Different Types Of Water Research Articles

Evaluation of a concentration method for the recovery of human adenovirus from mineral water, tap water and well water.

Evaluation of a concentration method for the recovery of human adenovirus from mineral water, tap water and well water.

Effect of Different Types of Water on Workability and Compressive Strength of Concrete

Effect of Different Types of Water on Workability and Compressive Strength of Concrete

Mosquito breeding status in drains of Moulvibazar municipality area, Sylhet, Bangladesh

Mosquitoes can be vectors of several infectious and life-threatening diseases including bancroftian filariasis, which is endemic in Eastern hilly and forest parts of Bangladesh together with Moulvibazar district. To assess its vector breeding situation a yearlong (September 21 to August 22) intensive survey was conducted in different drains in the nine administrative wards in the municipality areas of Moulvibazar. Three species of mosquito immature were identified in the stagnant water of different types of drain habitats. Among them, Culex quinquefasciatus was the dominant species (88.4%) followed by Armigeres sp (11.2%) and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (0.2%). The highest population was found in Drain-4 in Ward-1 and the fewest mosquito larvae were observed in Drain-55 under Ward 6. ANOVA suggested that mosquito immature varied significantly in different months in different Wards. Pearson correlation analysis indicated rainfall and relative humidity are the most important meteorological factors influencing the occurrence of mosquito-immature populations. Specifically, water temperature is positively correlated with total immature (r = 0.645, p = 0.000), Cx. quinquefasciatus (r = 0.470, p = 0.000) and with Armigeres sp (r = 0.271, p = 0.000). Water PH has a positive correlation with Armigeres sp (r = 0.528, p = 0.000), but a negative correlation with Cx. quinquefasciatus (r = -.380**, p = 0.000). Water depth has shown a negative correlation with Cx. quinquefasciatus (r = -.413**, p = 0.000) and Armigeres sp (r = -.194**, p = 0.000). Furthermore, average temperature is positively correlated with total rainfall (r = 0.631*, p = 0.028) and rainfall days (r = 0.770, p = 0.003), whereas total mosquito immature is negatively correlated with total rainfall (p = -.585*, p = 0.046), rainfall of days (r = -0.673*, p = 0.016) and humidity (r = -.922** p = 0.000). These findings will provide a basic guideline to plan future mosquito control operations in the present study area. Bangladesh J. Zool. 52(3): 247-267, 2024

Investigation of metal accumulation and pathogenic bacterial loud in Nile tilapia farmed in treated water

ABSTRACT Farming fish using treated wastewater is one of the most effective fish production methods. The following study goals to represent the influence of the quality of treated wastewater by sand filter system on heavy metals accumulation and some pathogenic bacteria loud on Nile tilapia fish. Nile tilapia fish were farmed in experimental basins aquaria in three different types of water [Bahr Elbakr drain as drainage water (DW), treated water (TWW), and River Nile at El-Kanater El-Khyria (RNW) as control]. Physicochemical parameters in water samples, heavy metals accumulation in fish liver and muscle, and some microbiological were analyzed. The obtained data showed poor water quality in DW compared with TWW and RNW. The accumulation of heavy metals was higher (p ≤ 0.05) in fish tissue collected from DW, while it was within the permissible safety levels for human consumption in TWW and RNW. In drainage water (DW), the diversity of pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella sp. Proteus vulgaris, and Bacillus sp., have exceeded the recommended permissible limit. Staphylococcus aureus was predominantly found in fish gills, followed by Bacillus in fish skin from DW. In contrast, treated water has significantly reduced pathogenic bacterial diversity. It could be concluded that the treatment of drainage water using a sand filter is efficient in producing high water quality for fish farming.

