Real-time weather-adaptive water flow and leakage forecasting using an explainable unified deep neural network

A physically constrained proxy framework considering a process-aware gating mechanism for urban flood simulation.

Understanding the biophysical foundations of coastal systems is essential for sustainable coastal management and rests on the principle of preserving natural capital in at least an intact state. This study applied emergy analysis (expressed in solar emergy joule - sej) to assess the natural capital (NC) and environmental support flows (ENFL) associated with planktonic communities within the three main gulfs (Gaeta, Naples and Salerno) along the coast of the Campania Region (central Tyrrhenian Sea, NW Mediterranean), during two seasonal time-snapshots (autumn 2020 and summer 2021). The results revealed seasonal differences in distinct patterns in system organization and resource dependency. Higher NC stocks (6.26×1010sejm-2) and a more complex food web structure were observed in summer 2021, with increased self-organization and decreased reliance on external input. In contrast, autumn 2020 showed lower natural capital stock (NC: 2.39×1010sejm-2) and a greater demand for environmental support flows (ENFL: 3.88×1010sejm-2day-1), driven by increased rainfall and geothermal heat, which emerged as key drivers of ecosystem dynamics. Furthermore, the NC and ENFL were also translated into monetary equivalents (em€), facilitating interpretation in socio-economic contexts without altering the ecological meaning of the analysis. The results highlight the potential of emergy analysis as a decision-support tool for policymakers for the development of environmentally sound coastal zone management practices and policies.

A novel Subsea Winched Profiling System (SWIPS) was deployed in the Atlantic Water (AW) inflow to the Arctic Ocean north of Svalbard, providing high-resolution, year-round observations of upper ocean hydrography and biogeochemistry. Between July 2022 and July 2023, SWIPS collected 85 vertical profiles from ∼125 m to 10 m depth at 4-day intervals, capturing seasonal transitions and fine-scale variability across open water and ice-covered conditions. The autonomous system provides a sustained Eulerian perspective of upper ocean dynamics, resolving the evolving water mass distribution, seasonal stratification, the deepening of the mixed layer in autumn and winter, and the persistent influence of AW beneath a strongly stratified surface layer. SWIPS captured an under-ice phytoplankton bloom in May 2023, occurring under > 80% sea ice concentrations and preceding the onset of Polar Day by more than one week. During peak bloom periods, satellite-derived chlorophyll concentrations underestimated in-situ values by up to an order of magnitude due to persistent subsurface chlorophyll maxima and ice cover. The profiler also detected two episodes of anomalous winter hydrography during which AW reached the surface and disrupted the expected cold, stratified regime. The hydrographic data and satellite sea surface temperature suggest these events were driven by upstream AW advection from Fram Strait and facilitated localized convection to depths exceeding 100 m, reinforcing the role of remote forcing in shaping local upper ocean and ice conditions. By capturing both gradual seasonal evolution and short-lived anomalies, SWIPS provides critical in-situ observations that complement traditional observational methods and improve understanding of ocean–ice–ecosystem interactions under Arctic amplification.

Unveiling the synergistic mechanism of magnesium hydroxide and silica in modulating polyethersulfone membrane structure and function

