Systematic collections of peat mid-infrared spectra and other peat properties are scarce, but useful to understand peat chemistry and develop spectral prediction models. The Peatland Mid-Infrared Database ('pmird') stores 3877 mid-infrared spectra of peat, peat-forming vegetation, and dissolved organic matter, together with measurements of other peat properties that were collated from previous studies. Most of the peat samples are from northern bogs, whereas southern or tropical peat and fen peat is underrepresented. The data are supplemented with metadata on sample origin, sample processing, measurements, and quality indicators on whether spectra are baseline corrected or not and on the relative contribution of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and noise to the spectra. The 'pmird' database can be used to analyze peat properties, develop and test spectral prediction models, and develop data and metadata standards.

Radiometer measurements of the spectrally resolved radiative heat flux in a combustion chamber

Abstract The objective of this study was to observe and analyze physical, chemical, and biological water-quality parameters in the habitat of the snakehead fish. The research was conducted in the monotonous swamp waters of Danau Panggang, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. A descriptive method was employed, and the results of observations and analyses presented in tables and graphs. The results showed that temperature (27 – 29 °C) and pH (6.35 – 6.45) were within the optimum range for organism survival, whereas water clarity (31 – 33 cm), turbidity (9.12 - 9.20 NTU), dissolved oxygen (1.5 – 1.8 mg/L), carbon dioxide (10.45 - 11.55 mg/L), and ammonia (0.3 – 0.4 mg/L) were outside the optimum range for aquatic life. Twelve dominant plankton taxa were identified: Chlorella sp., Cocconeis sp., Mougeotia sp., Chlorococcum sp., Spirogyra sp., Binuclera sp., Pediastrum sp., Nitzschia sp., Navicula sp., Diatoma sp., Brachionus sp., and Keratella sp. Based on plankton abundance, the water fertility was moderate, with values ranging from 0.1 to 40 × 10 6 cells/m 3 . The plankton diversity index ranged from 1.67 to 2.33, indicating a stable community structure and classifying the water as moderately fertile. From the results of the ecological research on the habitat of snakehead fish in the swamp waters of Danau Panggang, it is very useful for the domestication stage of snakehead fish in controlled containers, especially for the maintenance of fish larvae.

Context. Sub-Neptune exoplanets such as GJ 1214 b provide a critical link between terrestrial and giant planets, yet atmospheric characterisation remains challenging due to high-altitude clouds and compressed atmospheres. JWST has recently hinted at molecular signals in GJ 1214 b, and ground-based high-resolution spectroscopy is potentially able to confirm them. Aims. We aim to constrain the atmospheric composition of GJ 1214 b using all available transits observed with the upgraded CRIRES + spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) by searching for the signatures of water vapour, methane, and carbon dioxide. Methods. We analysed eight CRIRES + transit datasets covering the K band (1.90-2.45 μm) at a resolving power of R ≈ 100,000. We used the SysRem algorithm to correct for telluric and stellar contributions and employed the cross-correlation technique with templates from petitRADTRANS to search for H 2 O, CH 4 , and CO 2 . Injection-recovery tests were performed across a grid of metallicities ( Z ) and cloud-deck pressures ( p c ) to quantify detection limits. We also generated predictions for ANDES observations using end-to-end simulated datasets with EXoPLORE . Results. We detect no significant H 2 O, CH 4 , or CO 2 signatures. Injection-recovery tests show that such non-detections exclude atmospheres with low-altitude clouds and moderate or low metallicities. CH 4 yields the tightest empirical limits, with CO 2 unexpectedly ruling out intermediate metallicities (∼100× solar) with clouds deeper due to its rapidly rising opacity in compressed high- Z atmospheres. Our constraints are in line with either a high- Z or a high-altitude aerosol layer, in agreement with recent JWST inferences. Conclusions. The combined analysis of eight CRIRES + datasets provides the most stringent high-resolution constraints on the atmospheric properties of GJ 1214 b to date. Planetary signals are likely buried below our current detection threshold, preventing confirmation of recent JWST-reported molecular hints. Simulations of a single transit observed with ANDES on the ELT predict modest improvements for H 2 O, a substantially expanded detectable region for CH 4 , and the strongest gains for CO 2 , making the latter a particularly effective tracer for characterising high-metallicity atmospheres in sub-Neptunes.

Influence of surface chemisorption and release processes of water vapour and carbon dioxide on radiation-induced effects in lithium-based ceramic materials

Eco-friendly and active carboxymethyl cellulose film integrated with eggshell powder and tea polyphenols for beef and apple preservation.

Physically crosslinked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/chitosan antifungal coating for litchi preservation.

