Water Drainage System Research Articles

Surveillance and Genomic Characterization of Colistin-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria in Drains of Hospital High-Risk Units.

The healthcare water environment, including sinks and drainage systems, can be a long-term reservoir of nosocomial pathogens. In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence of colistin-resistant Gram-negative (ColR-GN) bacteria in humid compartments of high-risk hospital units at the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG). Environmental sampling was conducted in sinks and showers drains of high-risk hospital units. Colistin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using broth microdilution (BMD). Whole-genome sequencing was performed to investigate the presence of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes, chromosomal point mutations and gene alterations linked to colistin resistance. ColR-GN bacteria were detected in all investigated units, with Enterobacter spp. being the most abundant genus. Twelve isolates exhibited colistin resistance (MIC >2 mg/L), including Enterobacter cloacae complex (n=11) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=1). Chromosomal mutations in genes involved in lipopolysaccharide structure modifications, were the main mechanisms contributing to colistin resistance in Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp. (91.6%, 11/12). Additionally, two Enterobacter kobei isolates harbored mobile colistin resistance genes, mcr-4.3 and mcr-9.1. The presence and persistence of ColR-GN bacterial clones in the sink and shower drains of high-risk hospital units highlights the importance of monitoring such environment for antibiotic resistant bacteria to identify reservoirs and prevent their further spread.

Exploring the capacity of microorganism treatment for fermentation and glycosidic aroma bioconversion from rose oil distillation wastewater

BackgroundOne of the main concerns for ecological sustainability is finding ways to convert byproducts from medicinal aroma plants into high-value ingredients. The Damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) is a valuable species of aromatic rose that is grown in specific floriculture regions of Iran for the extraction of essential oils or preparation of rose water. The rose is widely used in cosmetics, flavor or fragrance formulations, and pharmaceutical products worldwide. The process of water-steam distillation is commonly used to extract rose oil, with an extraction efficiency of ~ 0.03–0.05% for active components. However, a significant amount of waste is generated during this process, with a large portion of the distillate being composed of water. This waste is known as rose oil hydrodistillation wastewater (RODW) and is considered a biocontaminant. It poses major ecological difficulties when disposed of in surface water and public drainage systems, due to the high concentration of complex degradable chemical compounds, such as polyphenols.ResultsThis study highlights the potential of using three different types of microorganisms, namely Lactobacillus acidophilus, Pichia pastoris, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the conversion of glycosidically conjugated forms of nonvolatile aroma precursors into valuable aroma compounds. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis demonstrated that all three microorganisms could affect the concentration of volatile components. However, when the sample was treated with S. cerevisiae for 120 h, the highest levels of recovery were observed for phenyl ethyl alcohol and eucalyptol, which were 2.5 and 80 times greater than those of the untreated sample, respectively. Moreover, the levels of α-pinene and anethole were also increased to ~ 9.7 and 11.7 times after 48 h of treatment, respectively. Additionally, the fermentation process increased in the total phenolic and flavonoid contents.ConclusionUsing different microbial biocatalysts to recover natural bioactive aroma compounds is an attractive and scalable bioconversion methodology for producing value-added chemical derivatives from the waste of medicinal plants.Graphical abstract

