Water-alcohol Extracts Research Articles

A comparative phytochemical analysis of fresh fruits of some cultivated species of the <i>Crataegus</i> L.

Aim a comparative study of the content of flavonoids in the fresh fruits of some cultivated species of the genus Crataegus L.
 Material and methods. The objects of the study were fresh fruits of Crataegus sanguinea Pall., Crataegus submollis Sarg. and Crataegus flabellata (Bosc ex Spach) K. Koch harvested on the territory of the Botanical Garden of Samara University in September 2022 during their ripening. A direct spectrophotometry was chosen as a study method.
 Results. The absorption curves of water-alcohol extracts of fresh fruits of the Crataegus flabellata (Bosc ex Spach) K. Koch have a maximum of 280 2 nm due to procyanidins. The highest content of total flavonoid 1.27 0.07% expressed as catechin equivalents was found in the fruits of Crataegus flabellata (Bosc ex Spach) K. Koch. The highest content of the total flavonoids was noted in the exocarp of fresh fruits of the Crataegus flabellata (Bosc ex Spach) K. Koch. Fresh fruits of the Crataegus flabellata (Bosc ex Spach) K. Koch are suitable for obtaining juice, while the content of total flavonoids equivalent to catechin is 0.30 0.02%.
 Conclusion. Fruits of the North American species Crataegus flabellata (Bosc ex Spach) K. Koch are promising for the procurement of medicinal plant raw materials and use in medical practice.

OBTAINING ANTIOXIDANTS FROM FOOD INDUSTRY WASTE AND THEIR USE IN FATS

The food industry generates a large amount of waste and by-products of processing, which becomes a problem for the environment. Potato and onion peel, tomato seeds and peel are agro-industrial wastes of the world's main vegetable crops. However, the potential for antioxidants from them is not yet fully known. In this work, the influence of extracts obtained from these wastes on the process of inhibition of the rate of oxidation of sunflower oil was studied. Regression equations describing the process of extraction of biologically active substances from crop production waste as a result of water-ethanol extraction at a temperature of 60°C were obtained. It was established that the optimum concentration of ethanol in the water-ethanol mixture of extractants is in the range of 70–80%. Increasing the extraction time has a positive effect on the yield of extractive substances (at an interval of 2–15 hours). The kinetics of oxidation of sunflower oil by the accelerated method was studied and the antioxidant activity of the obtained antioxidants was determined, which is: for onion peel 2.29 (ie at a concentration of antioxidant 200 mg/kg oil the induction period of sunflower oil oxidation is more than doubled). For potato peels, this figure is 3.17, and for tomato peels – 1.85. All antioxidants obtained from plant waste were no less effective than butylhydroxyanisole (antioxidant activity – 1.93). The effectiveness of antioxidants varied as follows: onion peel > potato peel > butylhydroxyanisole > tomato residues. The expediency of using ascorbic acid in the course of water-alcohol extraction of antioxidants from vegetable raw materials has been proven. It has a positive effect on increasing the output of antioxidants and on extending the induction period of sunflower oil as a result of its own antioxidant properties. The existence of a synergistic effect between ascorbic acid and substances extracted from potato, onion and tomato peel has been proven, which in numerical value is 163, 126, and 180%, respectively.

Study of okra pectin prepared by sweeping frequency ultrasound/freeze-thaw pretreatment on corrosion inhibition of ANSI 304 stainless steel in acidic environment

Green and efficient metal corrosion inhibitors are very essential, and natural okra pectin (OP) can fulfill this need with rational use of resources. OP was prepared by water-alcohol extraction method after freeze-thaw pretreatment (FTP)/sweeping frequency ultrasound pretreatment (SFUP), and used for corrosion inhibition of ANSI 304 stainless steel (304 SS) in 1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl). The molecular weight, hydrodynamic diameter and monosaccharide composition of OP were analyzed to determine the factors on the corrosion inhibition of 304 SS. During SFUP of okra, the time-domain variation of ultrasound field was monitored by piezoelectric film sensor, its frequency-domain variation was monitored by a hydrophone, and analyzed respectively by oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer. Static weight-loss method, electrochemical and microscopic analyses were used to evaluate the corrosion inhibition efficiency of OP at temperatures (25, 30, 40, 50 °C) and concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2 g·L−1) to optimize corrosion inhibition performance. It was found that OP by FTP and SFUP had higher corrosion inhibition efficiency on metals in acidic environment. According to static weight-loss method, the corrosion inhibition efficiency of OP with concentration of 2 g·L−1 (25 °C) was improved to 90.27 % in the FTP group and 93.53 % in the SFUP group, which 5.14 % and 8.93 % higher than Control (without pretreatment). Meanwhile, the corrosion inhibition efficiency decreased gradually as the temperature increased. OP corrosion inhibition performance fit Langmuir adsorption isothermal model as a mixed adsorption based on physical adsorption. It was a mixed inhibitor to protect 304 SS from corrosion.

