Water Column Wave Energy Converter Research Articles

Geometric Evaluation of an Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Converter Device Using Representative Regular Waves of the Sea State Found in Tramandaí, Brazil

Aiming to contribute to studies related to the generation of electrical energy from renewable sources, this study carried out a geometric investigation of an oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converter (WEC) device. The structure of this device consists of a hydropneumatic chamber and an air duct, where a turbine is coupled to an electrical energy generator. When waves hit the device, the air inside it is pressurized and depressurized, causing the air to flow through the duct, activating the turbine. In this sense, the present study used the constructal design method to evaluate the influence of the ratio between the height and length of the hydropneumatic chamber (H1/L) on the mean available hydropneumatic power (PH(RMS)). Fluent software was used to perform numerical simulations of representative regular waves from the sea state in the municipality of Tramandaí, southern Brazil, impacting the OWC. Thus, it was possible to identify the geometry that maximized the performance of the OWC WEC, with (H1/L)O=0.3430, yielding PH(RMS)=56.66 W. In contrast, the worst geometry was obtained with H1/L=0.1985, where PH(RMS)=28.19 W. Therefore, the best case is 101% more efficient than the worst one.

Study on the influence of heave plate on energy capture performance of central pipe oscillating water column wave energy converter

This paper proposes a novel central pipe oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converter (WEC) with a heave plate and investigates the influence of heave plate on energy capture performance of the OWC WEC through numerical methods. First, dynamic equations are established for floater and water column. Then, energy capture performance of the WEC is computed by solving relative motion equations using numerical methods. Wave tank experiments are conducted to validate the proposed numerical models. Finally, the influences of heave plate opening diameter and connecting column length on energy capture performance are investigated based on the proposed numerical models. The results indicate that increasing heave plate opening diameter decreases both the maximum capture width ratio (CWR) and response period. And increasing connecting column length widens the response bandwidth. When the heave plate opening diameter decreases from 350 mm to 0, the maximum CWR increases from 30.05% to 41.68% and the response period increases from 1.28 s to 1.72 s. When the connecting column length increases from 225 mm to 600 mm, the response band extends by 0.1 s. The proposed device and the obtained analysis results are of great significance for broadband and efficient wave energy generation.

Hydrodynamic analysis of a semi-submersible fish farming cage platform integrated with an oscillating water column wave energy converter

Abstract This research article describes an investigation into integrating semi-submersible farm cages with oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converters. The objective is to optimize the structural parameters of the platform through an examination of the impacts of three float structures. The AQWA hydrodynamic simulation software is employed to develop a numerical model to analyze the hydrodynamic properties of the semi-submersible farming platform. The findings suggest that the response to the heavy degree of freedom is positively correlated with the size of the floating structure. In contrast, the response of the roll degree of freedom is negatively correlated within a specific range. The results of this study establish a theoretical framework that can be utilized to optimize the design of semi-submersible farming platforms that integrate OWC technology.

Performance of an oscillating water column wave energy converter device under random ocean waves and ocean currents

The present study investigates the hydrodynamic performance of an onshore oscillating water column (OWC) device placed over an undulated bottom topography by analyzing its hydrodynamic efficiency under the action of combined wave–current interaction. The classical small-amplitude water wave theory is used to model the physical problem. The constant boundary element method is employed to solve the boundary value problem. Significant attention is devoted to describing the hydrodynamic parameters associated with the OWC device by considering the mutual combination of the random waves and ocean currents in the wave propagation phenomena. To examine the complex dynamics of the combined irregular wave current phenomena, the Det Norske Veritas spectrum accompanied by a suitable sea state has been considered for the present study. Considering the existence of opposing and following currents in wave propagation, a comprehensive analysis is conducted on the interactions of regular and irregular water waves with the OWC device. The simulated results demonstrate that the presence of ocean currents in the wave propagation phenomenon strongly influences the resonating patterns of the efficiency and force curves. Additionally, the Doppler shift in the apparent frequency caused by the following currents in the random wave–current interaction significantly improves the device's efficiency for an appropriate structural design.