The mechanism of isosmotic water reabsorption in the kidney proximal tubule, with a focus on the interaction between the lateral Na+/K+-ATPase, apical water pathways mediated by AQP1 and SGLT1, and paracellular water flow through Claudin-2. A mathematical model of proximal tubular transport was used to compute coupled ion, solute, and water fluxes. The model included apical ENaC and a full electrogenic Na+/K+-ATPase formulation that incorporated its electromotive force, Epump, as a thermodynamic constraint linked to ATP hydrolysis at the pump site. Published cellular cation concentrations indicate metabolic stress in excised tubules, providing biophysical rationale for interpreting enhanced NHE3 activity and proton secretion in isolated proximal tubules as consequences of reduced ΔGATP, while modeling apical Na+ entry under non-stressed conditions by ENaC. Active Na+ transport generated a slightly hyperosmotic and hyperbaric lateral intercellular space, driving fluid efflux across the interspace basement membrane. Without ion recirculation, the absorbed fluid remained hyperosmotic. Isosmotic reabsorption therefore required ion recirculation between serosal fluid and the lateral intercellular space. SGLT1-mediated glucose uptake redistributed water flow between AQP1, SGLT1 and the paracellular pathway, whereas total water reabsorption remained closely linked to active Na+ transport, consistent with experiments. Proximal tubular water reabsorption is not explained by passive osmotic equilibration alone, but emerges from thermodynamic coupling between active Na+ transport, water permeability pathways, and regulated ion recirculation. The proximal tubule therefore functions as an ATP-consuming epithelial fluid pump that maintains isosmotic reabsorption by using additional metabolic energy to convert initially hyperosmotic absorbate intoisosmotic reabsorbed fluid.

pH-mediated polyethyleneimine-based thin-film composite membranes for high-performance pervaporation desalination

Redox-flow desalination (RFD) is a promising alternative to reverse osmosis (RO) for treatment of highly saline waters though the desalination mechanism(s) and optimal operating conditions remain insufficiently understood. Here, we systematically optimize a four-chamber RFD cell for feed NaCl brines up to 36 g L −1 and develop a dynamic one-dimensional model to resolve coupled ion transport, redox kinetics, and water fluxes under constant-voltage operation. Increasing feed salinity enhanced electrical conductivity, reduced ohmic losses, and increased average salt separation rates (ASSRs), achieving a maximum of 1124.4 μg min −1 cm −2 at 36 g L −1 . However, ASSR increase became non-linear as the desalination transitioned from ohmic- to redox kinetics-limited regimes. Optimized redox electrolyte flow rates alleviated mass-transfer limitations and maintained high current efficiency under a low voltage (0.6 V), while brine flow rates and ion-exchange resins (IERs) offered limited benefits at high salinity. Comparative testing of K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ]/K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ], Fe 3+ / 2+ –DTPA, and BTMAP–Fc + /Fc identified BTMAP–Fc as a chemically stable, low-toxicity mediator which produced stable desalination with energy consumption (8.8 kWh m −3 ) comparable to that of ferri/ferrocyanide (8.3 kWh m −3 ) at seawater-level salinity. Osmotic and electro-osmotic water transport increased with salinity, leading to 15.3% water loss from the diluate, highlighting the need for low-permeability ion-exchange membranes and optimized operation control. Overall, this study optimizes RFD systems for treating highly saline waters and provides mechanistic insights with implications for redox mediator selection, mass transfer kinetics and water transport for sustainable concentrate management. • Optimized redox flow desalination (RFD) achieved high salt separation rates. • 1D model captured performance for different influent salinities and redox mediators. • Higher electrolyte flow reduced mass-transfer limits at low voltage (0.6 V). • RFD efficiency benefited from multi-stage process incorporating ion-exchange resin. • BTMAP–Fc enabled stable, low-toxicity desalination performance at ~8.8 kWh m −3 .