Effect of TiB2 particles on the compressive, hardness, and water absorption responses of Kulkual fiber-reinforced epoxy composites

Abstract An investigation on novel Kulkual fibers that were derived from Ethiopia was carried out in this work. An open-mold casting approach was employed to manufacture a lightweight composite comprising chopped Kulkual fibers and titanium diboride (TiB₂) particles. The primary objective of this study was to scrutinize the interfacial dynamics of the composites upon inclusion of the reinforcements, focusing on compression, hardness, and water absorption characteristics. The incorporation of both TiB₂ and Kulkual fibers markedly augmented the inherent properties of the epoxy matrix, evident in compression testing. Notably, composites containing 5 vol% of fibers exhibited a significantly higher modulus of 87 MPa, while those with 5 vol% of fibers demonstrated an impressive strength of 90 MPa. Vickers hardness assessments revealed composites containing 5 vol% of fibers displaying a superior hardness value of 45 HV. Subsequent water absorption tests with different types of water unveiled a Fickian behavior, characterized by an initial exponential increase in the absorption rate within the first 50 h. The incorporation of Kulkual fibers amplified this intake rate, particularly evident at the 10 vol% level, which eventually reached saturation after 200 h. Collectively, these findings underscore the optimal efficacy of fiber addition up to 5 vol% in enhancing composite properties, suggesting a threshold beyond which further increments may not yield proportional benefits.

Comparison of reproductive success of Daphnia magna Straus cultured in different types of water

Abstract In laboratory culture, D. magna is very sensitive to environmental conditions such as temperature, water chemical composition, pH value, illumination, food quality and quantity, and population density. Unfavourable conditions affect reproductive performance and survival. In this work, the reproductive success of D. magna was compared in different types of water recommended in toxicity test guidelines and in the literature on cultivation. Four types of water were compared, two natural types of water (dechlorinated tap water and unpolluted surface water) and two synthetic types of water (ISO dilution water and MS media) with ten D. magna individuals per water type. The best reproductive results in terms of cumulative number of neonates and brood size were obtained for MS media (P < 0.005) containing vitamins, macronutrients and trace elements. ISO dilution water and tap water showed similar reproductive results (no significant differences). All three types of water met the validity criteria of the OECD guidelines of a mean ≥ 60 surviving offspring per parent and ≤ 20% mortality in 21 days. The worst results were obtained for surface water, probably due to the unfavourable chemical composition and high conductivity of the water. This study confirmed that the chemical composition of the culture water has a pronounced effect on the reproductive potential of D. magna.

CFD for added mass and damping effects on a model Kaplan turbine

Abstract This paper evaluates the use of CFD to compute added mass, added moment of inertia and added damping on a model scale Kaplan turbine surrounded by still water for different types of oscillatory motions and runner blade angles. The motions investigated are radial an axial translation, as well as radial and axial rotation. Different oscillatory frequencies (or maximum accelerations) are considered. The added mass and moments of inertia obtained are compared against structural acoustic simulation (SAS) results for the same geometry [1]. Both CFD and SAS calculations show good agreement and similar trend for varied runner blade opening angles in both open water and with waterways configuration. The added mass (or moment of inertia) and added damping parameters from CFD are included in a rotor dynamic analysis. A comparison is made between including and excluding the extra added damping alongside the extra added mass (or moment of inertia). It is shown that the addition of added damping does not influence the extent of natural frequencies, but gives more stability to the system. Given that SAS is computationally faster and cheaper than CFD and since added damping has little effect on varying eigenfrequencies, the SAS method can therefore be considered a more precise alternative than traditional methods when it comes to design purposes and the calculation of added mass and added moment of inertia.

A polyethyleneimine-coated thermally-oxidized graphitic-carbon nitride adsorbent for the removal of organic pollutants.

A polyethyleneimine-coated thermally-oxidized graphitic-carbon nitride adsorbent for the removal of organic pollutants.

Spawn-based pellets of Pleurotus ostreatus as an applied approach for the production of laccase in different types of water.

Spawn-based pellets of Pleurotus ostreatus as an applied approach for the production of laccase in different types of water.

Photodegradation of Diquat in water under UV irradiation: Identification of transformation products and elucidation of photodegradation pathway.

Photodegradation of Diquat in water under UV irradiation: Identification of transformation products and elucidation of photodegradation pathway.

