Water Bed Research Articles

Water Beds.

Water Beds.

Dynamics Of Total Suspended Solid (TSS) Around Coral Reef Beach Damas, Trenggalek

Total suspended solids (TSS) are sediment material that floats in the water column that moves without touching the water bed, influenced by input from land, river flow, and water oceanography factors. TSS is closely related to sedimentation, which can harm aquatic ecosystems, especially coral reefs. This research was conducted using TSS data as well as flow data for each season (May, June, October 2019, February and March 2020) to know the distribution of suspended solids concentration, knowing the dynamics of changes in TSS concentrations on Damas Beach by season, and to determine the relationship TSS with the growth of coral reefs at Damas Beach. TSS levels in Damas waters are quite high, which can be indicated by the turbid waters. TSS levels in March 2020 showed dominating results with a range of 37.8–72.6 mg/L and an increase in the range of 72.7-145 mg/L. The highest distribution of TSS on Damas Beach is found in the Rainy season.

Spatial and temporal variation of physicochemical parameters in northern Persian Gulf

Today, there are undesired changes in the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water which impose a tremendous threat on aquatic species. Knowing the details of physical and chemical parameters and their behaviors such as temperature, salinity, density, dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, and chlorophyll-a for survivability of the aquatic ecosystem is essential. This paper discusses these parameters through a time series analysis of observation for the year 2007. The spatial and temporal variations of water chemical and physical parameters are investigated in nine stations in the northern part of the Persian Gulf. While many investigations have been carried out on the Persian Gulf, the innovation of this research is focusing on the northern part which is not or little discussed in the previous, historical studies, and barely data are available for this region. Analyses of the data in the study area show that the water is well mixed during the year due to the shallowness and tidal effects. Water is alkaline and tends to have a stable pH and relatively high salinity and temperature. pH is an important factor in determining the amount of toxic dissolved heavy metals in water. Turbidity and chlorophyll-a are low at the surface and increased toward the water bed as depth increases. The results of this paper are of the interest of the academic, business, and industrial communities and from a management point of view help the policymakers and environment managers to propose effective–strategic decisions that both help coastal communities and save aquatic life.

Performance Analysis of An Arduino Based Calibration and Temperature Control System for A Refractance Window Dryer

Automated control of temperature in fruit dryers is important for product quality and retention of nutrient content. In this study, the continuous refractance window dryer (RWD) was calibrated for drying temperature to enable the dryer to be set to dry a wide range of products. The drying operation in a RWD is carried out over a bed of hot water. The calibration system comprised of a computer program, calibrated knob, arrangement of sensors and output components. A computer program was successfully written in Arduino environment and a circuit board connected. A DS18B20 sensor was used to read the hot water temperature and a 5V potentiometer employed to vary the voltage as it corresponds to the desired water temperature. The system calibration focused on drying temperatures for mango, tomato and pineapple, but it can be applied to any other food products since the optimum drying temperature for most food products falls within the considered range. A calibration equation relating potentiometer voltage and temperature was formulated with the potentiometer maximum angular sweep found to be 295°. This angular sweep corresponded with 94.9996°C as the maximum calibration temperature. The system was found to be 97.6% accurate at attaining the desired temperature. A calibrated label was developed and marked accordingly. The developed system was simple to operate and robust throughout the testing hence it can be recommended for similar machines.

Estuary zone based on sea level salinity in Ciletuh Bay, West Java

The Estuary area is an area where there is a mixture of seawater with fresh water from the mainland. This estuary area is unique because seawater mixing with fresh water causes brackish water formation with fluctuating salinity. The fluctuation in salinity is influenced by the depth and shape of the water bed and the season. This study analyzes the estuary area (zone) in Ciletuh Bay, West Java, based on the rainy and dry seasons associated with bathymetry. The salinity value is obtained from Sentinel-2A image processing, using the salinity estimator algorithm’s calculation, namely the Cilamaya Algorithm. The results showed that the mapping of the distribution of salinity forms the estuary boundaries, and the variables of rainfall and bathymetry affect the distribution of salinity values. The shallower the water, the lower the salinity level. Conversely, the deeper the waters, the higher the salinity level. The statement is due to the influence of freshwater entry into the sea, which is also related to rainfall (season), affecting fluctuations between saltwater and freshwater.

