Waste Policy Research Articles

Towards Sustainable Urban Solid Waste Management: A Comparative Analysis and Recommendations for India's Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0

This research paper aims to address the pressing challenges posed by ineffective solid waste management in urban areas, with a specific focus on India's Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0. The study assesses existing waste management strategies, compares different approaches, and identifies successful practices to restore environmental balance. By evaluating various waste management methods, technologies, and policies, the research project seeks to provide insights and recommendations for improving waste management practices in urban areas. The significance of this study lies in its potential to foster sustainable waste management practices that promote environmental preservation, mitigate climate change, protect public health, and contribute to a more liveable urban environment. Through exploring innovative technologies, waste reduction strategies, recycling initiatives, and community engagement, this research project aims to pave the way for more effective waste management practices, fostering a transition towards a circular economy and a healthier, more sustainable future for urban areas.

Spatiotemporal Variability in Municipal Solid Waste Production and the Determinants in Hefei’s Core Urban Districts

Precision in discerning the spatiotemporal dynamics of municipal solid waste (MSW) production and its drivers is pivotal for informing the seasonal management and recycling of urban waste streams. This investigation zeroed in on Hefei’s central urban zone, deploying a nuanced principal component analysis and geographically and temporally weighted regression (PCA-GTWR) to quantify the sway of the environmental, economic, and living standard variables on the MSW generation patterns. The methodology unfolded across four main phases: (1) leveraging nocturnal light data to approximate the MSW output; (2) employing spatial autocorrelation to probe the variable trends and spatial interdependencies of the waste generation; (3) harnessing principal component analysis to pinpoint critical determinants and preprocess these as inputs for the GTWR model; (4) mapping the GTWR outcomes to elucidate the differential impacts of various factors on the waste production patterns. Key findings reveal a distinctively polycentric MSW distribution, with high-density areas anchored in the urban core and diminishing intensities beyond the secondary periphery. The trio of socioeconomic variables, residents’ living standard variables, and natural variables emerge as pivotal, with the PCA-GTWR offering a vivid spatial delineation of their effects. Notably, socioeconomic growth exerts a pronounced positive influence in more affluent quarters, residential standards bear greater relevance in burgeoning urban sections than in the established core, and environmental influences wield the least sway, ebbing and flowing with the seasons. These insights demystify the undercurrents shaping the MSW production in urban China, serving as a strategic compass for waste minimization initiatives and policy formulation.

Textile waste and education for sustainability: a Brazilian literature review

In Brazil, the way to dispose textiles waste is not widely available, and they aren’t considered a waste category such as metal, plastics, glass, and paper. Hence, tons of materials are send directly to landfills and open-air dumps. Additionally, the recycling possibilities requires specialized knowledge. The country has three main policies to administrate the environmental problems: National environmental policy (1981); National Solid Waste Policy (2010); National environmental education policy (1999). All of them have a point of convergence on reducing, not generating, reusing and recycling materials. The growing cost to the environment, land, air and water pollution, and to government to dispose, must call attention of the researchers to study and advocate for changes and to raise awareness. Studiers must put a great effort into to collaborate with redesigning and to produce less textiles waste. Following this discussion, this paper is a bibliographical survey in CAPES and SUCUPIRA’s databases (Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education), after querying with the keywords related to textile waste generation and education. Comprising the period 2017-2021, the study focuses on scientific documents – master and doctor dissertations – written in Portuguese language. The objective in doing a review of literature was to evaluate it according to the guiding concepts of education, sustainability and textile waste generation. This methodological alternative to conduct this research, and technical procedures, revising scientific information, focused on 13 articles. It is concluded that the bibliographic review articles, related to education and textile waste generation are not emphasized in academic production. Therefore, significant findings in literature could empowered academic public for changing attitude and stimulate new researches.