Geometric Evaluation of the Hydro-Pneumatic Chamber of an Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Converter Employing an Axisymmetric Computational Model Submitted to a Realistic Sea State Data

Geometric Evaluation of the Hydro-Pneumatic Chamber of an Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Converter Employing an Axisymmetric Computational Model Submitted to a Realistic Sea State Data

Permanent Magnet Generator Testing for Low-Power Off-Grid Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Converters

Permanent Magnet Generator Testing for Low-Power Off-Grid Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Converters

Experimental Study on the Spring-like Effect on the Hydrodynamic Performance of an Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Converter

The oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converter has demonstrated significant potential for converting ocean wave energy. The spring-like effect of air compressibility can significantly affect the hydrodynamic behavior of the device, but it has rarely been investigated through experimental studies. In this study, an experimental test on a model-scaled OWC device was carried out in a wave flume using a series of regular and irregular waves. The spring-like effect was taken into account by the combination of the air chamber with an additional air reservoir of appropriate volume, where the total volume was scaled according to the square of the Froude scale. The hydrodynamic performance was compared with the results obtained without considering the spring-like effect. A phase difference between the air pressure and airflow rate was observed when employing the additional air reservoir. The amplitudes of free surface elevation and airflow rate increased, while the air pressure was reduced when the spring-like effect was considered. The results demonstrate that failure to consider the spring-like effect can lead to overestimation of the hydrodynamic efficiencies, and the errors were mainly affected by the incident wave frequency.

Non-linear turbine selection for an OWC wave energy converter

Turbine-induced damping is a critical parameter affecting the performance of oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converters. Therefore, selecting the appropriate turbine-chamber combination is an essential step in their design. In this work, a methodology is developed to determine the optimum turbine diameter for a given chamber, i.e., the diameter which maximizes the pneumatic energy capture of the chamber under an extensive set of wave conditions—covering virtually the entire range of wave conditions relevant for wave energy exploitation. This novel approach combines physical and numerical modelling with dimensional analysis. Importantly, it results in a turbine diameter that enables the turbine to operate at maximum efficiency. Through the different modelling techniques applied, the methodology accounts for air compressibility effects and other non-linear effects. It is applicable to non-linear turbines, with the study focusing on the promising biradial turbine. The results indicate that using the proposed methodology to select the turbine diameter significantly improves the capture-width ratio of the OWC, with increases of up to 100% for individual sea states. Two turbine diameters were identified as appropriate for the proposed OWC chamber design, 1.1 m for low-energy sites, and 1.4 m for mid- and high-energy sites.

Research on data analysis method of oscillating water column wave energy converters

Abstract Taking the floating oscillating water column central tube wave energy converters (OWC WECs) as the research goal, the Fourier transform (FFT), and the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method (EEMD) were used to statistically analyze the wave height, motion acceleration, velocity and displacement of the device in the physical model test from the perspective of a frequency domain. Through the Fourier transform, the energy spectrum of the incident wave and the motion of the WEC is obtained, and it is found that the peak frequency of the two is the same, that is, the period is 1.138s, but the peak energy of the former is slightly greater than that of the latter. Through the ensemble empirical mode decomposition method, the 1-8 intrinsic mode functions of the incident wave and the displacement of the device are obtained, which shows that the device efficiently captures the dominant frequency wave in the incident wave, that is, the wave height is 0.0628m, the period is 1.1s, and the motion displacement of the vertical direction obtained by the device is 0.0585mm, and the period is 1.1119s. At the same time, it absorbs low-frequency, long-period reflected waves in the pool. The analysis results of the two methods are highly consistent, and the OWC WEC shows good hydrodynamic performance, with efficient wave trapping ability and fast wave responsability. This paper’s research methods and results provide a basis for the later optimization of the device and a new idea for the data processing method of the WECs.