Production of active chlorine and sodium hypochlorite in a closed electrolyser

Today, in the conditions of warfare, there is constant local pollution of the environment due to the use of explosives, fires, spillage of fuel and lubricants, etc. Every day, the danger increases when the water drainage systems of various enterprises are damaged, such as mining enterprises, facilities of the energy, metallurgy, chemical, petrochemical industries, sludge storage facilities for highly toxic waste. Next to this, there is a growing problem of highly efficient purification of water, primarily drinking water. As a result of the destruction of the Kakhovsky reservoir in 2023, the problem of disposal of mine waters, which are characterized by a high level of mineralization, a significant content of iron, manganese and other toxicants, has sharply worsened. In this case, there are no water resources for diluting mine waters before their discharge. Despite a significant number of developments in the field of water quality control and water purification technologies, a number of problems in this direction remain unresolved. Existing technologies are ineffective when the levels of mineralization and water hardness are exceeded. We are talking about the southern regions of our country and Donbas. In Mykolaiv, after the aggressor reduced the water intake on the Dnieper, the centralized water supply system supplies brackish water from the estuary. It is known that concentrated salt solutions, which are formed and are still present next to the problems described above, are practically not processed. In most cases, they are dumped into the surface reservoirs of the surrounding natural environment, which significantly worsens the state of water ecosystems of Ukraine. The situation is worsened by the fact that a significant part of mine water suitable for use, due to the problem of disposal of concentrates, is not used, but is discharged into the environment after dilution, or even without dilution and purification, since there is simply no resource for dilution in today's realities. That is why, the problem of processing concentrates of baromembrane purification with obtaining secondary useful products was the aim of the research of this work.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SUPPORTED CITY INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT: AUTOMATIC DETECTION OF MANHOLE COVERS AND DRAINAGE WITH YOLO ON GOOGLE STREET VIEW IMAGES

With rapid urbanization, maintaining urban infrastructure has grown into a gigantic requirement. Proper and timely identification of infrastructure assets, such as manhole covers and drainage, is of utmost importance to ensure that water drainage and sewerage systems work properly within the precincts of a city. The classical methods of inspection have contributed to being slow, expensive, and full of errors. The paper tries to implement the use of YOLO in the automatic detection of manhole covers and drainage in images derived from Google Street View. This study will be focused on how to integrate results from object detection with MIS in order to monitor city infrastructures and optimize the planning of maintenance. These results proved that YOLOv11 has a very high accuracy rate and has identified manhole covers and drainage from imagery on Google Street View. Performance metrics included mAP@0.5 and mAP@0.5-0.95, which described sensitivity and accuracy of the model, while the FPS analysis described the applicability in real time. Those kinds of findings have underlined that AI-based solution usage is efficient in the automatic monitoring and management of urban infrastructure and prove their potential to contribute much to decision support systems.

A Study on Predicting Vibration-Induced Damage of Overhead Oil Pipelines based on Abaqus

Abstract Earthquakes are sudden natural disasters that pose a serious threat to human lives and property. Lifeline systems are essential infrastructure and engineering systems that maintain the economic and social functions of cities or regions, including water supply and drainage systems, oil pipelines, gas systems, etc. In the event of a major earthquake, direct damage to lifeline systems can lead to significant economic losses and casualties. Therefore, exploring the deformation and damage characteristics of lifeline pipelines under seismic hazards and conducting risk assessments is of great practical significance. This study takes a typical overhead oil pipeline in Guangzhou as an example and uses the finite element software Abaqus to predict the vibration-induced damage. Ultimately, recommendations for disaster prevention and mitigation are proposed based on the research findings. The results can serve as a reference for seismic damage prediction, research, and disaster prevention and mitigation of urban lifeline systems.

Enhancing urban infrastructure: water supply and drainage pipeline defect detection with the GLIP pre-trained model and the YOLOv5 model

ABSTRACT Urban water supply and drainage systems are a crucial component of urban infrastructure, directly affecting residents' livelihoods and industrial production. The normal operation of the water supply and the drainage pipeline is of great significance for conserving water resources and preventing water pollution. However, due to characteristics such as deep burial, diverse materials, and extensive lengths, the detection of defects becomes exceptionally complex. Traditional detection methods used in practical applications, such as ground excavation and destructive testing, typically require the shutdown of water pipelines. This process is time-consuming and labor-intensive, often resulting in significant economic losses. This paper proposes an effective technique for detecting defects in the water supply and the drainage pipeline. The method involves capturing images of the inner walls of water supply conduits and subsequently utilizing an artificial intelligence large-scale model approach (grounded language-image pre-training, GLIP) and a You Only Look Once version 5 (YOLOv5) model to detect defects within them. The experimental results show that GLIP demonstrates impressive detection performance in zero-shot scenarios, while YOLOv5 performs well on existing datasets. By combining these two models, we were able to achieve a balance between fast, flexible detection and high precision, making our approach both practical and efficient for real-world applications.