Anthropogenic partial barriers, such as low-head locks and dams, fragment social-ecological riverscapes and limit migratory fish access to historical spawning habitats, creating trade-offs between ecological conservation and human needs. Fish passage mitigation strategies at three low-head locks and dams (LD1, LD2, and LD3) on the Cape Fear River, North Carolina (USA), across two contrasting mitigation regimes (2013–2015 and 2022–2023) included (i) a nature-like fishway at LD1 (original and modified designs), (ii) conservation locking at LD2 and LD3, and (iii) environmental flow (e-flow) prescriptions (i.e., dam submergence flows) when locks were inoperable. We evaluated passage of American shad ( Alosa sapidissima ) and striped bass ( Morone saxatilis ) using acoustic telemetry and multistate models within a Bayesian framework to estimate upstream passage probabilities under varying flow conditions and management regimes. Passage probabilities for both species were higher in 2013–2015 when conservation locking was conducted. In contrast, passage declined when locks were inoperable and only e-flows allowed passage during dam submergence events in 2022–2023. Flow positively influenced passage, with strongest effects for striped bass; however, the nature-like fishway exhibited consistently low passage probability, and modifications did not improve passage probabilities. Given low passage probabilities during the recent mitigation period, improving longitudinal connectivity for diadromous fish in this river necessitates flexible, integrated operational, structural, and flow-based strategies. Possible future mitigation actions to improve fish passage could include resuming conservation locking (operational), structural interventions such as bypass channel construction and dam height lowering that extends dam submergence, and continued use of e-flows (flow-based). • Multistate models quantified passage probabilities across mitigation regimes. • Passage probabilities were highest when conservation locking occurred. • Flow strongly influenced fish passage probabilities. • Nature-like fishway showed similar passage probabilities pre- and post-modification. • Multi-approach strategies are likely needed to improve ecological connectivity.

Lake Tana Sub-Basin, Ethiopia The Lake Tana sub-basin plays a vital role in Ethiopia’s hydropower generation and irrigation development. However, the recent operation of an interbasin water transfer has intensified competition for water resources, raising concerns about long-term hydrological sustainability and downstream ecological flows. To evaluate these impacts, this study developed an integrated modeling framework that couples the HBV Light rainfall-runoff model, a lake water balance model, and the Water Accounting Plus (WA+) approach to assess water availability, consumption patterns, and downstream ecological flow conditions for 2010–2020. The HBV Light model was unable to accurately simulate the natural lake outflow, but its coupling with the lake water balance model significantly improved model performance, resulting in NSE of 0.79 and R² of 0.92. The mean annual inflow to the lake was estimated at 6.9 km³ , with 55% contributed by the Gilgel Abbay catchment. The rainfall and evaporation over the lake was estimated at 4.1 km³ yr⁻¹ and 5.1 km³ yr⁻¹ , respectively. Total annual outflow averaged 5.8 km³ , with 3.1 km³ yr⁻¹ diverted through the interbasin water transfer and 2.7 km³ yr⁻¹ outflow at the natural outlet. The interbasin water transfer now exceeds lake's natural outflow and has increased the frequency of unmet environmental flow requirements from 6% (pre-transfer period) to 27% during 2010–2020. In terms of consumption, rainfed agriculture dominates water consumption at 5.7 km³ yr⁻¹ , while irrigation accounts for only 0.4 km³ yr⁻¹ . Green evapotranspiration (ET) constitutes 68% of total water consumption, with blue ET making up the remaining 32%. These results demonstrate the hydrological implications of interbasin water transfer on lake outflow and downstream ecological conditions. The integrated modeling framework offers a scalable approach for hydrological assessment and water allocation in data-scarce basins. • An integrated modelling framework was developed to address complex water management challenges in the Lake Tana sub-basin. • The interbasin water transfer surpasses the lake outflow at the natural outlet. • Downstream environmental flow requirements are significantly impacted by interbasin water transfers. • Water availability and scarcity indicators were derived to inform sustainable water resource planning • The study offers actionable insights for balancing hydropower development with environmental flow needs.

Characterizing water distribution and flow patterns controlled by the Tan-Lu Fault zone in Anhui province

Fram Strait is the main gateway between the Arctic Ocean and the North Atlantic, where warm, saline Atlantic Water (AW) flows northward via the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) - the main source of oceanic heat and salt entering the Arctic Ocean. An array of moorings has continuously monitored the year-round inflow of AW in the WSC from 1997 to 2024, providing a 27-year record of hydrographic and current measurements. A robust, long-term AW warming trend of 0.20°C per decade was identified, amounting to a total increase of 0.54°C over the observational period. Distinct multi-annual warm and cold anomalies were identified, typically lasting ∼2 years. Two warm periods (2005–2007 and 2015–2017) and two cold periods (1997–1999 and 2019–2024) are linked to distinct shifts in the AW temperature regime. These anomalies were generally accompanied by salinity changes, with warm periods associated with more saline conditions and cold periods with fresher waters. The most recent cold anomaly is notable for persisting for over five years - more than twice as long as previous events. Interannual variability in AW temperatures reflects a combination of upstream advection of anomalies from the Nordic Seas and modulation by local atmospheric forcing. These temperature anomalies are advected into the Eurasian Basin and influence downstream conditions. The expected continued AW warming and associated increase in ocean heat transport will have profound and lasting implications for the physical and ecological future state of the Arctic Ocean.