Biological Activity of Genus Hypericum Sect. Hypericum Species-H. tetrapterum, H. maculatum subsp. immaculatum, H. triquetrifolium.

St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum, Hypericaceae) has long been used in traditional medicine as a potent remedy, while many other species of this genus have not been thoroughly investigated. The study aimed to detect the biological activity, including antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, anticholinergic, antimicrobial and monoaminoxidase inhibitory potential, of water-alcoholic extracts of three species autochthonous for Serbia and Greece from plant genus Hypericum (section Hypericum-H. tetrapterum, H. maculatum ssp. immaculatum and H. triquetrifolium), followed by phytochemical profiling. The highest amount of phenolics was recorded in H. maculatum subsp. immaculatum extract, while the highest abundance of flavonoids was characteristic of H. tetrapterum extract. Hypericin and hyperforin, quercetin, and its flavonoid, rutin, were present in all of the evaluated species. The evaluated species were good scavengers of DPPH, OH and NO radicals, as well as potent reducers of ferric ions in FRAP assay. Furthermore, the evaluated species were shown as potent inhibitors of monoaminoxidase A and α-glucosidase and modest inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, monoaminoxidase B and α-amylase. No anti-Candida activity was recorded, but the extracts were effective against MRSA Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus sp., as well as against Proteus mirabilis. The obtained results strongly highlight the need for further in vivo studies in order to better define the potential of the medicinal application of the studied species.

Yi Qi Chu Tan Formula (YQCTF) inhibited the progress of lung cancer via regulating tumor-associated neutrophil: An integrated study of network pharmacology, proteomics and pharmacodynamics

Ethnopharmacological relevanceYi Qi Chu Tan Formula (YQCTF), a prescription consisting of eight traditional Chinese medicine for treating lung cancer, has been clinically proven to be effective in improving the life quality and prolonging the survival time of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Aim of the studyThis study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of YQCTF on NSCLC mice model and further explore its therapeutic targets by using network pharmacology, proteomics and pharmacodynamic methodologies. Materials and methodsThe network pharmacology analysis was firstly conducted to screen out the potential active ingredients and therapeutic targets of YQCTF against NSCLC. Three kinds of extracts, i.e. the water extract (WE), water extraction-alcohol precipitation (WEAP) and alcohol extract (AE) of YQCTF were prepared, which chemical compositions were subsequently analyzed by using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), and which anti-neoplastic efficacy was examined on NSCLC mice model. Mice tumor tissues were collected for proteomics analysis, and the immunomodulatory effects of YQCTF extracts on the tumor microenvironment (TME) were further validated by using flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, ELISA and Western blot. ResultsNetwork pharmacology identified 60 conjunct genes and ample cancer-related signaling pathways as potential therapeutic targets of YQCTF. Protein-protein interaction (PPI), Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis indicated that YQCTF might negatively regulate cancer-related inflammation. UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that the main components of YQCTF include at least ginsenosides, solasodine, solamargine, solasonine, peimisine, peiminine, peimine and sipeimine-3β-D-glucosihde. All kinds of YQCTF extracts significantly inhibited the growth of lung cancer allograft and regulated the ratio of immune cells in tumor tissues, i.e. upregulated the fractions of T cells, promoted the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), increased the M1/M2 ratio of tumor-related macrophages, but reduced the number of Tregs and immunosuppressive neutrophils. Proteomics identified neutrophils to be the most prominently enriched target linked to NETs formation in mice tumor tissue, which is verified by the downregulation of neutrophil recruiting factors involving IL-6, HIF-1α and IL-8, as well as the decreases of NETs-related biomarkers including H3cit, MPO, CD18, MMP9 and ICAM-1 in immunofluorescence, ELISA and Western blot analysis. ConclusionYQCTF inhibited the progress of mice NSCLC allograft, suppressed the pro-tumorigenic tumor-associated neutrophils and improved the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME).