Mitigating flood risk at Shah Alam, Malaysia for sustainable development

The natural environment and infrastructure are severely damaged by floods, which are becoming frequent occurrences. It may not be able to stop floods given the impending climate change and variability of the weather. Yet mapping flood risk can help with both mitigation and prevention of flooding. The Shah Alam experiences flash floods yearly, which is why it was chosen. An interactive approach to decision-making under multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA), the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), is used. The flood risk zone is divided into five categories very low-risk (32.38%), low-risk (22.25%), moderate-risk (23.17%), high-risk (18.87%), and very high-risk (3.33%) respectively. Based on the data gathered for this study, the economic losses are identified, low-risk areas (RM 2091), moderate-risk areas (RM 2343), and high-risk areas (RM 2728). The historical flood events occur in the Seksyen 36, 18, 17, and most of the southern part of Shah Alam, Malaysia. Rainfall and the Klang River have the biggest effects on these regions, with water drainage systems being critical in the Shah Alam area to reduce the risk of floods. When analysing flood risks in the Shah Alam region and throughout the nation, important stakeholders both state and non-state actors can benefit greatly from the flood susceptibility map provided by this study.

Evaluating Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves: A Comparison of Extreme Value Type I and Log-transformed Pearson Type III Distribution Methods in Bangladesh's Northern Region

In semiarid regions, the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves for rainfall are critical for managing water resources, as water scarcity is often the primary limiting factor. This study takes a comprehensive approach to generalize the relationship between daily rainfall and shorter-duration rainfall across varying return periods. Urban drainage infrastructures—like storm sewers, culverts, and other hydraulic designs—must be developed to address both drought and flooding issues. Daily rainfall data are typically sufficient for hydrologic and floodplain analyses related to designing and evaluating water control mechanisms, including polders, flood barriers, irrigation, and drainage systems. Small hydraulic systems such as culverts, storm drains, and drainage systems in urban areas or airports are often designed based on extreme rainfall data. This study utilized 44 years (1980–2023) of annual maximum rainfall data from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD). The Indian Meteorological Department's (IMD) empirical reduction formula was applied to estimate short-duration rainfall intensities using this data. IDF curves and equations were developed using the Log Transformed Pearson Type III (LPT III) and Extreme Value Extreme-Value Distribution methods. The results obtained using the Extreme Value method was slightly higher compared to the LPT III distribution results. The estimated rainfall intensities agreed with previous studies in certain areas of the study region. IDF equation parameters and correlation coefficients for various return periods (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years) were determined using the least squares method. The results demonstrated high correlation coefficients, indicating the reliability of the equations in estimating IDF curves for the studied region. The study also found that rainfall intensity decreases as the duration increases, and those storms of any duration become more intense over extended return periods.

Accounting for carbon emissions in social water cycle system in nine provinces along the yellow river and analysis of influencing factors.

Water resources is an essential factor to ensure the sustainable development of the society, but along with the utilization and treatment of water resources, a large amount of carbon emissions will be generated. The study of carbon emissions in social water cycle system is of great significance in promoting the achievement of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. This study calculated the carbon emissions generated in social water cycle system in nine provinces along the Yellow River, used the Tapio decoupling model to analyze the decoupling relationship between water and carbon emissions, and constructed the STIRPAT expanded model to analyze the main influencing factors of carbon emissions. (1) The total carbon emissions of the nine provinces showed an increasing trend over time, with a growth rate of 25.13%. (2) The carbon emission intensity of water use (1.60kg/m3) and drainage (1.45kg/m3) system is higher, the carbon emission intensity of water supply (0.30kg/m3) and water withdrawal (0.56kg/m3) system is lower. (3) The relationship between water resources utilization and carbon emissions along the Yellow River is generally in a state of negative decoupling and coupling. (4) Energy structure and population growth are the main factors affecting carbon emissions in social water cycle system, while water supply quantity and water use system are secondary factors. Water use system is the main body of carbon emissions in social water cycle system, and as the water consumption increases, the carbon emissions will continue to increase. In order to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate climate change, carbon emission factors should be incorporated into water resources management.