Feasibility of rapid on-site method for measuring dissolved carbon dioxide in water using alkalinity titration

Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) affects nearly all patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and causes substantial morbidity and functional impairment. We evaluated the immediate, segment-specific microvascular effects of a single carbon dioxide (CO₂) versus warm water hand baths in SSc with secondary RP, including healthy controls as physiological reference. In this single-centre, randomized controlled trial, 24 SSc patients were allocated (1:1) to a 15-min CO₂ bath (2g/L, 35°C) or warm water bath (40-42°C). Twelve healthy controls received a CO2 bath. Nailfold capillaroscopy assessed vas afferens (VA), apex, and vas efferens (VE) diameters at baseline, immediately, and 10min post-intervention. Primary outcome was immediate diameter change; secondary outcomes were persistence and between-cohort differences. After CO₂ baths, mean VA diameter increased by 3.31μm (95% CI [2.23,4.38]; p<0.001) and VE by 3.83μm (95% CI [2.28,5.39]; p<0.001), both exceeding changes after warm water in SSc patients (p<0.001; p=0.005). CO2 induced dilation in healthy controls, but VA increase was smaller than after CO₂ in SSc (p=0.010). At 10min, VA remained higher in the CO₂ vs. water group (p=0.006). No adverse events occurred. A single CO₂ hand bath induced greater and partly sustained nailfold capillary dilation of the arterial limb and apex than warm water in SSc-associated RP. The lack of response to warm water suggests impaired heat-induced vasodilation in SSc, whereas CO₂ may engage alternative vasodilatory mechanisms. These findings support CO₂ hand baths as a safe, low-cost, non-pharmacological adjunct. Larger trials with clinical endpoints are warranted.

Online exhaled breath analysis holds great promise for noninvasive medical diagnostics, health monitoring, and environmental exposure assessment. However, the complex nature of the breath matrix and strong interference from water vapor and carbon dioxide make high-precision, real-time sensing challenging, often requiring large and costly systems such as mass spectrometers. In this work, we present a compact differential photoacoustic gas sensor for end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) and end-tidal oxygen (ETO2) monitoring. The sensor employs a dual-resonator photoacoustic cell with resonant frequencies of 4110 and 13,115 Hz for selective ETCO2 and ETO2 detection, respectively. A small sample gas volume of 2.6 mL enables a rapid response time of <0.5 s, enabling rapid tracking of changes in exhaled gas concentration. The optimized system achieves detection limits of 12.6 ppm for CO2 and 18.4 ppm for O2, with corresponding normalized noise equivalent absorption values of 2.9 × 10-8 and 1.6 × 10-7 cm-1⋅W⋅Hz-1/2. Real-time monitoring during human respiration demonstrates clear tracking of physiological O2 depletion and CO2 enrichment, consistent with respiratory dynamics. The developed sensor combines high sensitivity, fast response, compact size, and low cost, showing strong potential for continuous clinical monitoring, perioperative care, and metabolic studies.

Currently, increasing the efficiency of power generation cycles is not the only goal for engineers; the focus is also on how it is achieved, whether through conventional or non-conventional energy sources. In conventional systems, changing the working fluid in the bottoming cycle has attracted engineers’ interest to boost cycle efficiency. Among various working fluids, carbon dioxide and ammonia water mixtures show promising thermodynamic properties that enhance both first and second law efficiencies. This research explores the use of transcritical carbon dioxide as the working fluid in the bottoming cycle of a combined cycle power plant with reheat cycles. The results indicate that, under operating conditions such as a topping cycle pressure ratio of 20, an ambient temperature of 303 K, and a turbine inlet temperature of 2000 K, the system performs better, with first law and second law efficiencies reaching 44.8% and 56.83%, respectively. Additionally, the maximum cooling water mass flow rate, observed at a condenser pressure of 0.9 bar, is 1.67 kg/s.

This article presents the stages of development of a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) open-type gas analyzer prototype (NGAP-1) with a fundamentally new discrete IR radiation generation scheme using pulse-width modulation for measuring the dynamics of water vapor and carbon dioxide concentrations, with further application in the instrument base of an ecological and climatic station to implement the eddy covariance (EC) method. In addition, selecting the component base for NGAP-1, as well as its calibration and experimental field validation as part of an ecological and climatic station, are described.

ABSTRACT This research study aims to investigate the impact of hydrogen and hexanol enrichment on the energy exhaust environment, as well as the economic aspects of a Compression ignition (CI) engine powered with equally blended camphor oil and diesel fuel. The experiments are conducted on the single‐cylinder compression ignition engine at a constant supply of hydrogen at a 10 LPM flow rate. The experimental design matrix is developed by central composite, for the input, which varies from 50% to 100%, and the hexanol blending ratio, which ranges from 0% to 40% on a volume basis. Statistical models were evaluated using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and confirmed with a quadratic model. The experimental results show that the addition of hexanol to camphor oil–diesel blend and hydrogen elevates thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, exergy efficiency, cooling water exergy, carbon dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, and enviroeconomic loss. On the other hand, it drops the brake‐specific energy consumption, exhaust gas temperature, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, smoke, fuel exergy, exergy rate of engine exhaust, destructed exergy, entropy generation, exergoeconomic loss, and thermoeconomic loss. This research recommended the 40% hexanol blending ratio with camphor oil–diesel blend for future work with selective catalytic reduction for nitrogen monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions reductions.