Study of the composition of useful plant extracts

The article presents research materials on the composition and properties of BAS in water-alcohol extracts of plants. Phenol-accumulating and spicy-aromatic wild plants were used as plant raw materials for obtaining extracts. In this work extracts of wild herbs and fruits among the variety of BAS contained in hydroalcoholic, substances with P-vitamin activity - a complex of monomeric and oligomeric forms of phenolic compounds are of particular scientific and practical importance. Extractions were found to be phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins. The importance of these substances is that the activity of vitamin P is often related to the antioxidant potential of phytocactus.

Hypoglycemic effect and active ingredients screening of Isodon Japonicus based on network pharmacology and experimental validation

Isodon Japonicus (IJ) has historically been widely used as herbal functional food. To date, there has been no publication regarding the hypoglycemic mechanism of IJ. This study was to study the hypoglycemic ingredients and mechanisms of IJ. The network pharmacology method was used to explore the ingredient-target-pathway relationship. There were 11 hypoglycemic ingredients, 12 hypoglycemic targets, and 130 signaling pathways for IJ on diabetes. To confirm the hypoglycemic impacts, cell tests and animal experiments were jointly carried out. With the human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated by water extract (0.06–2.00 g/L) and alcohol extract (0.06–2.00 g/L) of IJ, the cell viability in the water extract group (0.06–2.00 g/L) and the alcohol extract group (0.25–2.00 g/L) showed significant viability compared to that of the model group (P < 0.05), respectively. Animal experiments showed that both the water extract and the alcohol extract of IJ could lower diabetic rats' blood glucose levels compared to the model group (P < 0.05). This study proposed an effective method to explore the potential hypoglycemic ingredients, targets, signaling pathways, and pharmacological effects for IJ on diabetes. This strategy may be useful for other herbs to explore the active ingredients and pharmacological mechanism.

Diet typology as a factor of influence on environmental aspects of human life activity

Purpose. To analyze the influence of the typology of food of the population of a certain geographical region on the health and life expectancy of people in that region. To identify biologically active substances with a positive effect on the health in order to use them in the development of health food products. Methods. The antioxidant properties of red grape skin powder and its water-alcohol extract were studied. The moisture content of the obtained powder is no more than 6-7.5%. The powder of grape skins and its water-alcohol extract were introduced in the amount of 1% by mass into the model raw materials. Model raw materials are vegetable fats and oils. This raw material contains triglycerides of mono- and polyunsaturated higher carboxylic acids, which are subject to oxidation in air. This model raw were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the powder and water-alcohol extract of the powder of red grape skins. The antioxidant properties of the biologically active substances of the powder of the skins of red grape varieties were studied by the redox titration method. Results. The introduction of powder or water-alcohol extract of the skin of red grape varieties into the model raw material increases the resistance of the raw material to oxidation. The addition of a water-alcohol extract inhibits the oxidation process more effectively than the powder. Research in model conditions at temperature showed that the peroxide value of vegetable fat increases by 1.1 times when the extract is added, sunflower oil and olive oil - by 1.6 times. Under these conditions, the peroxide number of control samples without additives increased by 2.3 times for vegetable fat, and by 2.5 times for sunflower and olive oils. The skin of red grapes is a source of antioxidants. Antioxidant properties are preserved by the powder obtained from the skin of red grape varieties by drying, as well as by the water-alcohol extract of this powder. Conclusions. The skin of red grape varieties contains biologically active substances of the polyphenolic and stem series. These substances are powerful antioxidants. The skin of red grape varieties can be used in the technology of food for specific health purposes. This food to prevent heart diseases and gerontological purposes.

BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES OF AGASTACHE RUGOSA (LAMIACEAE), INTRODUCED IN WESTERN SIBERIA

The report presents the results of the study of the chemical composition of of biologically active substances of various parts and organs of Agastache rugosa introduced in Western Siberia. Agastache rugosa were collected by the authors in July-August 2021–2022 in the territories of Tomsk regions. Water and water-alcohol extracts were obtained from raw materials. The studies was conducted using PC, TLC, UV-spectroscopy, titrimetry. The component composition of the essential oil was studied by GLC-MS on the gas chromatograph Agilent 6890 with quadrupole mass spectrometer (HP MSD 5973N). About 50 individual components were found, 30 of them for the first time. Vitamins (ascorbic acid, carotenoids), polysaccharides, phenolic compounds (flavonoids, phenolcarbonic acids, tannins), essential oil were found in all organs of the plant. Saponins are present in flowers and herbs, but not found in fruits. The presence of acacetin, apigenin, quercetin, tilianine, rosemary acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid was found. The difference in the content of biologically active substances in different organs was established. The dominant groups in different parts and organs of the plant are essential oil, phenol carboxylic acids, carotenoids, ascorbic acid. Flavonoids and chlorophyll in all organs of this species belong to the group of minor BAS.

SUBCRITICAL WATER AS A TOOL FOR OBTAINING EXTRACTS OF SECONDARY PLANT METABOLITES WITH HIGH ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY FROM GINKGO BILOBA L. LEAVES

Extracts of secondary plant metabolites (SPM) with high antioxidant activity (AOA) are gaining more and more attention as biologically active additives. To obtain them, methods of "green chemistry" are increasingly being considered. In the present work, to obtain extracts with high antioxidant activity enriched of polyphenols from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba (GB), medium of a subcritical water (SCW) was used in the temperature range from 100 to 220 °C. The use medium of the SCW for extraction processes allows not only to increase the extraction of SPM from the plant matrix, but also to achieve a change in the phytochemical profile of the obtained extracts.&#x0D; The polyphenol profile of extracts leaf’s GB was studied by UV/Vis spectrophotometry, as well as the dependence of the content of SPM, in the form of the sum of polyphenolic compounds (including flavonoids) and AOA of extracts, on the extraction method: in medium of SCW or water-alcohol (traditional) extraction. It has been shown that the content of polyphenolic compounds and the AOA of extracts depend on the extraction conditions (temperature of SCW). It was demonstrated that the extract obtained from leaves of GB in SCW at 220 °C contains the highest amount of polyphenolic compounds and demonstrates the maximum AOA (EC50=34.7 μg/ml) among the obtained extracts. The presented results demonstrate the promise of using SCW to obtain extracts from leaves of GB with a high content of polyphenols for the development of pharmaceuticals and food supplements with high AOA.

Исследование процесса выпаривания для получения концентратов из растительного сырья

Low-pressure vacuum evaporation is an effective way to obtain dry concentrates. However, some factors may affect its efficiency and speed. This article introduces the effect of technological factors on the evaporation process in a rotary evaporator. The research objective was to select the optimal mode to obtain concentrates and extracts from plant materials.&#x0D; The experimental studies involved standard research methods and a BUCHI Rotavapor laboratory rotary evaporator (BUCHI, Switzerland). The research featured a water-alcohol extract of wild blueberries and an enzymatic hydrolysate of grain sorghum (durra), obtained by biotechnological treatment with amylolytic enzyme preparations. &#x0D; The optimal evaporation mode included the following values: the volume of the evaporation flask was 1 L; the wall thickness of the flask was 1.8 mm; the angle of inclination was 25°; the rotation speed was 280 rpm; the temperature heating bath was 50–60°C; the steam temperature in the evaporator was 30–40°C. For condensation, the temperature of the refrigerant in the condenser was 10–20°C. The experiment yielded a concentrate of blue-violet blueberries with 70–72% solids. The content of polyphenolic compounds was 1.86 times as high as in the original water-alcohol extract while that of anthocyanins was 1.4 times as high. The enzymatic hydrolysate of grain sorghum yielded a condensed sugar syrup with 78–80% solids and 91–92% reducing sugars in terms of glucose equivalent.&#x0D; The research provided optimal modes of evaporation for extracts and enzymatic hydrolysates from plant raw materials in a rotary evaporator. The plant concentrates had a high content of solids and maintained the sensory properties of the raw material.