A numerical geotechnical model for computing soil slides at banks of water reservoirs

Soil slides can occur when the water level in a lake or a reservoir is lowered. This may take place in situations when a reservoir is flushed to remove sediments. The current study describes a three-dimensional numerical model used for the simulation of reservoir flushing that includes the slide movements. The geotechnical failure algorithms start with modelling the groundwater levels at the banks of the reservoir. A limit equilibrium approach is further used to find the location of the slides. The actual movement of the sediments is computed by assuming the soil to be a viscous liquid and by solving the Navier–Stokes equations. The resulting bed elevation changes from the slides are computed in adaptive grids that change as a function of water level, bed erosion and slide movements. The numerical model is tested on the Bodendorf reservoir in Austria, where field measurements are available of the bank elevations before and after a flushing operation. The results from the numerical simulations are compared with these observations. A parameter test shows that the results are very sensitive to the cohesion and less sensitive to the E and G modules of the soil.

S1802 Colononic Schistosomiasis

INTRODUCTION: Schistosoma infection is endemic to certain tropical areas with water beds. It usually affects the liver or the bladder (depending on the species). We present a rather unique case of Schistosoma affecting the colon. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: A 19 years old male presented to a hospital in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) with an 8-month history of recurrent abdominal pain and occasional blood in the stool. Tenesmus and loss of appetite were present but there was no significant weight loss. Physical and basic laboratory exams, including liver enzymes, were unremarkable. Stool exam was positive for blood but negative for ova and parasite. Abdominal ultrasonography was normal. A colonoscopy was performed with a working diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The exam showed a patchy mucosal erythema with scattered nodularity and multiple vascular lesions in ascending colon, sigmoid and rectum. Colon biopsies showed multiple schistosoma eggs with surrounding eosinophilic inflammation. It was noted that the patient resides in Bahir Dar, a lakeside city in Northern Ethiopia endemic for schistosomiasis. Upon inquiring, the patient reported frequent swimming in the lake and washing clothes in the river. The patient was treated with Praziquantel 40mg/Kg one dose orally and reported complete resolution of symptoms during a clinic visit 2 weeks later. DISCUSSION: Schistosomiasis is a common helminth-related disease that frequently affects the liver or bladder depending on the species. Colonic schistosomiasis occurs as eggs migrate through the intestinal wall, provoking mucosal granulomatous inflammation. Lesions that occur in rectum and sigmoid are usually secondary to S. Mansoni. Suspicion of Schistosoma colitis is often low, despite a reported association between colonic schistosomiasis and colon cancer. Biopsies specifically aimed at the mucosal alterations are important as they will provide higher yield for egg identification. In our case, the presentation and demographics of the patient were compatible with IBD and this was the main suspected diagnosis. In individuals originating from endemic areas infection such as Schistosoma should be clearly ruled out, as initiation of immunosuppressive regimens upon suspicion of IBD can be detrimental.