Oscillating water column wave energy converter arrays coupled with a parabolic-wall energy concentrator in regular and irregular wave conditions

Based upon previous research on a single, high-efficiency Oscillating Water Column (OWC) wave energy capture system (Mayon et al., 2021), this work further extends the numerical investigation to the layout design and performance of the wave energy convertor (WEC) array coupled with a parabolic, energy concentrating wall in both regular and irregular incident wave conditions. A heuristic method to identify the optimal siting of the component, cylindrical OWC WECs in the array, installed in the concave opening of the wall is presented. The most advantageous location of the chambers is found to lie on a parabolic curvature line which is inset from the wall. Two separate arrays composed of three and five component OWCs are investigated in a range of regular wave conditions. The hydrodynamic power and efficiency of each chamber in each of the arrays is determined, and subsequently the aggregated array performance is established. It is found that the primary OWC chamber in the array configuration can attain approximately the same hydrodynamic power output as a single, isolated OWC chamber located the parabolic wall focus, albeit with a narrower energy capture bandwidth. The secondary and tertiary component chambers in the arrays contribute a lesser, yet still considerable quantity of hydrodynamic power to the consolidated system. The cumulative hydrodynamic efficiency of the collective arrays is less than the hydrodynamic efficiency of a single OWC chamber at the wall focus, but more efficient than an isolated OWC chamber positioned in open-sea conditions. Moreover, the hydrodynamic efficiency of the arrays exhibits better stability across the range of incident wave periods investigated, denoting that the individual component chambers in the array are efficacious at different incident wave conditions. The five chamber array is comprehensively analysed in irregular incident wave conditions. The array system is demonstrated to maintain a high power output and efficient behaviour in irregular incident wave conditions-an effect attributable to the reflecting wall influence. In summary, the five-chamber array configuration yields a higher power output and improved stability in terms of efficiency performance when compared with the three-chamber array configuration in regular waves. The array maintains this exceptional performance in irregular incident wave conditions.

Modelling of a Floating-Type Hybrid Wind-Wave System with Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Converters: A Study Towards Floater Motion Reduction

The integration of floating offshore wind turbines with wave energy converters is regarded as a promising solution for offshore renewable energy development. Given the early stage of wave energy conversion technologies and the substantial influence of control methods on overall system dynamics, a faithful aero-hydro-thermo-elastic-servo-mooring coupled model, along with an engineering environment offering high flexibility for control implementations, is essential. To address the requirement, a numerical modeling framework is developed in this study based on Simulink, known for its superiority in control design and implementation, and OpenFAST, which offers a reliable floating wind turbine model. The model incorporates the thermodynamics of the air in chambers, power take-off dynamics, and oscillating water column dynamics. Furthermore, bypass valves are utilized for the wave energy converters to adjust chamber pressure and reduce floater motion, with a control law proposed to regulate the valve opening ratio. A case study is conducted under harsh ocean conditions to validate the model. The numerical results not only demonstrate the feasibility of the model but also underscore the effectiveness of the control law in improving floater motion performance.

Numerical analysis of a projecting wall type oscillating water column (PW-OWC) wave energy converter in regular waves

Numerical analysis of a projecting wall type oscillating water column (PW-OWC) wave energy converter in regular waves

Marine Renewable-Driven Green Hydrogen Production toward a Sustainable Solution and a Low-Carbon Future in Morocco

Oceanic energy sources, notably offshore wind and wave power, present a significant opportunity to generate green hydrogen through water electrolysis. This approach allows for offshore hydrogen production, which can be efficiently transported through existing pipelines and stored in various forms, offering a versatile solution to tackle the intermittency of renewable energy sources and potentially revolutionize the entire electrical grid infrastructure. This research focusses on assessing the technical and economic feasibility of this method in six strategic coastal regions in Morocco: Laayoune, Agadir, Essaouira, Eljadida, Casablanca and Larache. Our proposed system integrates offshore wind turbines, oscillating water column wave energy converters, and PEM electrolyzers, to meet energy demands while aligning with global sustainability objectives. Significant electricity production estimates are observed across these regions, ranging from 14 MW to 20 MW. Additionally, encouraging annual estimates of hydrogen production, varying between 20 and 40 tonnes for specific locations, showcase the potential of this approach. The system’s performance demonstrates promising efficiency rates, ranging from 13% to 18%, while maintaining competitive production costs. These findings underscore the ability of oceanic energy-driven green hydrogen to diversify Morocco’s energy portfolio, bolster water resilience, and foster sustainable development. Ultimately, this research lays the groundwork for comprehensive energy policies and substantial infrastructure investments, positioning Morocco on a trajectory towards a decarbonized future powered by innovative and clean technologies.