On-site gas chromatographic quantification of transformation products of rocket fuel unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine in water using vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction

ABSTRACT On-site quantification of rocket fuel unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) transformation products (TPs) in water is important to obtain fast results, particularly after major accidental fuel spills. In this study, the method based on vacuum-assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction (Vac-HSSPME) for quantification of UDMH TPs in water was adapted for application in combination with portable gas chromatograph (GC) with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD). External standard calibration plots in distilled water demonstrated good accuracy for all analytes (except N,N-dimethylformamide) providing spike recoveries 73.3% − 90.0% from different types of water. The limits of detection (LODs) varied from 0.2 to 40 µg L−1. From the on-site measurements at a fall site of the first stage of Proton-M rocket in Ulytau Region, Kazakhstan, only 1-methyl-1H-pyrazole and N-methylformamide were detected with their signal-to-noise ratios below 10. The method based on Vac-HSSPME-GC-NPD can be recommended for quick and accurate on-site quantification of UDMH TPs in water contaminated with rocket fuel and/or in water bodies near the fuel spills, particularly after major accidents.

SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION OF S-TRIAZINE HERBICIDES BASED ON NEW ORGANIC-INORGANIC HYBRID COPOLYMER

In this study, a new organic-inorganic hybrid copolymer (P(MAA-MPTS)/Sil) was synthesized, characterized, and applied as a sorbent for s-triazines. The P(MAA-MPTS)/Sil was prepared by coupling free radical copolymerization of methacrylic acid and methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and sol-gel processing, using tetramethoxysilane as a cross-linker. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements were used for the characterization of the copolymer particles. The extraction efficiency of hybrid copolymer toward s-triazines was studied by batch procedure. High recoveries for all studied compounds (ametryne, atrazine, propazine, simazine, simetryn, and terbuthylazine) were achieved in the pH range 7 - 8 within 30 min. Quick quantitative desorption was achieved using a mixture of methanol and acetic acid. An analytical procedure based on solid-phase extraction of s-triazines on newly synthesized hybrid copolymer and HPLC measurements was developed for their quantification in surface waters. Experiments performed with different types of waters (tap, lake, river) and determination limits achieved demonstrated the successful applicability of P(MAA-MPTS)/Sil in monitoring programs for quality control of tap and surface waters.

Registration of Different Types of Water with Corona Gas Discharge Effects and Parameters of Brightness

Registration of Different Types of Water with Corona Gas Discharge Effects and Parameters of Brightness

تأثير عسرة المياه على معدلات تآكل الفولاذ الكربوني: دراسة حول تكوين القشور الجيرية

This project focuses on the experimental study to establish the relationship between the hardness of different types of water that forms lime scales on metal surfaces and the corrosion rates of carbon steel, expressed in penetration rates per unit time. 48 square metal samples were cut from carbon steel sheets with known metallurgical composition fabricated by Libyan Iron and Steel Company in Misurata and supplied by Brega Company. Four groups of aerated water were used to immerse all samples groundwater from North-Ajdabiya region and diluted seawater with distilled water in different ratios (50%, 25%, and 12.5%) respectively. Each group was separately warmed and controlled at 100 Co, after which the12 samples were immersed in each of the four types of water described above for four periods. The chemical analysis of every kind of water was conducted in the laboratory at Hawari GMMR headquarters in Benghazi. In the top of the list was diluted seawater with (12.5%) distilled water which has a total hardness (17415.6 mg/l); followed by diluted seawater (25%) with a total hardness of (11009.9 mg/l); in third place was diluted seawater (50%) with total hardness (5404.8 mg/l); while groundwater had a lowest value of hardness (1601.4 mg/l). For more than 40 days, all samples were subjected to water aerated by a pumped stream of air. Corrosion rates (in mpy) were determined as weight loss of metal as result of corrosion. Although the groundwater has a lower value of CaCO3, the result showed that samples immersed in heated groundwater and then exposed to the same type of water has the lowest corrosion rate. In contrast, the lowest rates of corrosion were in diluted seawater (12.5% and 25%) respectively due to the high concentration of CaCO3. Therefore, the highest rate of corrosion was noted in diluted seawater (50%) because of a decrease in CaCO3 content. Keywords: Corrosion rates, groundwater, diluted seawater, hardness of water.