Carbon-pricing optimization framework for oilfield carbon dioxide-water alternation with economic and environmental gains

Functionalized edible coatings represent a promising strategy to mitigate postharvest losses in fresh and fresh-cut fruits. This study developed a novel, ternary active coating by integrating pectin with a cationic antimicrobial polypeptide (ε-polylysine) and a hydrophobic plant flavonoid (luteolin). The resulting composite film demonstrated transformative improvements in hydrophobicity, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities as compared with conventional pectin-based films. Specially, the ternary composite film exhibited enhanced barrier performance, reducing water vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide permeability by 49.1%, 68.6%, and 26.5%, respectively. When applied to fresh-cut apples, the coating effectively suppressed the browning and microbial proliferation while maintaining the hardness, total phenols and flavonoids, total soluble solids, and titratable acids over a 12-day refrigerated storage period. Comprehensive characterization via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and molecular docking simulations revealed that these superior functionalities originate from synergistic electrostatic interactions and hydrogen-bonding networks within the ternary matrix. This work provides a practical strategy for designing high-performance, plant-based coatings to reduce food waste and improve the quality of fresh-cut produce.

The process of carbonaceous materials gasification is especially relevant in Russia, where the volume of coal waste exceeds 120 million tons. A gasification installation for carbon-containing waste operating in the fixed-bed mode has been developed. Experiments on gasification of fine coal fraction samples (1–2 mm) were carried out using preheated air, a steam-air mixture, and air with added carbon dioxide as gasifying agents. The work used the methods of differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and chromatographic analysis. Additions of water vapor and carbon dioxide made it possible to increase the heat of combustion and increase the gasification efficiency to 54%. The operating mode of the gas generator was determined, ensuring the production of synthesis gas with a calorific value of 3.6 MJ/nm3. It is shown that the highest efficiency of gas generation is achieved in the steam-air gasification mode with the addition of water vapor in the amount of 0.1 kg per 1 kg of coal and with the use of air as a gasifying agent with the addition of carbon dioxide in a volume ratio of 100:5. It is established that an increase in the addition of water vapor and carbon dioxide above the optimal amounts leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the gasification process. The process can use waste from various industries, including oil sludge, which determines its significance for the effective management of carbon-containing waste and for achieving broader environmental and economic goals.

Study Effect of Carbon Dioxide Water Bath Therapy (Carbothera) in Treatment of a Patient With Diabetic Foot Which They Are Not Response to Convention Treatment Such as Daily Dressing, Debridement, Antibiotic, and Laser Therapy in Our Diabetic and Endocrine Center

Electrolyzers based on solid oxide electrochemical cells offer the lowest energy consumption per kilogram of hydrogen in comparison with other technologies available in the market. High operating temperature, typically in the range from 600°C to 800°C are predisposed for integration with industrial processes. Additionally, they enable simultaneous electrochemical reduction of water vapor and carbon dioxide in co-electrolysis process. This result in a mixture of H2, CO, H2O and CO2 downstream the electrolyzer. Currently, efforts are being made to increase the operating pressure of the SOE , which is intended to ensure even higher process efficiency and aid integrating SOE as part of power-to-X systems in which synthesis of fuel takes place at elevated pressure.This study examines differences in performance during pressurized operation of single cells. SOC are based on cathodic support (fuel electrode is used as a support) which consists of Ni-8YSZ whereas LSC or LSCF were used as oxygen electrodes. The cells which were studies were produced in house at the Institute of Power Engineering – National Research Institute. Experimental analysis was performed under pressure up to 5 bar(a) and in temperature range 680°C - 800°C. Single SOCs were operated in a glass-ceramic sealed housing.The area specific resistance (ASR) was calculated and evaluated. A quantified temperature and pressure dependent ASR was determined. The correlation of ASR with current density was investigated as well. It was defined that optimal pressure of SOC can be determined. Further increase had minor benefit in terms of the performance but on the contrary added to the complexity of systems. Moreover, the influence of an elevated pressure on H2O and CO2 electrolysis was examined for two types of cathodic supports. Postmortem analysis of cross-sections and central location in the electrode-support was done using SEM-EDS method.AcknowledgmentsThe presented research was financially supported by the National Science Centre within project SUPER-SOE under grant agreement UMO-2021/42/E/ST8/00401.