Laboratory modelling of nonlinear power take-off damping and its effects on an offshore stationary cylindrical OWC device

The accurate evaluation of the wave energy conversion of oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converter has consistently plagued scholars. In this paper, an original and well-validated test platform is proposed for exploring the flow characteristic of a nonlinear power take-off (PTO) damping, with which a more accurate and stable measurement of captured energy is obtained in the laboratory modelling. This study utilizes ten orifices to comprehensively investigate the impact of the PTO damping on an offshore stationary cylindrical OWC device. The joint effect of the PTO damping with wave height (Hi) or draft of OWC (Dr) is examined. The damping coefficient Cf = 10350 is found to be the optimal damping coefficient, in terms of both the peak wave energy conversion and the efficient bandwidth. It is revealed that the variations of the PTO damping can regulate the effect of Dr and Hi on wave energy conversion. An appropriate reduction in PTO damping can alleviate the weak energy output caused by the increased Dr and Hi. The effect of increased Hi on wave energy conversion could be judged by the size relation of the maximum and minimum values of internal pressure data.

Experimental and computational analysis of elastomer membranes used in oscillating water column WECs

The study investigates the structural characterisation of flexible membranes used in oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converters (WECs). Four commonly utilised elastomers – natural rubber, nitrile rubber, silicone, and latex – were subjected to a novel hyperelastic model selection process. A custom bulge test setup enabled the selection of second-order Mooney-Rivlin (SOMR) and Yeoh models for relevant accuracy (RMSE<0.018 MPa), stability and numerical validation. A 1:20 scale OWC model with latex was tested in a water tank to examine the effects of waves with a frequency range of 0.25–1.4 Hz and up to 0.24m amplitude. Water tank experiments demonstrated smooth frequency responses for OWC with membrane, beneficial for consistent power generation. A dry test rig was designed and built to replicate OWC inflation conditions and apply cyclic loadings up to 1.5 Hz, overcoming pressure limitations of the water tank, exploring wider material options, and validating numerical simulation. An optical motion capture system, Qualisys, supported the validation process by providing precise data on membrane deformation during experiments. Furthermore, finite element analysis (FEA) was utilised to conduct stress analysis and parametric studies, assessing the suitability of these materials for flexible OWC application.

Improving wave energy conversion performance of a floating BBDB-OWC system by using dual chambers and a novel enhancement plate

In this study, a novel floating dual-chamber backward bent duct buoy oscillating water column (BBDB-OWC) wave energy converter (WEC) is introduced, featuring a horizontal plate at the bottom of the front chamber to act as an enhancement plate. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed and validated by comparing its results with existing experimental measurements. The validated model is employed to investigate the hydrodynamic performance and power generation characteristics of the dual-chamber BBDB-OWC WEC under various conditions, including variations in the length of the horizontal plate (lp/lf) and different regular wave conditions. Key performance metrics, including peak to average ratio of power (PTARP), wave energy capture width ratio (ξtotal), and its wave period respond bandwidth (indicated by Pξtotal > 0.5 and Pξtotal > 0.7), are analyzed and compared with those of a traditional single-chamber BBDB-OWC WEC. The results reveal that, compared to the single-chamber WEC, the dual-chamber WEC with a specific horizontal plate length reduces the average PTARP from 2.88 to a minimum value of 1.82 for lp/lf = 0.5, improves the average ξtotal from 0.55 to a maximum value of 0.64 for lp/lf = 2.5, and increases Pξtotal > 0.5 and Pξtotal > 0.7 from 71 % and 14 % to maximum values of 86 % and 43 % for lp/lf = 2.5, respectively. An explanation for these observations is also provided in the context of structure motion and flow fields.