New formulation of the finite depth free surface Green function

For a pulsating free surface source in a three-dimensional finite depth fluid domain, the Green function of the source presented by John [F. John, On the motion of floating bodies II. Simple harmonic motions, Communs. Pure Appl. Math. 3 (1950) 45-101] is superposed as the Rankine source potential, an image source potential and a wave integral in the infinite domain $(0, \infty)$. When the source point together with a field point is on the free surface, John's integral and its gradient are not convergent since the integration $\int^\infty_\kappa$ of the corresponding integrands does not tend to zero in a uniform manner as $\kappa$ tends to $\infty$. Thus evaluation of the Green function is not based on direct integration of the wave integral but is obtained by approximation expansions in earlier investigations. In the present study, five images of the source with respect to the free surface mirror and the water bed mirror in relation to the image method are employed to reformulate the wave integral. Therefore the free surface Green function of the source is decomposed into the Rankine potential, the five image source potentials and a new wave integral, of which the integrand is approximated by a smooth and rapidly decaying function. The gradient of the Green function is further formulated so that the same integration stability with the wave integral is demonstrated. The significance of the present research is that the improved wave integration of the Green function and its gradient becomes convergent. Therefore evaluation of the Green function is obtained through the integration of the integrand in a straightforward manner. The application of the scheme to a floating body or a submerged body motion in regular waves shows that the approximation is sufficiently accurate to compute linear wave loads in practice.

Climatic and anthropogenic impacts on the decrease of sediment discharge to the Mediterranean coast from the largest river of Maghreb

The current study focuses on the issue of the decrease in sediment discharge to the Mediterranean Sea by the largest river in Algeria, the Wadi Cheliff (i.e. Cheliff River). This study clarifies the effect of climatic and anthropogenic factors on the changes in the sedimentary dynamics of the Cheliff River discharging to the sea. The data used (rainfall, water discharge, and sediment discharge) concern the Sidi Bel Attar gaging station on the Cheliff River, only 18 km from discharge to the Mediterranean Sea. A power-type statistical regression model was used to fill the 74.2% gap in Suspended Solids (SS) measurements in the establishment of a SS database for the period 1951–2012. The study results show that the transport of suspended sediment discharged to the sea is about 487 t/km2/yr. Statistical tests of breaks highlight that rainfall decreased by 26% and that water and sediment input to the sea declined from 74% to 63% for the period of 1981–2012. The correlation analysis shows a decrease in the contribution of rainfall on sediment and water input at the outlet equal to 77.9% and 77.8%, respectively, during the period of 1980–2012, compared to the period of 1968–1980. However, the double mass method reflects the contribution of factors other than rainfall to the decrease of sediment input to the sea. These other factors mainly include large dams, which intercepted about 71% of the total volume of sediment discharged to the sea during the period of 1968–2010. In addition the contribution of large dams to the reduction of sedimentary input to the sea is more important than that of the decrease in rainfall. The management of large dams also contributes to the increase in the sediment deficit to the sea through the prioritization of interception of sediment at the expense of releases, for socio-economic purposes, 68.4% of the Cheliff River discharge is diverted for human use. This has led to an increase in the mean water bed level at bankfull downstream, where the Cheliff River gave up 51% of its width to the floodplain between 1996 and 2009. In the light of the scarcity of sediment transport data in North Africa and in many other areas, the current study provides a reference framework for other studies: providing useful information for the study of the transfer of sediment from land to sea, and the links with the socio-economic needs.

Filtration Bypassing Retaining Hydraulic Structures

Concrete dams that are part of river waterworks are integrated with earthworks or with banks using coastal abutments. If the soil of cost or earthen dam is permeable, then in the zone of contiguity water filtration occurs around the coastal abutment. Calculation of filtration bypassing the coastal abutment at specified water levels in the upper and lower pools is performed with the aim of constructing an encircling curve of depression and determining a gradient of filtration flow that controls the filtration strength of the soil beyond the abutment. This problem has no theoretical solutions – in view of its complexity, approximate calculation methods have been developed for individual calculation schemes. For the case when the soil behind the coastal abutment is homogeneous and isotropic, groundwater inflow from the coast is absent or insignificant and can be neglected, and the coastal abutment is located on a water bed and approximate methods by V. P. Nedrigi and R. R. Chugaeva are proposed in the paper. The experience of surveying a number of Belarusian hydropower stations has shown that the absence of a justified prediction pertaining to the position of groundwater levels beyond the estuary leads to a decrease in the strength and stability of the coastal abutment and its possible destruction. An experimental verification of the approximate method for calculation filtration bypassing the coastal abutment developed by R. R. Chugaev has been carried out in laboratory conditions. According to the obtained experience a depression curve encircling the abutment has been constructed which show good agreement between experimental and calculated data that allows to use this method for reasonable design of coastal abutment structures ensuring their reliable operation.