Towards development of effective policies and regulations for sustainable off‐grid solar electronic waste management systems in Kenya

AbstractOff‐grid solar systems provide clean and affordable energy sources. Adoption of off‐grid Solar energy is becoming increasingly popular in Kenya as a source of renewable energy, with an estimated 10 million people using off‐grid solar power systems as of the end of year 2022. However, the rising off‐grid solar systems technology uptake comes with a growing amount of solar e‐waste, which can have harmful environmental and health effects if not managed properly. Current data on the exact amount of solar e‐waste being generated in Kenya is unavailable and this amount will continue to rise with the expiry of many of these off‐grid solar systems lifespans. This study through stakeholder's workshop and document review data collection and analysis approaches, established that Kenya just like many countries in the Global South has a robust general waste policy and regulation management framework. However, it lacks specific policies and regulations on off‐grid‐solar electronic waste management a challenge that many countries in the Global North have made considerate steps in addressing. In addition, there is a lack of awareness of the hazardous nature of off‐grid solar systems' e‐waste components to both consumers and institutions of governance. There is a lack of adequate infrastructure and sufficient systems for off‐grid solar e‐waste management in the country. Enforcement and implementation challenges of the existing general waste regulations due to limited resources and capacity and corruption culture are major impending factors. This calls for the development of effective policies and regulations to ensure sustainable off‐grid solar e‐waste management in Kenya against the backdrop of the rising uptake of off‐grid solar systems.

Current Progress on the Development of the Integrated Waste Management Consent-Based Siting Process in the United States

Consent-based siting is an approach to siting facilities that prioritizes the participation and needs of people and communities and seeks their willing and informed consent to accept a project in their community. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is firmly committed to a consent-based approach to siting one or more spent nuclear fuel management facilities that enables meaningful and inclusive public participation, addresses community well-being and community needs, and centers equity and environmental justice as core values. At present, nuclear energy accounts for 19% of U.S. electricity production and half of the nation’s carbon-free energy. Nuclear energy is key to achieving the Nation’s goal of a 50% reduction in carbon emissions by the end of the decade, 100% clean electricity by 2035, and a net-zero emissions economy by 2050. Nuclear power will be key to achieving the Nation’s goals, as the United States strives to reduce carbon emissions; ensure energy independence; and maintain leadership in nuclear technology, safety, and security. However, the use of nuclear energy also requires an effective, integrated system for safely managing, storing, and permanently disposing of spent nuclear fuel. Since the 1950s, approximately 90 000 metric tons of heavy metal (MTHM) of spent nuclear fuel has been generated from commercial nuclear power generation in the United States. This inventory grows by approximately 2000 MTHM every year. This commercial spent nuclear fuel is currently safely and securely stored at over 70 sites in more than 30 states where it is enclosed in either steel-lined concrete pools of water or steel and concrete containers known as dry storage casks. The United States also has an inventory of noncommercial spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste, which makes up less than 5% of the total inventory. Management of the Nation’s spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste is the responsibility of the DOE, under the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, as amended. This responsibility includes finding sites to store and eventually dispose of this material. Per Congressional direction, DOE’s current activities are focused on establishing a federal interim storage capability for commercial spent nuclear fuel following a consent-based approach. However, a permanent disposal solution for spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste will still be needed. DOE will apply lessons learned from consent-based siting for one or more interim storage facilities to future siting efforts for other elements of an integrated nuclear waste management system. An integrated waste management system will include consolidated interim storage capacity, a permanent disposal pathway, and the transportation infrastructure needed to move spent nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste from nuclear power plants to storage and disposal facilities. This paper describes DOE’s current progress to identify one or more sites to develop a federal consolidated interim storage capability for commercial spent nuclear fuel using a consent-based siting process.

Study of the Implementation of Household Hazardous and Toxic Waste Management Policy in the Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta

This study aims to analyze the application of hazardous and toxic waste management policies in the Special Province of Yogyakarta household sector. Waste management is still an emergency problem, especially in Yogyakarta. Garbage is a problem that has not been resolved until now. There is a category of hazardous waste because it can threaten the environment and humans, namely hazardous and toxic waste that contains hazardous materials that require special management. The research method used is qualitative research method using library data analysis. Through this approach, the research gathers information from various literature sources, policy documents, and the results of previous studies on managing hazardous and toxic waste in the household sector. The results of this study are the implementation of hazardous and toxic waste management policies in the household sector still needs to be entirely appropriately implemented in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Indicate that although policies related to hazardous and toxic waste management exist, their implementation still faces several factors, such as the need for more public awareness about the types of hazardous and toxic waste in the household sector and the limited infrastructure for storage and processing are some factors that influence the implementation of this policy.