A new numerical modelling framework for fixed oscillating water column wave energy conversion device combining BEM and CFD methods: Validation with experiments

The Oscillating Water Column (OWC) wave energy converter has been shown to have high potential, thus rendering extensive development in recent years. In order to further accelerate its development, highly accurate yet computationally efficient tools are necessary particularly when studying the interaction of multiple OWC devices. This paper proposes a new framework for fixed OWC devices with an orifice, that uses the input from a high fidelity non-linear numerical model to improve the accuracy of a low fidelity linear numerical model keeping computational costs low. This is done by accounting for the non-linearities in the pressure-flow of an orifice in the input to the linear numerical model. Experimental data is used to validate the framework, thus providing an accurate and computationally efficient linear numerical model, that can be used for the preliminary analysis of fixed OWC devices.

Numerical analysis of 3D hydrodynamics and performance of an array of oscillating water column wave energy converters integrated into a vertical breakwater

Performance and hydrodynamics of an array of Oscillating Water Column (OWC) Wave Energy Converter (WEC) integrated into a vertical breakwater is studied. The FLUENT® software, in which the numerical model is based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equations and the Volume of Fluid method for free surface flow modeling, is used in a 3D numerical wave tank. Three vertical breakwater configurations subject to the action of incident regular waves with periods from 6 to 12 s are studied: normal breakwater, with vertical walls parallel to the direction along the breakwater length; and two novel breakwater geometries, partially and fully convergent breakwaters, whose converging vertical walls are inclined θ in relation to this direction. Different spacing S from 0 to 20 m between the array of OWC devices and two converging wall angles θ, 30 and 45°, are investigated. Firstly, analysis of the influence of S for the normal breakwater shows that the vertical wall concentrates naturally a higher quantity of the incident wave energy inside OWC chamber devices and, consequently, increases their efficiencies. This effect is intensified as the spacing S increases. Secondly, analyses of the partially and fully convergent breakwaters allow concluding that these novel geometries, which direct an amount of incident wave energy into the OWC chamber, increase significantly the efficiency of the array of the OWC devices at the range of the wave periods. The highest performance of OWC device is obtained by the fully convergent breakwater with S = 20 m and θ = 45°, once 10 OWC devices inserted in a breakwater 300 m long have the same efficiency of 20 OWC devices inserted into the normal breakwater.

Fully coupled simulation of dynamic characteristics of a backward bent duct buoy oscillating water column wave energy converter

In this paper, a fully coupled model for a backward bent duct buoy oscillating water column (BBDB-OWC) wave energy converter (WEC) is established, with the consideration of strong transient nonlinear interactions among ocean waves, BBDB hull motion, mooring system, internal water column oscillation, aerodynamics, turbine rotation and the damping effect of the generator. The model is validated by comparison with experimental results, and then used to investigate the transient characteristics and periodic average performance of the WEC under regular wave conditions. The differences in transient hydrodynamic characteristics and air pressure-flow rate relationship between the fully coupled model and the orifice model are compared. The transient characteristics of an impulse turbine under reciprocating and transient airflows are studied. And the effect of wave period, wave height and load torque coefficient on the average performance of the WEC is investigated.

Floating Oscillating Water Column Wave Energy Converters: A Review of Developments

The main challenge in designing offshore renewable energy structures is to ensure their structural integrity on a life cycle basis while operating in harsh environments and, in parallel, being financially competitive and environmentally friendly concerning other types of energy systems. The Oscillating Water Column (OWC) converters are among the first energy converters to be developed and deployed into the sea due to their relative simplicity of operation and relatively small number of moving parts. This review provides an overview of the recent floating OWC prototypes and projects and the latest research developments in wave energy conversion using the oscillating water column principle. Furthermore, critical structural advances are discussed, mainly focusing on the converter’s geometry and type and its mooring system design towards amplifying the absorbed wave power.