An approach to standardization of licorice herb (&lt;i&gt;glycyrrhiza glabra&lt;/i&gt; l.)

Aim to develop a method for standardization of licorice herb.&#x0D; Material and methods. The material for the study was licorice herb harvested in Alekseevka settlement of the Samara Region (2021), Tatarskaya Kargala village of Sakmarskiy area of the Orenburg Region (2017), Derzhavinsk city of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2018), Bol'shaya Chernigovka village of Bol'shchernigovsk area of the Samara Region (2019), and a commercial sample of licorice root raw material from AO "Krasnogorskleksredstva". In addition, the reference standards (RS) were used: pinostrobin, licuraside, quercetin, rutin, luteolin and glycyram. The authenticity was determined by the thin layer chromatography (qualitative analysis). For the quantitative analysis, we used the differential spectrophotometry, conducted in accordance with Pharmacopoeial monograph 1.2.1.1.0003.15 "Spectrophotometry in ultraviolet and visible spectra". The spectral characteristics of water-alcohol extracts were evaluated on spectrophotometer "Specord 40" (Analytik Jena AG, Germany).&#x0D; Results. The dominant flavonoid substance, pinocembrin, was detected. This compound in chloroform-ethanol (4:1) solvent system had blue fluorescence at 365 nm. During the development of the chromatogram with an alkaline solution of diazobenzene sulphonic acid, a light green stain (pinoсembrin) was detected practically at the level of the pinostrobin stain. It is reasonable to determine the diagnostic flavonoid pinocembrin of licorice herb using pinostrobin as the reference standard. The flavonoids pinocembrin and pinostrobin have similar spectral characteristics and are similar in chemical structure. A method has been developed for quantitative determination of the total flavonoids in terms of pinocembrin in water-ethanol extract of licorice herb (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) using the differential spectrophotometry. The total flavonoid content in the licorice herb varies from 0.390.002% to 3.480.015% (in terms of pinocembrin).

THE PROBLEMS TO IMPROVE THE STANDARDISATION OF YARROW HERB

Relevance. It is known the method of quantitative determination of the total flavonoids in the herb of common yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) includ-ed in the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation XIV edition, according to which at the stage of extraction of these raw materials should be ac-id hydrolysis with ethyl alcohol 96% containing 1% hydrochloric acid concentrated, followed by determination of the amount of flavonoids in recalcula-tion on luteolin. The flavonoid glycosides, including 7-O-glucosides luteolin (cynaroside) and apigenin (cosmosiin), difficult to acid hydrolysis, which does not allow for complete hydrolysis and exhaustive extraction of the target substances. Determination of the main groups of biologically active substances by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) involves the use of a standard sample of sudan III, not contained in the raw material. The purpose of this study is the improvement of methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis of herb of Achillea millefolium L. Material and methods. Yarrow herb harvested in 2021 was used as study materials. Extraction of individual substances from yarrow herbs was car-ried out using column chromatography on silica gel KSC 50/100 under conditions of gradient elution with chloroform-ethanol solvent mixture in different ratios. Along with the isolated individual flavonoids, we used working standard samples of flavonoids obtained by the authors in previous studies of herbal plants containing flavonoids, characterized using UV and NMR spectroscopy: rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, cynaroside, luteolin. Flavonoid content was determined by thin-layer chromatography and by differential spectrophotometry. Results. TLC analysis revealed the presence of three dominant and diagnostically significant flavonoids: cosmosiin, cynaroside and apigenin. Analysis of UV spectra also confirmed that the spectral characteristics of the water-alcoholic extracts from common yarrow herbs, especially under the condi-tions of differential spectrophotometry, are mainly determined by the dominant flavones (cosmosiin, cynaroside and apigenin). Conclusions. The obtained results of studies on the flavonoid composition and spectral characteristics of the isolated dominant flavonoids suggest the feasibility of conducting of the qualitative and quantitative analysis of common yarrow herbs using cynaroside as a standard sample.