Mathematical modeling of oscillating water column wave energy converter devices over the undulated sea bed

The present study deals with the hydrodynamic performance of an OWC (oscillating water column) wave energy converter device placed on an undulated bed. The bed undulation is finitely extended and beyond that, the water bed is uniform in nature. The mathematical problem is studied in the two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system under the linearized water wave theory. To solve the associated boundary value problem, a coupled eigenfunction expansion - boundary element method is used. The numerical convergence of the coupled eigenfunction expansion - boundary element method is provided. The effects of the width of the OWC device chamber, front wall submergence depth and inclination with the vertical axis, and the bed undulations on the hydrodynamic efficiency of the OWC device is discussed in detail.

Estimation of water seepage rate in the active crater lake system of Kusatsu-Shirane volcano, Japan, using FDNPP-derived radioactive cesium as a hydrological tracer

We describe here a first attempt to estimate the water seepage rate of an active crater lake using radioactive cesium dispersed into the environment by the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident in March 2011 as a hydrological tracer. Kusatsu-Shirane volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Japan and has an active crater lake named Yugama. There is no outflow such as a river from Yugama crater lake. The content level of stable cesium (133Cs) in Yugama water was almost constant at 15–20 nM during the sampling period of Nov. 2011 to Nov. 2014. In contrast to 133Cs, however, the radioactive cesium (134Cs and 137Cs) concentrations in Yugama water decreased at a more rapid rate than expected by radioactive decay. Based on the decreasing rates of activity concentrations of 134Cs and 137Cs in Yugama water during the three years between 2012 and 2014, it is estimated that 700–800 m3 of the Yugama water, which corresponds approximately to 0.1% of the total volume, leaks through the lakebed per day. In the estimation, balance between leakage of radioactive cesium contaminated water though lake bed and geothermal inflow of radioactive cesium-free water in the volcano was taken into account. Consequently, the water seepage rate of the Yugama crater lake was calculated to be 8.1–9.3 L s−1.

Comparison between hydrostatic and total pressure simulations of dam-break flows

ABSTRACT Shallow water models are commonly used to simulate dam-break flow; however, shallow water equations usually assume a hydrostatic pressure assumption that can limit model applications. Dam-break flow can also be solved by total pressure formulation with Navier–Stokes equations, that are computationally more expensive but can deal with a wider range of problems. We propose a multiphase flow code with second-order precision, called SuLi-LS. This code uses the Level Set methodology and can consider total pressure or hydrostatic pressure assumption in Navier–Stokes solution. To analyse the differences between hydrostatic and total pressure, we compared SuLi-LS results with experimental cases. The comparison shows that total pressure consideration provides accurate results for the dam-break flow problems, and it is a considerably better approach than considering hydrostatic pressure assumption. We found that hydrostatic pressure assumption can be valid for dam-break flows in which there is an underlying water bed.

Continuous flow removal of acid fuchsine by dielectric barrier discharge plasma water bed enhanced by activated carbon adsorption

Continuous processes which allow for large amount of wastewater to be treated to meet drainage standards while reducing treatment time and energy consumption are urgently needed. In this study, a dielectric barrier discharge plasma water bed system was designed and then coupled with granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption to rapidly remove acid fuchsine (AF) with high efficiency. Effects of feeding gases, treatment time and initial concentration of AF on removal efficiency were investigated. Results showed that compared to the N2 and air plasmas treatments, O2 plasma processing was most effective for AF degradation due to the strong oxidation ability of generated activated species, especially the OH radicals. The addition of GAC significantly enhanced the removal efficiency of AF in aqueous solution and shorten the required time by 50%. The effect was attributed to the ability of porous carbon to trap and concentrate the dye, increasing the time dye molecules were exposed to the plasma discharge zone, and to enhance the production of OH radicals on/in GAC to boost the degradation of dyes by plasma as well as in situ regenerate the exhausted GAC. The study offers a new opportunity for continuous effective remediation of wastewater contaminated with organic dyes using plasma technologies.