Laponite nanosheets modified polyethersulfone membranes with enhanced high-pressure resistance for stable separation

Dual-interface regulation of two-dimensional ZIF-based composite membranes for efficient and stable pervaporation desalination.

Multidimensional modeling of reference PEM fuel cells from the European Joint Research Centre

Cryopreservation of Aurelia aurita larvae, a new model for understanding cryobiology in high-water content marine species.

Cellulose-based MXene composite foams with enhanced oxidation stability and Janus wettability for high-performance solar evaporation and electricity generation.

Parameter estimation of preferential water flow in soil using particle swarm optimization inverse method: Comparison of kinematic–dispersive wave (KDW) and KDW–van Genuchten (KDW-VG) models

Washability evaluation of coal gasification slag via an integrated sieving-water flow classification.

Vateritic otoliths, abnormal calcium carbonate crystals that can replace aragonite in the inner ears of fish, occur far more frequently in hatchery-reared than wild salmonids and are associated with impaired hearing, reduced predator evasion, and potentially lower post-release survival. Because hatchery and aquaculture programs are increasingly important for food supply and stock enhancement, identifying practical rearing interventions that reduce vaterite formation is a priority. We tested whether physical enrichment and stocking density influence the prevalence and percent coverage of vateritic sagittal otoliths in hatchery-reared coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) using two years of production-scale experiments. In Year 1, enrichment during both incubation and post-ponding rearing greatly reduced vaterite prevalence by release (day 400), with 1 to 2% of enriched fish predicted to develop vaterite compared to 45 to 67% of control fish ( p < 0.001). Among fish that developed vaterite, coverage increased substantially over time and reached 66 to 70% in controls and 59 to 63% in enriched fish by release, although treatment differences in coverage were not significant. A crossover design in Year 2 confirmed that incubation enrichment had the strongest and most persistent effect. At first ponding, prevalence was highest in control–control fish (65%), intermediate in control–enriched (enrichment only after ponding) fish (33%), and low in enriched–enriched and enriched–control (enrichment only during incubation) fish (8 to 11%). By release, prevalence remained highest in control–control fish (74%), intermediate in control–enriched fish (33%), and lowest in enriched groups (12 to 16%) ( p < 0.001). Stocking density had a weaker, non-linear effect, with medium density producing the highest prevalence (38 to 75%) and significantly greater risk than low or high densities ( p < 0.01). Otolith asymmetry covaried with tank flow direction, which was balanced across tanks to control for unidirectional swimming effects. Overall, early-life physical enrichment was the most effective and reliable approach for reducing vaterite prevalence and, to a lesser extent, percent coverage, supporting scalable hatchery interventions to improve sensory health and welfare in salmonids. • Adding enrichment early in life reduces abnormal (vateritic) otolith formation in hatchery-reared coho salmon. • The timing of enrichment matters. Enrichment during incubation provides stronger and longer-lasting protection than enrichment added later, post-ponding, in tanks. • Stocking density has a non-linear effect: high density showed the lowest levels of vaterite, medium density the highest, and low density was intermediate. • Water flow direction affects otolith asymmetry. Constant unidirectional flow (clockwise or counterclockwise) leads to side-specific otolith deformities. • Incubation-stage enrichment is a simple, low-cost, and scalable way to improve fish welfare and potentially enhance post-release performance in hatchery systems.