Cyclical climate changes in the Earth’s history are explained by cyclical inflows of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The main source of heat in the Earth's interior is the spontaneous decay of radioactive elements. An increase in the flow of heat to the surface can be caused by the nuclear chain reactions, forced decay of radioactive elements, including uranium and thorium. A layer of actinides near a critical thickness can be formed as a result of the deposition of high-melting high-density particles of uranium and thorium oxides from the molten outer core to the solid inner core of the Earth [Mitrofanov et al., 1999]. The upward currents of mass and heat arising during nuclear chain reactions in the Earth's outer liquid core warm up the overlying layers. With the warming of the Earth's crust and the bottom of the oceans, due to the decomposition of gas hydrates, the greenhouse gas methane enters the atmosphere. With heating of the oceans due to positive feedbacks, more and more water vapor and carbon dioxide dissolved in the ocean’s water enter the atmosphere. Climate warming is initiating and accelerating. With the dispersion of the active layer in the thermal convective flows, the stopping of nuclear reactions and a decrease in the heat flow from the interiors occurs, the methane content in the atmosphere decreases. More and more carbon dioxide is dissolved in the cooling water of the oceans. A cold snap is coming. Actinide particles begin to settle on the Earth's inner core again, with parallel reproduction of easily fissionable isotopes [Anisichkin et al., 2008]: 238U + n → 239U → 239Np → 239Pu → 235U + α (2.4´104 years) The duration of climatic cycles is determined by the time of sedimentation of actinide particles. Simulation of the process of the whole sedimentation with critical size of uranium dioxide particles and viscosity of the outer core from 102 Pa s to 109 Pa s leads to a cycle duration of about 130 thousand years, which consistent with the data on climate change over the past 400 000 years obtained from ice cores in Antarctica [Gordienko et al., 1983; Petit et al., 1999; Vimeux et al., 2002]. To start nuclear chain reactions, it is enough to form a layer of actinides of critical thickness, without the sedimentation of all fissile material on the Earth’s solid inner core. But the gradual "burnout" of actinides requires more and more complete sedimentation of actinide particles. Therefore, the duration of cycles should increase over time. Indeed, over the past 400 thousand years, the duration of climatic cycles has increased from approximately 90 to 120 thousand years [Petit et al., 1999; Vimeux et al., 2002]. Approximately 1.5 million years ago, the Earth experienced a radical climate shift. The planet has already entered ice ages and emerged from them every 40 thousand years [Yuzhen et al., 2019; Voosen, 2024; An et al., 2024; Cutts, 2024]. But then the ice ages became more contrasting and longer, with an increasing duration of 90 thousand years to 120 thousand years, and the planet as a whole became colder, which cannot be explained by the changes in the level of insolation – the amount of heat coming from the Sun, Milankovitch cycles, the duration and intensity of which should be relatively constant on the such time scales. Supported nuclear hypothesis explains these rapid climate changes too. Millions of years ago, there were more easily fissile isotopes. It is possible that in the past, two georeactors periodically worked in the Earth’s interiors in different places. Therefore, the climatic cycles were approximately twice as short, less pronounced, and the climate was warmer.

Climate change occurs more rapidly at high latitudes, making polar ecosystems highly vulnerable to environmental changes. Plants respond to these conditions by altering the fluxes of water vapor (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). This study analyzed the seasonal variability of the Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) of CO2, as well as the sensible (H) and latent (LE) heat fluxes, in two ecosystems in north-central Siberia: a subarctic palsa mire near Igarka, and a mature larch forest near Tura. The flux responses to variations in atmospheric parameters were also assessed. Experimental data were collected from 2019 to 2023 using eddy covariance methods. The results showed that both permafrost ecosystems consistently served as net atmospheric CO2 sinks during the growing seasons, despite significant year-to-year meteorological variations. From 2019 to 2023, summer NEE ranged from -62.9 to -120.2 gC m-2 in the Igarka palsa mire and from -63.5 to -83.6 gC m-2 in the Tura larch forest. During summer periods characterized by prolonged insufficient soil moisture, higher air temperatures, and limited precipitation, the palsa mire exhibited reduced CO2 uptake (i.e., less negative NEE) and Gross Primary Production (GPP) compared to the larch forest. These results suggest that larch forests may be more resilient to climate change than palsa mires. This resilience is primarily linked to deep-rooted water access and conservative stomatal control in larch, whereas palsa mire vegetation depends strongly on surface moisture availability. H and LE fluxes exhibited significant interannual variations, primarily due to variations in incoming solar radiation and precipitation. No significant LE decrease occurred during periods of low precipitation in 2019 and 2020 when drought conditions were observed at both stations during the summer. Maximum H and LE flux rates occurred in June and July when net radiation values were at their maximum for both ecosystems. These findings underscore the urgent need for ecosystem-specific climate strategies, as differential resilience could significantly impact future carbon dynamics in the rapidly warming Arctic.