Detection of Protozoa in Drinking Water of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Introduction: Safe drinking water is a delicate matter, and its quality needs to be periodically checked. Although there has been microbial research on drinking water protozoan occurrence is uncommon in Nepal. The goal of the current study was to analyze the readily evaluable biological examination of tap water, tube well water and dug well water sources in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. Methodology: A total of 720 samples were collected from residential colonies of Baneshwor, Chhetrapati, Bansbari, and Tripureshwor areas in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal. The sample were collected in 2021 across the four seasons, spring (March-May), summer (June-August), autumn (September-November) and winter (December-February). To collect the drinking water samples, sterilized bottles with the capacity of 1000 ml were used and capped tightly. The Centrifugation method was employed for the identification of protozoa by routine parasitology with a light microscope. Results: The major protozoa found in Nepal are Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Amoeba proteus, which are directly contaminated with fecal matter. The total number of positive cases reported was 42 (5.83%), from the tap water samples, there were the total five positive cases 5 (0.69%) in which 5 species were identified as non-pathogenic and 1 species as pathogenic. In the tube well samples total number of 11 protozoa were detected 11 (1.52%) in which 9 species were non-pathogenic, and two species were pathogenic. Among dug well water samples, there were 26 positive cases (3.61%), where 34 species were identified as non-pathogenic and 12 species as pathogenic. Amoeba proteus 32 (4.44%), Paramecium caudatum 24 (3.33%), Giardia lamblia, 8 (1.11%) Entamoeba histolytica 6 (0.83%) and Balantidium coli 1(0.13%). Chi square test suggests that there is no significant difference of positive samples among different locations (Chi-square = 0.30341, df = 3, p-value=0.9594). The similar test among seasons indicates significant difference (Chi-square = 6.574, p-value=0.086). However notable significant difference was found in different types of water (tape water, tube-well water, and dug-well water) Chi-square = 17.75, df = 2, p-value = 0.00013990. Interpretation: Overall, the number of positive cases was more in summer than other seasons which could be due to obnoxious contamination of rainwater in drinking water.

Integration of Religion and Science in the Quran: Interpretation of Surah Ar-Rahman Verses 19-20 in Tafsir An-Nur Hasby Ash-Shiddiqy

This study aims to discuss the integration of religion and science in the interpretation of Surah Ar-Rahman verses 19-20 in Tafsir An-Nur by Hasby Ash-Shiddiqy. The research focuses on the interpretation of surah Ar-Rahman verses 19-20, analysis of the integration of religion and science in the context of the verse, and the implications of the integration of religion and science for the development of Islamic education and science. This research uses the maudhui tafsir research method. The results showed that Hasby Ash-Shiddiqy interpreted the two seas in Surah Ar-Rahman verses 19-20 as two different types of water, namely fresh water and salt water. Although the two meet in several places such as the mouth of the river that meets the sea, they do not mix completely. This phenomenon is explained as the existence of a boundary or separating the two waters. The integration between religion and science in this tafsir also has an impact on the development of Islamic education and science. In Islamic education, this integration provides an alternative holistic approach in the teaching and learning process and has an impact on the character building of Muslim scientists and the development of multidisciplinary research. In addition, the integration of religion and science in this tafsir has implications for the development of science, including in shaping the ethics of technological development and producing science that has a positive social impact.