Study of alcoholic-water extracts of Thymus Vulgaris obtained by ultrasonic extraction method

Alcohol-water extracts of Thymus vulgaris have obtained by ultrasonic extraction method for different times extraction. The obtained extracts have been tested for the quantitative content of extractive substances, phenolic compounds and flavonoids and for the presence of antioxidant activity. The best studied indicators were found in extract obtained by ultrasound extraction for 40 minutes (content of extractive substances 25 mg / ml, sum of polyphenolic compounds 30 mg / ml, flavonoids content 45 mg / ml).

POLYPHENOLIC STATUS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE HERB THYMUS SERPYLLUM L.

Phenolic compounds are the most numerous and the most studied group of plant biology activity compounds. Phenolic compounds participate in various metabolic processes, which cause their biological activity. All natural phenolic compounds are low toxicity and show a wide range of effects on the human body. The most promising area of applied research is the study of the antioxidant, antibacterial, cytotoxic properties of phenolic compounds in order to obtain safe drugs of natural origin for the pharmaceutical industry. The search for new sources of plant phenolic compounds can be an effective, environmentally and economically advantageous alternative to their synthetic analogues. Compounds of polyphenolic nature are almost the most numerous class of biologically active substances that exhibit a high antioxidant status and, as a result, have a wide range of pharmacotherapeutic activity. For the analysis, an alcohol-water extract of thyme herb obtained by infusing for 7 days was used. The content of flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids and the amount of polyphenolic compounds were determined spectrophotometrically in terms of rutin, chlorogenic acid and gallic acid, respectively. It was shown that the content of flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids and the sum of polyphenolic compounds in terms of rutin, chlorogenic acid and gallic acid in the investigated samples of thyme herb is 1.531, 0.505 and 5.478%, respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined in vitro. A 0.1% solution of adrenaline hydrochloride was used as a system that produces the superoxide radical, taking the autoxidation of adrenaline into adrenochrome in an alkaline environment. During the study of antioxidant activity, a sufficiently high level of it was found in the thyme herb extract, the indicators were 50% at the beginning of exposure, increased to 57,45% after 15 seconds and, gradually decreasing further, still remained sufficiently pronounced. It was calculated that the rate of the autoxidation reaction of adrenaline in the experimental sample with the addition of creeping thyme extract was 0.0310 ou/min, against the control sample – 0.0446 ou/min, where pure adrenaline was used, while the indicator of the percentage of reaction inhibition when using the tested extract was 30.33%.

THE OBTAINING OF WATER-ALCOHOLIC AND SUGAR EXTRACTS FROM BERRIES

It was investigated the extraction of the dry substances with a water-alcohol solvent and the subsequent preparation of sugar extract from black currant, jostaberry, and plum. The water-alcohol solvent extracts the least dry matter from currant berries. The dry substance content in the black currant extract was 1.6%, while water-alcohol extracts from jostaberry and plum contained 4.3-5.5% of dry substances. At the same time, the content of dry substances in the extract is 1.6%, while water-alcohol extracts from gooseberry and plum contain 4.3–5.5% of dry substances. A significant amount of alcohol accumulates in the berries during the water-alcohol extraction. The alcohol content in all extracts, compared to the extractant, decreases from 40.0 to 25.06–26.39 wt. %. Simultaneously the alcohol losses decrease in further obtaining sugar extract from berries. The alcohol content in berries reaches 9.79 wt.% in black currant, 14.51 wt.% in plum, and 14.92 wt. % in jostaberry extract, particularly. The obtained sugar extracts contain different amounts of dry matter depending on the type of berries. The maximum degree of sugar utilization (79.0%) was during the preparation of black currant extract, which contains the maximum amount of dry substances (43.4%). The degree of sugar utilization by the plum extract obtaining was 71.6%. That corresponds to the dry substances content in the extract at 34.5%. The minimum degree of sugar utilization (31.5%) was during the production of jostaberry extract. The degree of sugar use ensures the content of dry substances in the extract of 31.8%. It was established that water-alcohol and sugar extracts from berries have maxima of visible light absorption in the range corresponding to anthocyanins absorption. The highest optical density has a water-alcohol extract from currants. A high content of polyphenolic compounds characterizes that. We established that acids are extracted almost the same amount from the berry raw material with a water-alcohol solution and during sugar treatment. The extracts from jostaberry have the maximum acidity, and its lowest value is characteristic of extracts from plum. The degree of extraction of vitamin C from berries was approximately the same and was 59% for jostaberry and 66% for black currant and plum. The perspective of using berries after extracting them as raw materials for obtaining various confectionery products is indicated.