Do Climate Shocks Disadvantage Household Investment in Human Capital in Benin? An Approach Based on the Endogenous Treatment Regression Model

The increasing number of drought and flood shocks in Benin is causing considerable economic losses and social disruption. This article looks specifically at the effects of these shocks on household human capital expenditure in three climatic zones of Benin to highlight the effects specific to each zone. The data used come from the Harmonized Survey of Household Living Conditions. A linear regression model of the endogenous treatment was used for the analyses. The findings indicate that climate shocks reduce household capital expenditure and that this impact depends on the household’s climatic zone of residence. Investment in resilient infrastructure, such as water drainage and anti-flood systems, is suggested. The implementation of social and health assistance measures and school subsidies to cushion the impact of climatic shocks on the human capital expenditure of disaster-stricken households. The development and maintenance of an early warning system to anticipate the occurrence of shocks, floods, and droughts would also contribute to mitigation actions.

Performance of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Rectangular Opening in Flexural and Shear Zone

Transverse openings in reinforced concrete beams use to house the utility services like electricity cable, Internet cable, air-conditioning pipe, fire safety pipe line and water-drainage system. These beams opening pipe line system are usually placed underneath the soffit of the beam in term of dead space. This height of dead space that increase the overall building height. Beam opening in the reinforced concrete beams significantly decreases the ultimate load carrying capacity of beam. Transverse beam opening in the web portion of beam produces discontinuities in the usual flow of stresses and that leading stress concentration around the opening region. The importance of this study is to evaluate the performance of reinforced concrete beam with varying size rectangular opening at flexure and shear location ware investigated. A nonlinear finite element analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of different size openings, in terms of ultimate load carrying capacity, Elemental Stresses, load-deflection plot, crack pattern. The work involves investigating performance of different size of small and large rectangular opening. This paper gives new challenges for engineering practice which is in the field of strengthening of concrete structures especially in transverse RC beams with rectangular openings.

Geospatial Assessment of the Occurrence of Flooding In Informal Settlements in Ilala Municipality, Tanzania

This article assesses the occurrence of flooding in informal settlements of Ilala Municipality using quantitative and qualitative approaches. Non-probability sampling technique was used to select participants for participatory mapping. Data collection was done through participatory mapping, remote sensing, document review, and field observation. The weighted sum tool in ArcGIS was used to combine flood factors layers and create flood-prone area maps. Participatory mapping was used to map flood depth before data was converted for map visualization. Results indicated that areas with high to very high risk of flooding are generally decreasing over time. From 1990–2000 areas with high risk of flooding covered 31.1% of the study area, decreasing to 21.1% from 2001–2010, while from 2011–2020 it covered 21.6%. However, flood depths increased over time. From 1990–2000 the highest flood depth was 5ft decreasing to 4ft between 2011–2020. Hence, people living in informal settlements are more vulnerable and mostly affected by floods because of disposing of solid wastes into the river valley, which blocks drainage systems, thereby causing overflow of water. Therefore, regulations guiding human development near the river valleys should be improved and unlawful activities in the river valley be discouraged. Again, storm water drainage systems should be protected and well managed as the levels of storm water have become very high over time. Waste collection contracts should be given to private companies which are flexible and able to use alternative means of accessing unplanned streets to easily collect wastes.

