, respectively. The influence of limiting factors, viz Goos Hänchen Shift, surface roughness, absorption, and the diffraction effect rooted in the basic law of nonlinear reflection, has also been taken care of in this analysis. The dependence of conversion efficiency on the length, thickness and angle of incidence of the slab has also been studied.

Nanoscale phase transformation in SiC wafer by spatiotemporal tailored ultrafast laser pulses for multiple optical data encryption

Color center has shown great potential in optical data encryption due to its tunable optical performance. In this work, precise and controllable implantation of color centers within 4H-SiC wafers has been demonstrated by spatiotemporal tailored ultrafast laser irradiation. Distinct microstructures via micro-ablation, micro-cracking and internal phase transformation can be achieved by precisely regulating the spatial energy input in SiC wafer. The orientation of generated microstructures can be accurately controlled by tuning the laser polarization directions. Those color centers can be further customized by varying the defocusing distances and pulse durations. Wherein, nanoscale amorphous carbon layer with thickness ~ 100 nm was achieved by ultrafast laser induced internal phase transformation, which was ascribed to an enhanced near-field optical effect. Due to the thin-film interference, various colors can display from pink to light-green in those laser modified samples with different carbon nanolayer depths. With the highly flexible and precise modification in SiC crystal, multiple colors can therefore be implanted to encode optical information at small scale, allowing high density and complex information storage. This represents a significant advance in controlled phase transformation for nanoscale color centers fabrication, which is promising in multiple optical data encryption.

Thymoquinone loaded nanoemulgel in streptozotocin induced diabetic wound.

Aim: To treat diabetic wound healing with a novel Thymoquinone (TQ) loaded nanoformulation by using combination of essentials oils.Methods: TQ nanoemulsion (NE) was developed with seabuckthorn & lavender essential oils by phase inversion method and mixture design. Further, DIAGEL is obtained by incorporating NE into 1% carbopol®934. Furthermore, particle size, polydispersity index, thermodynamic stability studies, rheology, spreadability, drug content, in-vitro drug release, ex-vivo permeation, anti-oxidant assay, antimicrobial studies, angioirritance, HAT-CAM assay, in-vitro and in-vivo studies were determined.Results: NE has a particle size of 17.79±0.61nm, 0.206±0.012 PDI & found to be thermodynamically stable. DIAGEL exhibited pseudoplastic behavior, sustained drug release, better permeation of TQ and a drug content of 98.54±0.08%. DIAGEL stored for 6months at room temperature and 2-8°C showed no degradation. Further, an improved angiogenesis, absence of angio-irritancy, remarkable antioxidant and antimicrobial activities against Candida albicans & S. aureus were observed. Cytotoxicity analysis revealed nearly 2.28 -folds higherIC50 value than drug solution. Furthermore, inflammatory mediators were reduced in DIAGEL treated animal groups. The histopathological studies confirmed skin healing with regeneration and granulation of tissue.Conclusion: The novel formulation has strong anti-inflammatory, angiogenesis, antioxidant and appreciable diabetic wound healing properties.

Regulating effects of beet pectin on the stability and 3D printing performance of high internal phase pickering emulsions stabilized by lactoferrin-EGCG

This study aimed to develop lactoferrin-polyphenol-polysaccharide (LF-EGCG-BP) ternary covalent complexes to improve the stability and 3D printing performance of fish oil high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) stabilized by lactoferrin-polyphenol (LF-EGCG) binary covalent complex. The effects of beet pectin (BP) on the physicochemical properties, structure, interfacial behavior, rheological properties and stability of LF-EGCG HIPEs were investigated. Results showed that the fluorescence quenching mechanism of BP on LF-EGCG was static quenching. BP (especially at 20:1 (w/w)) efficiently improved the stability of LF-EGCG HIPEs by enhancing the mechanical property of interfacial films and network structure. After the addition of BP, the droplet size of HIPEs was reduced, lipid oxidation stability, physical stability, and multiple light scattering stability were increased. Raman spectra showed that the interaction between oil phase and aqueous phase of HIPEs was enhanced after the introduce of BP. The free fatty acids (FFA) release in HIPEs stabilized by LF-EGCG-BP was decreased. Meanwhile, BP increased the viscoelasticity, recovery and gel strength of HIPEs, giving the HIPE inks better 3D printing integrity and clarity.