Toward sustainable waste management in small islands developing states: integrated waste-to-energy solutions in Maldives context

Effective waste management is a major challenge for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) like Maldives due to limited land availability. Maldives exemplifies these issues as one of the most geographically dispersed countries, with a population unevenly distributed across numerous islands varying greatly in size and population density. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the unique waste management practices across different regions of Maldives in relation to its natural and socioeconomic context. Data shows Maldives has one of the highest population density and per capita waste generation among SIDS, despite its small land area and medium GDP per capita. Large disparities exist between the densely populated capital Male’ with only 5.8 km2 area generating 63% of waste and the ∼194 scattered outer islands with ad hoc waste management practices. Given Male’s dense population and high calorific waste, incineration could generate up to ∼30 GW/a energy and even increase Maldives’ renewable energy supply by 200%. In contrast, decentralized anaerobic digestion presents an optimal solution for outer islands to reduce waste volume while providing over 40%–100% energy supply for daily cooking in local families. This timely study delivers valuable insights into designing context-specific waste-to-energy systems and integrated waste policies tailored to Maldives’ distinct regions. The framework presented can also guide other SIDS facing similar challenges as Maldives in establishing sustainable, ecologically sound waste management strategies.

Tracking the post-1990 sociometabolic transitions in Eastern Europe with dynamic economy-wide material flow analysis

Developing and transition countries merit more attentions on resource monitoring and circular economy implementation to improve global sustainability. With four Eastern European countries, Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, and Romania, as cases, we integrated economy-wide and dynamic material flow analysis principles to track multiple material flows and stocks during 1990–2019 and investigate circularity performance and decoupling status throughout all life cycle stages of their entire socioeconomic system. Although the absolute stocks presented different trajectories in these countries, they all have witnessed a progressive growth in per capita stocks, reaching 390 t/cap (Bulgaria), 383 t/cap (Croatia), 239 t/cap (Poland), and 306 t/cap (Romania) in 2019, dominated by minerals. Their material use along all life cycle stages has been identified as being in a strong coupling or a relative decoupling with economic outputs and thus further stock expansion is foreseeable. However, their socioeconomic circularity remained at a low level, ranging from 7 % to 14 %. Such sociometabolic patterns affirm demand-side strategies for manufacturing streams close to service provision are required to reduce resource extraction. Proper waste management systems and policy enforcement are needed to maximize recycling and increase circularity, particularly, in Bulgaria and Romania. We call for more bottom-up studies to improve sectoral resolution, zoom in key life cycle stages, and provide tailored insights towards circular economy implementation in such transition countries.

Analysis of the application of recycled polypropylene

Goal: Analyze the benefits of the application of recycled polypropylene in the evaporation tray of refrigerators in a multinational company of electro-electronic equipment. Design / Methodology / Approach: This research conducts a systematic literature review; performs a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of the polypropylene production, interpreting its results through a Pareto Diagram; and presents a case study in a multinational company of white line electro-electronic equipment. Results: The LCA results point out that propylene and the components released by the chemical plant cause the main negative externalities under the environment and human health, so that during PP production, propylene is responsible for 72% of the impacts under global warming and 86% in the face of scarcity of fossil resources. Thus, the case study proposes recycling polypropylene, following the Circular Economy guidelines by aligning the proposal with the Zero Waste policy, with modular design, with Reverse Logistics, and with Sustainable Development Goals. Research limitations: The work presents limitations inherent to literature review works, where filters are used to limit the search (limited to articles, published between 2012 and 2021 and written in English). Practical implications: The research encourages recycling, pointing out its contribution under the environmental, social and economic spheres. Originality / Value: The research presents originality and methodological value by combining qualitative and quantitative methods, and a theoretical and practical approach. Thus, it was possible to implement the research in the multinational company analyzed, and to measure the benefits obtained.