Ensuring the stability of deep boilers of high-rise buildings

In today's conditions, the development of underground space can rightly be considered one of the most important and dynamic directions in civil and industrial construction at the worldlevel. In Ukraine, underground construction is important in connection with Russia's aggressive war. Underground and buried structures are most actively built in large cities and megacities. The main reasons for the need to use underground space in cities include the lack of free territories within historically formed buildings and requirements for urban infrastructure development. Today, the underground space is used not onlyfor the placement of engineering communicationsand transport facilities, but also for the construction of public complexes, multi-story underground garages and parking lots, shopping centers, as well asburied parts of residential and office buildings. Structural solutions for underground and buried structures, as well as their construction methods, depend on spatial planning solutions, purpose, depth of laying, engineering-geological, climatic and seismic construction conditions, surface loads, and the proximity of other buildings and buildings. Today, the maximum depth of pits designed inurban conditions usually do not exceed 25-30 m, and the number of underground floors is five to six. Given the growing demand for underground space, especially in densely populated areas, designers and engineers face a number of challengesthat require innovative approaches and modern technologies. This includes the use of the latest methods of geotechnical modeling, the use of highquality materials that ensure the durability and safety of structures, and the implementation of effective water drainage and waterproofing systems. Particular attention should be paid to safety issues during the construction and operation of underground structures, as they may be exposed to natural and man-made factors, such as groundwater, soil movement, and seismic activity. An important aspect is also the provision of comfortable conditions for people using underground facilities, which includes ventilation, lighting and evacuation routes. Scientific research and the experience of international projects demonstrate that the correct use of underground space can significantly increase the efficiency of the use of urban areas, contribute to the steady development of cities and improve the quality of life of their residents. Investments in underground construction are becoming more and more justified in view of the long-term benefits and theneed to adapt to the conditions of the modern urban environment. In general, underground construction is an important direction that has significant potential for development and improvement in the future, responding to the challenges of time and contributing to the development of modern infrastructure.

Analysis of Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Pipe Design Technology

The quality and safety of residents’ water rely heavily on the design of municipal water supply and drainage pipes. Therefore, this paper aims to enhance the optimization of municipal water supply and drainage pipe design by focusing on design requirements, principles, and key elements. Drawing from relevant design optimization experiences, technology advancements, and optimization measures, the research will analyze and consolidate the essential aspects of municipal water supply and drainage pipe design. The goal is to fundamentally elevate the quality standards of these designs, ensuring they meet the criteria for engineering project excellence. Through this comprehensive approach, we aim to contribute to the improvement and sustainability of water supply and drainage systems, safeguarding the well-being of residents.

Prediction of slug length distribution in horizontal large-diameter gas/liquid pipeline systems

Prediction of slug length distribution in horizontal large-diameter gas/liquid pipeline systems

Selection of Water Transmission Method and Analysis of Pipe Network Zoning in Municipal Water Supply and Drainage Design

With the acceleration of urbanization, the demand for water supply and drainage pipe networks has increased significantly. In the planning of urban construction, it is necessary to optimize the design of the water supply and drainage system pipe network to effectively save energy while providing residents with more accessible water resources. Therefore, the municipal water supply and drainage system and the water transmission methods should be designed according to the geographical conditions of the city. In this paper, we mainly analyze the design of municipal water supply and drainage systems and the selection of water transmission methods. Besides, the optimization of the water supply and drainage network zoning process and pipe network maintenance is also discussed, so as to provide a reference for municipal water supply and drainage work.

Distribution and dynamics ofAnopheles gambiaes.l. larval habitats in threeSenegalesecities with high urban malaria incidence.

Urban malaria has become a challenge for most African countries due to urbanization, with increasing population sizes, overcrowding, and movement into cities from rural localities. The rapid expansion of cities with inappropriate water drainage systems, abundance of water storage habitats, coupled with recurrent flooding represents a concern for water-associated vector borne diseases, including malaria. This situation could threaten progress made towards malaria elimination in sub-Saharan countries, including Senegal, where urban malaria has presented as a threat to national elimination gains. To assess drivers of urban malaria in Senegal, a 5-month study was carried out from August to December 2019 in three major urban areas and hotspots for malaria incidence (Diourbel, Touba, and Kaolack) including the rainy season (August-October) and partly dry season (November-December). The aim was to characterize malaria vector larval habitats, vector dynamics across both seasons, and to identify the primary eco- environmental entomological factors contributing to observed urban malaria transmission. A total of 145 Anopheles larval habitats were found, mapped, and monitored monthly. This included 32 in Diourbel, 83 in Touba, and 30 in Kaolack. The number of larval habitats fluctuated seasonally, with a decrease during the dry season. In Diourbel, 22 of the 32 monitored larval habitats (68.75%) were dried out by December and considered temporary, while the remaining 10 (31.25%) were classified as permanent. In the city of Touba 28 (33.73%) were temporary habitats, and of those 57%, 71% and 100% dried up respectively by October, November, and December. However, 55 (66.27%) habitats were permanent water storage basins which persisted throughout the study. In Kaolack, 12 (40%) permanent and 18 (60%) temporary Anopheles larval habitats were found and monitored during the study. Three malaria vectors (An. arabiensis, An. pharoensis and An. funestus s.l.) were found across the surveyed larval habitats, and An. arabiensis was found in all three cities and was the only species found in the city of Diourbel, while An. arabiensis, An. pharoensis, and An. funestus s.l. were detected in the cities of Touba and Kaolack. The spatiotemporal observations of immature malaria vectors in Senegal provide evidence of permanent productive malaria vector larval habitats year-round in three major urban centers in Senegal, which may be driving high urban malaria incidence. This study aimed to assess the presence and type of anopheline larvae habitats in urban areas. The preliminary data will better inform subsequent detailed additional studies and seasonally appropriate, cost-effective, and sustainable larval source management (LSM) strategies by the National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP).