Chromatographic Assessment of the Concentration of Phenolic Compounds in Wild Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Extracts Obtained under Various Extraction Conditions

Results of a study of water and water–alcohol extracts of wild chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) depending on the conditions of their extraction by different methods are discussed. The test samples are wild chamomile samples collected in various regions of Russia. Phenolic components in their native forms were extracted from medicinal raw materials using infusion, maceration, microwave-assisted, ultrasound-assisted, and subcritical extraction, and by the pharmacopoeial method. Concentrations of individual components and total phenolic compounds in wild chamomile were determined by chromatographic methods. The HPLC determination of phenolic compounds with diode-array and mass spectrometric detection was carried out using gradient elution with a mixture of acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid. Chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid glycosides, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, dicaffeoylquinic and chicoric acid, apigenin-7-glucoside, and apigenin were identified in water and water–alcohol extracts of wild chamomile. The dependence of the concentration of phenolic compounds on the geographical place of the growth of plant raw materials was studied based on value of this parameter in extracts of wild chamomile samples from different territories. The maximum total concentration of phenolic compounds (10.1 mg/g) was found in the extract of chamomile from FarmaTsvet (Krasnogorsk, Moscow oblast).

STUDY OF THE CONTENT OF POLYPHENOLS AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF THE EXTRACT OF GREEN MARINE ALGAE ULVA LACTUCA L.

It was studied the impact of a water-alcohol extract (70%) from the marine green algae Ulva lactuca L., enriched with a polyphenol fraction, and a herbal preparation – extract of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. &amp; Maxim.) Maxim. (Araliaceae) on the indicators of antioxidant protection of the liver and blood plasma of rats under acute stress (vertical fixation by the dorsal neck fold). The total polyphenols and flavonoids content in the extract of U. lactuca made 16.2±1.8 µg GAE/g and 9.10±1.87 g QE/g, respectively, which was 2 times higher than its amount in the Eleutherococcus extract – 7.6±0.25 µg GAE/g and 4.8±0.3 µg QE/g respectively. The antiradical activity against ABTS+ and alkyl-peroxyl radicals of the U. lactuca extract was also almost 2 times higher in compere with Eleutherococcus. The pharmacological effect of the phenolic complex of U. lactuca in Wistar rats under stress was manifested in the stabilization of the antioxidant defense system. It was noted a decrease of the malondialdehyde content, an increase of the antiradical activity level, reduced glutathione content and the activity of enzymes of glutathione cycle in the liver and blood plasma of rats. In terms of efficiency, the extract of U. lactuca was not inferior to the reference preparation Eleutherococcus, and in terms of the ability to restore the activity of antioxidant enzymes and indicators of the glutathione system, it was superior to that. The pharmacological effect of the phenolic complex of U. lactuca, to our opinion, is provided by the action of its constituent flavonoids, phenolic terpenoids, phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic, hydroxycinnamic, coumaric, synapic), etc., which have pronounced antioxidant properties, which prevents the development of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. Thus, the marine green algae U. lactuca is a promising raw material for the development of preparations that can increase the potential of the endogenous antioxidant defense system of the body at stress-induced disorders.