Soaking and Cooking Techniques: A Study on Nutritional Enhancement of Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Libyan Cuisine

This study investigates the effect of soaking duration, cooking time, and the type of water used on the mineral and nutritional content of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) available in the Libyan market. Common beans are a significant source of essential minerals, making them a staple food in Libya. The research involved preparing beans through various methods: uncooked (control), unsoaked, boiled in desalinated water, and soaked for 12 hours in four different types of water (distilled, desalinated, artificial river, and well water) before boiling. Samples were measured using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results demonstrated that soaking beans significantly reduced cooking time and enhanced the retention of vital minerals. The concentrations of minerals (mg/100 ml) in the cooked beans were as follows: sodium (Na) ranged from 2.8 to 49.3, calcium (Ca) from 8.4 to 20.8, potassium (K) from 189.0 to 742.8, zinc (Zn) from 1.1 to 2.1, barium (Ba) from 159.1 to 300.9, and iron (Fe) from 1.2 to 37.7, depending on the soaking and cooking conditions. Additionally, the type of water used for soaking and cooking influenced the mineral content, with artificial river and well water yielding higher concentrations of beneficial nutrients such as Na ranged from 400 to 628 mg/100 ml and Ca ranged from 50 to 73 mg/100 ml. The measured concentration of heavy metals in the samples is low and falls within the normal range according to the Libyan food specifications. This research contributes to the understanding of how traditional cooking practices can be improved for better health outcomes. The findings highlight the importance of proper soaking and cooking techniques in maximizing the nutritional value of common beans, providing practical recommendations for consumers and food preparers.

Assessment of water volumes granted and water availability in the Azul River basin, Paraná, Brazil

Water plays a crucial role in various activities concerning a watershed. However, the unregulated utilization of water resources and the absence of effective management can jeopardize the diverse uses of water, turning a particular region into a critical area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive analysis of water demands in relation to water availability in the Azul River Watershed, Paraná state, Brazil. To achieve this objective, data on licenses for water resources use issued by the state regulatory agency have been utilized, and the study area was defined using geographic coordinates. By segmenting the hydrographic unit, it is possible to identify different types of water uses (consumptive and non-consumptive), permitted water outflows, specific purposes, and water users. Furthermore, an examination of the conflicts between demand and water availability was also conducted. The findings revealed that the agricultural sector accounted for the highest water withdrawals, with the greatest number of active permits. Additionally, regarding consumptive uses, aquaculture emerged as the largest consumer of water, accounting for 62% of the total water consumption. The water demand of users in the Rio Azul basin cannot be achieved considering the current licensing criteria. This indicates that water resource management requires special attention to the relationship between demand and water availability.

Hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics and water transformation relationships in the Zhenglan Banner section of Shandian River Basin, China.

Water resources are essential for sustaining life, driving economic development, and protecting the environment. We investigated the hydrochemical variations of surface water and groundwater in the Shandian River Basin to identify the driving factors and the transformation relationship between each water body. Precipitation data was collected from May to October 2023, while surface water and groundwater samples were collected in both August (wet season) and October (dry season). We analyzed water samples by Piper triplex diagram, Gibbs diagram, ion ratio method, hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis, and MixSIAR mixed model. The results indicated that both groundwater and surface water were generally weakly alkaline. The dominant type of groundwater chemical composition was HCO3--Ca2+·Na+.During the process of surface water transitioning from the wet season to the dry season, the predominant surface water chemistry type shifted from HCO3--Ca2+-Na+ to HCO3--Na+-Mg2+, as well as HCO3--Ca2+-Na+-Mg2.Furthermore, the main hydrochemical types of surface water changed during the transition from wet season to dry season. The hydrochemical characteristics of different types of water were influenced by weathering of rocks, evaporation and concentration of water, as well as cation exchange. Additionally, significant enrichment of δD and δ18O isotopic values in surface water was observed during the wet season, and the ground-water remained in a depleted state during both wet and dry seasons. During the wet and dry seasons, the slope of surface water line was lower than that of the precipitation line, and the slope of groundwater line during the wet season was similar to that of the precipitation line and the surface water line, indicating the complexity of the conversion relationship between various water bodies during the wet season. The precipitation served as ~70% primary recharge source for surface waters, whereas underground aquifers contributed ~30%, being the secondary recharge source. During the dry season, groundwater replenished surface water. These findings would provide fundamental support for effective resource management and protection practices related to the basin.

Enhanced underwater optical wireless communication using optical code division multiple access with sigma shift matrix code

Enhanced underwater optical wireless communication using optical code division multiple access with sigma shift matrix code