Automatic generation of pipelines from 2D CAD drawings to 3D IFC models using a parametric method

Creating 3D models of pipelines is essential for effective digital building management. However, generating 3D pipeline models from 2D CAD drawings still heavily depends on human-computer interaction at the design stage. This paper addresses this challenge by proposing a method to generate parametric 3D pipeline models from CAD drawings automatically. The framework includes three parts. Firstly, automatic layer recognition algorithms are used to extract data from CAD drawings, and algorithms are designed to match pipeline coordinates and diameters. Then, data on straight pipes is processed, including judging types of pipe fittings and calculating relevant parameters to realize the automatic generation of 3D BIM models. Finally, IFC is utilized to express the geometry and topology of models for BIM model generation. The process is implemented by writing a C++ program in Visio Studio 2019. Experimental results on a building water supply and drainage system demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly improve the generation efficiency and automation level of pipeline models.

MODELLING OF MASS TRANSFER IN WASTEWATER FACILITIES

Problem statement. The design of wastewater treatment systems is a complex process and requires the use of special mathematical models. As a rule, empirical models are used at the stage of designing structures of water drainage systems, which allow obtaining only an “integral” characteristic of the efficiency of wastewater treatment. But in a number of cases, it is important to have information about the spatial distribution of the impurity concentration in the structure. To solve this problem, you need to have three-dimensional mathematical models. In the future, there is a shortage of such models, so the creation of three-dimensional multifactorial models for the analysis of the efficiency of drainage system structures is an urgent task. The purpose of the article. Development of a three-dimensional numerical model for the analysis of the mass transfer process to determine the impurity concentration in the clarifier. Methodology. The analysis of impurity concentration fields in the clarifier is carried out by numerical integration of the three-dimensional equation for the velocity potential and the three-dimensional equation of the convective-diffusion transport of the impurity. For the numerical integration of the Laplace equation for the velocity potential, the variable-triangular method and the Liebmann method are used. Finite-difference splitting schemes are used for numerical integration of the three-dimensional equation of convective-diffusion transport of impurities. Scientific novelty. A dynamic multifactorial numerical model was created for the analysis of the process of mass transfer of impurities in a settling tank by conducting a computational experiment. Practical value. The built multifactorial numerical model makes it possible to analyze the efficiency of wastewater treatment in clarifiers that have a complex geometric shape and cannot be calculated on the basis of existing engineering methods. Conclusions. On the basis of the developed three-dimensional numerical model, a computer code was created, which allows you to quickly obtain information about the distribution of the impurity concentration in the settling tank.

The main problems of the functioning of existing water supply and water distribution systems in Ukraine

The article analyzes the urgent problems of water supply and drainage, separately in wartime conditions. To solve them, a new scientific approach is proposed, the final result of which will be a single method for optimizing the water supply and drainage systems of settlements. Mandatory components of this methodology are proposed: design and construction of duplicate water supply and drainage systems of settlements, organization of installation and arrangement of pump stations as spare independent water supply systems of settlements. Scientific substantiation of alternative scenarios for individual populated points is proposed, of which the most optimal scenario for the sustainable operation of the system in the long term will be recommended to the local self-government body. In addition, it is proposed for settlements to carry out a risk analysis with the filling of forms according to which water supply and drainage enterprises will work.