A participatory waste policy reform for the hotel sector: evidence of a progressive Pay-As-You-Throw tariff

The hotel industry is increasingly developing voluntary measures to tackle waste generation, but they fall short of the problems faced by municipal waste services in many tourist destinations. This paper exemplifies how a collaboratively designed waste tariff reform for hotels in a tourism-intensive municipality can achieve a sustainable waste management system through stronger collective action, involving not only the hotel sector but also the city council and waste management companies. The co-created Pay-As-You-Throw tariff meets the demands of the stakeholders by establishing a progressive waste charge that penalizes hotels based on their waste generation intensity, defined as the ratio between waste flows and size. In addition, a competition system is introduced by imposing penalties (or rewards) according to whether the waste generation intensity is above (or below) the sector average during the settlement period, incentivizing waste prevention, recycling and encouraging long-term investment in sustainable waste management. The tariff is consistent with the principles of the EU’s Circular Economy Package and offers hotels a competitive advantage, while ensuring a progressive waste charging system and waste management cost recovery. Empirical results of the co-created tariff show a reduction in waste generation intensity and signs of increased recycling rates.

Analysis of Brazilian consumers' perceptions of cosmetics packaging from a circular economy perspective

AbstractNowadays, a lot more packaging is used to protect and carry products, since they are no longer sold in bulk. Brazil holds the world's fourth largest consumer market for Hygiene, Perfumery, and Cosmetics—HPC in the world. It can therefore be inferred that there is a large consumption of packaging in this sector. However, the country has with the Brazilian Solid Waste Policy (BSWP), which obligates the implementation of reverse logistics for packaging and introduces the concept of shared responsibility—everyone in the chain is responsible for the waste. This paper aims to analyzed the perception of consumers of the sector of HPC related to the disposal and reverse logistics of packaging of beauty products under the Circular Economy‐CE perspective. For this purpose, we applied an online survey with consumers in the HPC sector in Brazil. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. It was identified that consumers lack knowledge about the concepts of CE and BSWP, indicating a need to improve the environmental awareness of the population. However, most consumers showed interest in companies that are concerned with the destination of used packaging.

Challenging treatment of food wastes for cleaner production after the African swine fever outbreak in South Korea

Food waste is a growing global concern, necessitating effective treatment solutions. South Korea stands out with over 90% of its food waste being recycled, driven by robust resource circulation policies. Across Asia, anaerobic digestion processes are favored for food waste treatment due to their economic and environmental advantages. The South Korean Government aims to expand anaerobic digestion to ensure stable organic waste treatment. However, the 2019 outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) in pig farms led to the cessation of wet feed production, comprising 22% of total feed. This has increased the pressure on alternative recycling methods. The handling of food waste leachate, generating around 1080 t/d during treatment, has become a concern due to the discontinuation of wet feed production. The objective of this study is to develop a food waste policy. It begins by assessing food waste and leachate generation through field surveys of 346 treatment facilities engaged in pretreatment, feeding, composting, and biogasification. To mitigate the impact of ASF outbreaks in the short term, a proposed solution involves diverting food waste leachate to existing sewage treatment plant digesters during non-injection weekends and other off-peak times. This measure aims to completely treat the maximum discharge of approximately 2000 t/d during the peak summer ASF outbreak periods. For the long term, a strategy involving anaerobic digestion is suggested in response to the gradual reduction in wet or dry feed production, along with composting, the conventional treatment method. This transition not only curbs greenhouse gas emissions but also enhances biogas production, a renewable energy source. These efforts align with the Korean Green New Deal’s goal of achieving a 20% share of renewable energy by 2030.

E-Waste Management: An Analysis under the Perspective of Conflicts and Shared Responsibility

Background: The Brazilian National Solid Waste Policy establishes the shared responsibility of all actors involved in e-waste generation and management; however, some conflicts of interest need interventions and approaches for preventing them. Objective: This paper proposes using a graph model for conflict resolution (GMCR) decision support system to simulate the analysis and resolution of realistic e-waste management conflicts. Method: A systematic literature review focused on e-waste management, shared responsibility and conflict management was conducted, and a graph model for conflict resolution (GMCR) decision support system was applied to generate a framework to address this context. Results: The need for commitment agreements promoted by government institutions in partnerships with companies involved in the process is essential since the principle of shared responsibility requires educational actions, favoring efficiency in the reverse logistics recovery procedures for e-waste. Understanding the interconnected causes of conflicts and their facets is crucial for effective resolution and prevention, aiding comprehension, focused interventions, and evidence-based decision-making for transformative change amidst conflicting stakeholder objectives in the case of WEEE management. These results can be helpful for academics and practitioners working in this area.