A 3-D finite volume model for sediment transport in coastal waters

A 3-D model has been developed to simulate sediment transport and bed change induced by currents and waves in coastal waters. The currents are calculated with the 3-D phase-averaged shallow water flow equations, the wave characteristics are determined with a horizontal 2-D wave spectral transformation model, and multiple-sized non-cohesive suspended load and bed load are simulated using a non-equilibrium transport model. The classical mixing length model is modified to determine the horizontal and vertical eddy viscosity considering the effects of current, waves, and wave breaking. A new approach is proposed in the present 3-D model framework to calculate the bed grain shear stress, which is applied to determine the equilibrium bed-load transport rate and near-bed suspended-load concentration. The flow and sediment transport equations are numerically solved using an implicit finite volume method on a hexahedral mesh constructed with horizontal telescoping (quadtree) rectangular cells and vertical sigma coordinate. The difference in the near-bed cells for flow and suspended load calculations is avoided by adding the bed load to the suspended load in the first flow cell above the bed. The developed model has been tested in four laboratory and field cases. It reasonably well reproduces the measured water levels, flow velocities, sediment concentrations, and bed changes.

Dispersal and mortality of translocated thick‐shelled river mussel Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788 adults revealed by radio tracking

Abstract Freshwater mussels are one of the most endangered groups of animals. Translocation is a common conservation measure for protecting them, but the success of this procedure varies widely, and the reasons for failure are frequently unknown. The dispersal and mortality of freshwater mussels was studied using a novel method: the radio tracking of Unio crassus translocated to new sites during a reintroduction project for this threatened species in the River Biała (Poland). Individual mussels were equipped with radio transmitters (10 mussels at each of four sites during low water in autumn, and 10 mussels at each of 11 sites during the spring flood). After being released into the water, the mussels generally moved away from the bank, and then performed erratic movements, dispersing over a larger area on flat parts of the riverbed, finally congregating on steep parts of the river bed in shallow water (0.20 m) near the bank. Mussel mortality was surprisingly low: all survived the autumn trial, and 80% of the radio‐tracked adults survived the spring flood. Some of them were displaced quite far within the channel (>100 m), apparently suffering no harm. The confirmed cases of mortality were a few individuals that had become stranded on gravel bars formed during the flood that were now drying out. Long‐distance displacement was more frequent in lotic or regulated parts of the channel and in the parts where the channel morphology was unstable during the flood. Radiotelemetry should be used to test the suitability of receptor sites before translocation, in order to find places where mussels will choose to stay, and to standardize mussel detectability when monitoring relocation success.

MILITARY AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES IN PROVINCE OF BOSNIA (1700-1715)

<p class="ql-align-justify">In the present study, actions taken by Ottomans to establish the state order in the province of Bosnia following the signing of the treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, to ensure the return of the community of expatriates to the province, and to provide the substructure necessary for daily life and reconstruction of the province were discussed. The first one of the actions taken in the province is the reinforcement of castles considering the possibility of an outbreak of another war and aiming to strengthen the province’s defense. Another action performed with the military intent was the examination of personnel who were working at castles, redoubts, and towers, deserted or did not do their military service. Castles, redoubts, and towers that had been placed on important water beds in the province of Bosnia and had great importance in city’s defense were overhauled. In addition, social buildings such as mosques, caravansaries, and bridges destroyed or demolished during the war were reconstructed to ensure the return of the people who had been obliged to abandon the province of Bosnia and to enable them to spend their daily life. In the study, the cost of these actions performed between the years of 1700 and 1715 to the empire, difficulties experienced and solutions devised to the problems were evaluated.&nbsp;