COMBINATION OF METHODS FOR DETERMINE THE AUTHENTICITY OF HERBS THYMUS SERPYLLUM AND THYMUS MARSHALLIANUS

Relevance. Authentication of crushed medicinal plant raw materials (RM) is an actual issue because there are species similar in morphology or there is a possibility of interspecific hybridization. The characteristics of the absorption spectra of extracts and their chromatographic profile are significant indicators of the authenticity of RS. The aim of the study was a comparative analysis by TLC and spectrophotometry of water-alcohol extracts from the herb Thymus marshallianus Willd. (TM) and Thymus serpyllum L. (TP). Material and methods. Water-alcohol extracts were obtained from 1.0 g of RS (exact suspension) in two ways (extractant – 70% ethanol, heating in a boiling water bath; extractant – 50% ethanol, 20–22 °C). Absorption spectra were recorded in the range of 200–500 nm. Eluent – ethyl acetate : formic acid anhydrous : water (70:15:15) was used for chromatography. Detection of adsorption zones was carried out after treatment with a 5% alcohol solution of AlCl3 at 365 nm. Rutin, quercetin and cinaroside were used as standard samples. Results. Microscopic analysis revealed diagnostic signs of the TM and TP leaf – trichomes of various types. The absorption spectra of water-alcohol extracts from TM and TP (obtained with 50% and 70% ethanol) have two pronounced maxima. When AlCl3 is added, a bathochromic shift of the long-wavelength absorption bands is observed. The chromatograms of these extracts revealed a yellow zone at the level of cinaroside, and differences in the number and color of the adsorption zones of TM and TP extracts. Conclusion. The absorption spectra of water-alcohol extracts have two pronounced maxima for TP of the same intensity, for TM – different. The intensity of differential absorption spectra of water-alcohol extracts of TM is higher, which indicates a higher content of flavonoids in its extracts. Cinaroside was detected in TM and TP extracts by TLC, while 11 adsorption zones are distinguishable on the chromatogram of extracts from TM herb, and 9 from TP.

Isolation and Identification of Aglicones of Flavonoids of Some Species of the Genus &lt;i&gt;Astragalus&lt;/i&gt; L. of the Volga Region Flora

Introduction. Promising sources of biologically active compounds (BAS) are extracts obtained from various morphological parts of plants of the numerous genus Astragalus L. One of the main groups of BAS isolated from plants of this genus are flavonoids, saponins, and polysaccharides. Sufficiently studied are Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge) and Astragalus mongholicus Bge., whose extracts have a wide range of pharmacological activity. Expansion of the nomenclature of medicinal plant materials and the study of BAS groups that determine the main pharmacological effects are topical studies in pharmacognosy. From this point of view, little-studied species of Astragalus (Astragalus henningii (Stev.) Klok., Astragalus testiculatus Pall., Astragalus varius S.G. Gmel., Astragalus dasyanthus Pall.), massively growing in the Volga region, are of interest.Aim. Isolation and identification of 5 aglycones of flavonoids in hydrolysates of water-alcohol extracts from Astragalus herb: A. henningii, A. testiculatus, A.varius, A. dasyanthus by HPLC/UV.Materials and methods. The objects of the study were the herb of four types of Astragalus (A. henningii, A. testiculatus, A.varius, A. dasyanthus), harvested during the period of mass flowering in the Saratov region and dried to an air-dry state. To study the composition of phenolic compounds, extraction was carried out with 70 % ethanol in the ratio of raw material : extracting agent 1 : 10 by infusion for 7 days. Acid hydrolysis was carried out with hydrochloric acid 37 % with heating for 40 min. The resulting hydrolysates were analyzed on an Agilent 1260 chromatograph (Agilent Technologies, USA) with a diode array detector, manual sample injection (Agilent G1328C manual injector, Agilent Technologies, USA) and an Agilent OpenLab CDS chromatographic data collection and processing system using an individually selected elution gradient of the mobile phase (0.1 % solution of orthophosphoric acids/acetonitrile). Compounds in the hydrolysates were identified by the retention times and UV spectra of a mixture of reference standards (RS) of quercetin, isorhamnetin, luteolin, kaempferol, and apigenin.Results and discussion. An elution gradient was selected for one time determination of 5 aglycones of flavonoids with a single analysis time of 13 minutes. These conditions made it possible to identify compounds in the hydrolyzates of water-alcohol extracts of four types of Astragalus. Luteolin, quercetin and apigenin were found in hydrolyzates of A. henningii, A. testiculatus and A. varius; isorhamnetin and kaempferol were found in A. henningii and A. varius. None of the analyzed aglycones was found in the A. dasyanthus hydrolyzate.Conclusion. After preliminary selection of the optimal conditions for the chromatographic separation of a mixture of 5 aglycones of flavonoids, hydrolysates of four types of Astragalus were analyzed. The data obtained indicate the prospects for further study of the chemical composition of Astragalus and confirm the expediency of their use for obtaining of new herbal remedies.