Assessment of Biomedical Waste Generation in Dialysis Units: A Prospective Observational Study-Is it Time for "Green Dialysis"?

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease and as a consequence end-stage kidney disease (EKSD) is increasing globally. More and more people across the world are requiring hemodialysis (HD). The HD procedure produces a large quantity of biomedical waste. In addition, HD consumes a large quantity of water. In this study, we estimated the waste generated from our government-funded HD unit. Materials and methods: It is a prospective study that was carried out in the dialysis unit in the nephrology department over a period of 1 year. The daily dialysis waste generated by the unit was measured using a spring balance. The proportion of plastic and nonplastic waste was determined. The quantity of biomedical waste generated per person in 1 year was calculated. Water input to the dialysis unit was noted. Water consumption per dialysis was calculated. Liquid chemical waste consumed was determined. Electricity consumed by the unit was measured by the electricity meter. The cost of waste disposal was calculated. The cost of electricity consumption and water consumption was also calculated. Results: The approximate weight of waste disposables generated in one dialysis was 0.75 kg. Approximately each person generates 1.29 kg of waste per dialysis. Each dialysis required 125 L of reverse osmosis (RO) water and to generate 125 L of RO water 250 L of raw water was used. This happens as 125 L of water are rejected during the generation of 125 L of RO water. Thus, the net water consumption for each dialysis was 250 L. Chemical waste generated per dialysis includes 90 mL citric acid per dialysis and 130 mL bleach. Each dialysis consumes 3 kWh (three units) of electricity. The cost of electricity for each dialysis was 25.5 INR and the cost of water was 25 INR per dialysis. The cost of waste disposal for each dialysis bed was 6 INR. Discussion: Each dialysis patient produced 1.29 kg of waste per dialysis which was like other studies. Unlike other studies, the waste was not being reprocessed or recycled. Conclusion: Hemodialysis produces substantial biomedical waste. Proper waste disposal techniques and policies to promote reduction, reuse, and recycling will go a long way toward promoting green dialysis and reducing environmental as well as economic burdens. How to cite this article: Sahay M, Sahay RK, Seshadri B, et al. Assessment of Biomedical Waste Generation in Dialysis Units: A Prospective Observational Study-Is it Time for "Green Dialysis"? J Assoc Physicians India 2023;71(10):49-52.

Effective Ways to Implement and Enforce Plastic Waste Policies in Africa

Effective Ways to Implement and Enforce Plastic Waste Policies in Africa

Waste Management in the Smart City: Current Practices and Future Directions

The discourse surrounding sustainability, particularly in the urban environment, has gained considerable momentum in recent years. The concept of a smart city epitomises the integration of innovative technological solutions with community-centred approaches, thereby laying the groundwork for a sustainable lifestyle. One of the crucial components of this integration is the effective and innovative management of waste. The aim of this article was to classify scientific research pertaining to waste management within the context of smart city issues, and to identify emerging directions for future research. A systematic literature review, based on a bibliometric analysis of articles included in the Scopus and Web of Science databases, was conducted for this study. The purpose of such a systematic review is to identify, integrate, and evaluate research on a selected topic, using clearly defined criteria. The research query included: TITLE-ABS-KEY (“smart city” AND (waste OR garbage OR trash OR rubbish)) in the case of Scopus, and TS = (“smart city” AND (waste OR garbage OR trash OR rubbish)) in the case of the Web of Science database. A total of 1768 publication records qualified for the analysis. This study presents an investigation into the current and forthcoming directions of waste management in smart cities, synthesising the latest advancements and methods. The findings outline specific future research directions encompassing technological advancement, special waste challenges, digitisation, energy recovery, transportation, community engagement, policy development, security, novel frameworks, economic and environmental impact assessment, and global implications. These insights reflect a multifaceted approach, advocating a technology-driven perspective that is integral to urban sustainability and quality of life. The study’s findings provide practical avenues for cities to enhance waste management through modern technologies, promoting efficient systems and contributing to sustainable urban living and the circular economy. The insights are vital for policymakers and industry leaders globally, supporting the creation of universal standards and policies, thereby fostering comprehensive waste management systems aligned with global sustainability objectives.