ENHANCEMENT OF CONDENSATE RECOVERY FACTOR FROM DEPLETED GAS CONDENSATE FIELDS

The efficiency of gas condensate fields additional development at the final stage was investigated. The feature of condensed hydrocarbon production at low reservoir pressures is analyzed and the effectiveness of methods for increasing condensate recovery from depleted gas condensate fields is considered. The theoretical model of the simplified depleted gas condensate field with homogeneous volume and reservoir properties is developed. The study involves processes of the gas condensate recovery from depleted gas condensate fields enhancement through the injection of dry hydrocarbon gas, nitrogen, carbon dioxide gas into a bed, fringe of the propane-butane fraction with its transfer along the bed through nitrogen and by flooding are investigated using the hydrodynamic simulator Eclipse 300. The effectiveness of various placements of injection wells and the active reservoir water effect on the gas condensate field exploitation are outlined. The research proved that the placement of injection wells in the contour zone is the most effective when reservoir water active contour is available. In general, the introduction of methods for condensate recovery enhancement in gas condensate fields with high level of condensate should be carried out from the beginning of the field exploitation to prevent the loss of hydrocarbons because of retrograde condensation. The effect of introducing methods for the condensate recovery enhancement is relatively inconsiderable in the depleted gas condensate fields. Carbon dioxide turned out to be displacing agent. Its injection in the contour part of the field is recommended, in particular, this value will be even higher if the active water bed is not available.

A continuous process for the catalytic reduction of water nitrate

The catalytic reduction of nitrate in drinking water was studied, using bimetallic Pd-Sn catalysts, supported on a macroporous anionic resin (WA30- Mitsubishi), with different Pd and Sn contents. The catalysts were prepared by the controlled surface reduction method, in which the promoter metal (Sn) is deposited on the surface of the previously reduced noble metal (Pd). The solids characterization by XRF, XPS and H2 chemisorption confirmed the effectiveness of the preparation technique. The catalytic evaluation was carried out both in a fixed-bed reactor with hydrogen bubbling and in a batch reactor. In both cases, the most active catalyst was the Pd 2%-Sn 0.5%, and it was observed that the decrease in the Sn content below this ratio hinders activity. Catalysts containing 1% Pd showed the better N2 selectivities. Catalysts did not show deactivation after treating more than 300 water bed volumes, even in the presence of competing anions. The effect of different reaction conditions was investigated, and it was found that a pH decrease does not modify the conversion but strongly improves N2 selectivity. A reaction mechanism was proposed for the different species involved in the reduction on the continuous reactor with H2 bubbling.

An Experimental Investigation of Convergent Rectangular Surface Jets: Spreading Characteristics of Horizontal Flow over the Bed of Deep and Stagnant Ambient Water

This study simulated the operation of discharge ducts in desalination plants to examine the effects exerted by the convergence and longitudinal slope of discharge channels on the spreading of horizontally flowing convergent and inclined rectangular surface jets over the bed of deep and stagnant ambient water. To this end, a 3.2 × 0.6 × 0.9 m3 flume was used, and rectangular channels with convergence angles of 12.5°, 25°, 45°, and 90° were designed. The used jet fluid was a salt water solution with a concentration of 45 g/L. The channels were activated to discharge jet fluid tangentially at a constant depth of 0.7 m into the ambient water surface. After the experiments, data analysis was carried out through image routing. Results indicated that flow distribution over the bed was circular and elliptical. The relationship between radial distance from the impingement point to the outer boundary of flow and time was determined to a power of 0.45 under discharge conditions without a longitudinal slope and to powers of 0.57 and 0.42 under discharge conditions characterized by an inclined slope. Finally, the spreading coefficients of the jets at average, major, and minor radial distances are 4, 2, and 4.5, respectively.