Examining Factors Influencing Public Knowledge, Risk Perception, and Policy Support for Waste Classification: A Multigroup Comparison of the Cognitive Mediation Model Based on Gender Differences

ABSTRACT Using the cognitive mediation model, this study aims to examine how media attention affects knowledge of the ways to implement waste classification via different information processing strategies, and ultimately influences risk perception of noncompliance with waste classification and policy support for waste classification. A total of 1,011 Chinese citizens participated in our survey using convenience sampling. The results demonstrated that media attention enhanced individuals’ knowledge via elaboration. The knowledge acquisition subsequently increased risk perception, which, in turn, strengthened policy support for waste classification. Furthermore, the multigroup structural equation modeling was conducted to determine differences in the cognitive meditation model between males and females. Compared with females, males with a high level of risk perception were more likely to support waste classification policies. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed as well.

Promoting Sustainable Development Through Environmental Policy, Green Technologies, and Effective Waste Management: A Comprehensive Review

Sustainable development is a global imperative achieved through environmentally conscious policies, green technology adoption, and efficient waste management. This comprehensive review examines the intertwined roles of environmental policy, green technologies, and waste management in advancing sustainability. It investigates the significance of policy and governance in setting environmental standards, emphasizes green technologies' transformative potential, explores renewable energy integration, delves into sustainable urban planning, and underscores effective waste management. Environmental policy and governance establish the framework for environmental protection, necessitating robust policies and penalties. Green technologies drive sustainability by curbing emissions and optimizing resource use across sectors. Integrating renewables demands smart grid innovation for stability. Sustainable urban planning fosters eco-friendly cities with energy-efficient buildings, public transit, and waste strategies. Waste management policies encourage reduction, recycling, and safe disposal. Aligning policy, green tech, and waste management is pivotal for sustainable development.

AQUAPONICS IN BRAZIL: REVIEW AND SURVEY ON WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Aquaponics is a food production technique that may be applied in the context of urban agriculture to help achieve food security and promote sustainable agriculture and production patterns, among other Sustainable Development Goals. Brazilian population is large and highly concentrated in urban areas and might benefit from this technique. Similar to any other production activity, aquaponic systems generate wastes that must be properly managed, but until now no study focused on waste generated on such systems or on management practices adopted by Brazilian producers; the goal of this article was to address both of these gaps. A systematic review identified waste streams generated on aquaponics, while management practices were seldom mentioned and addressed. A survey on producers located in 17 of the 27 Brazilian federal units helped confirm sludge, packaging waste, dead fish and unusable plant fractions as typical waste streams. It also identified a lack of concern for a more in-depth assessment of such streams to improve management practices, which tended to gravitate toward adequate and inadequate disposal. Finally, the article proposes management practices for each waste stream, drawing from strategies foreseen in Brazilian National Solid Waste Policy.

Solid waste management: an investigation on the current situation of the landfill in the municipality of Garanhuns – PE

The generation of solid residues has become one of the biggest problems of humanity due to the growing demand of the population for goods and services, and it is necessary that the governments look into a way to mitigate its harmful effects on the environment. In Brazil, the problem of adequate solid waste management also became recurrent and started with the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, which took place in the city of Rio de Janeiro in 1992, Rio-92 or Eco-92. The general objective of the work is to diagnose the current situation of the Garanhuns landfill regarding its suitability for the Intermunicipal Solid Waste Plan - PIRS of the Agreste Meridional Region of Pernambuco and the Garanhuns landfill as an instrument to combat environmental transgression. In the first moment, a documentary analysis was carried out regarding the proposed theme and in the second moment, an investigation, through an interview, about the situation of the landfill in relation to the PIRS. Despite fulfilling some requirements regarding the final destination of the waste, the municipality has not yet prepared, licensed and implemented the Degraded Areas Recovery Program-PRAD, an indispensable part to comply with the guideline of “Compliance with the National Solid Waste Policy”. However, even though there are still some obstacles to compliance with the PIRS, the importance of a properly licensed landfill operating in Agreste Meridional de Pernambuco is emphasized.