Waste Effluents Research Articles

Bioremediation, Biosorption and Biodegradation of the Textile Dye Reactive Black 5 by Life Cultures of Trichoderma asperellum LBKURCC1

Reactive black 5 (RB5) is an azo dye widely used in the textile industry for dyeing fabrics. It is categorized as a recalcitrant dye that is hard to degrade and an environmental pollutant. Therefore, textile waste effluents containing this dye must be treated to remove or degrade the dye, before being released into the environment. One method that can be used to degrade synthetic dyes such as RB5 is to use biological methods, by directly using live fungal cells or using laccase enzymes. Trichoderma asperellum LBKURCC1 is a filamentous fungus isolated from cacao plantation soil in Riau, Indonesia, and it is a laccase enzyme producer. To be able to determine the ability of T. asperellum LBKURCC1 life cultures to decolorize RB5 dye, several RB5 dye removal tests were carried out. Incubation of 50 ppm RB5 with life cultures of T. asperellum LBKURCC1 at room temperature (30°C, pH 6.5) for 24 hours resulted in 22% bioremediation, 3.2% biosorption and 19.1% biodegradation of the RB5 dye. The results of this study show that the live culture of T.asperellum LBKURCC1 is capable of biodegrading RB5. This is indicated by the degradation of RB5 by extracellular enzymes produced by these filamentous fungi.

Goat manure waste and palm oil mill effluent, viable crude oil degradation substrates: A thermodynamic and composting investigation studies

The composting and thermodynamic processes of crude oil (CO) degradation using the compost of goat manure origin (CGMO) and compost of palm oil mill effluent origin (CPOMEO) were studied. Microbial activity was investigated using the carbon dioxide (CO₂) evolution test. The physiochemical properties of the composts and that of the treated CO-contaminated soil (COCS) were also investigated. In particular, CGMO significantly improve CO degradation with the highest CO₂ evolution rate of 45 mg/g compared to the CPOMEO and the control. The CO degradation rates of 85.7 %, 71.4 %, and 14 % corresponded to the first-order CO degradation rate constants of 0.743 day−1, 0.689 day−1, and 0.136 day−1 for CGMO, CPOMEO, and control, respectively. The Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectral pattern for both composts revealed adsorption bands that were identifiable with polysaccharides, potassium, and nitrogen, whereas the scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrophotometry (SEMEDX) of CPOMEO indicated carbon and oxygen as the sole compositions. The negative ΔG and ΔH values indicated the spontaneity and exothermic nature of the CO composting process, respectively.

Preparation of agar functionalized graphene oxide-immobilized copper ferrite aerogel for dye degradation via dark-Fenton oxidative process

Dye and textile industries are one of the main causes of water pollution and put the environment and health of society at risk. Developing new materials to decontaminate industrial waste effluents containing dyes as pollutants is challenging due to numerous issues, including tailoring recyclable and biodegradable agents. This study focuses on applying an advanced oxidation process, electro-Fenton for the treatment of dye-containing wastewater using agar-functionalized graphene oxide-immobilized copper ferrite aerogel. The objective is therefore to determine the optimal conditions for the degradation of model pollutants methylene blue (MB). MB was oxidized and degraded through the dark-Fenton process using Agar@GO-CuFe2O4 as a new biobased catalyst. The effect of the operating parameters was then evaluated to determine the optimal conditions. The degradation process was screened for different initial concentrations of dye solution between 10 and 150 mg/l, a volume range of H2O2 between 0.5 and 2.5 ml, and different pH from 2 to 7. The results show that 99.89 % of the MB with the initial concentration of 150 ppm was degraded by 20 mg of the catalyst and 2 ml of H2O2 (30 % W/W) at 40 °C and pH = 6. Pseudo-second-order kinetics satisfactorily describes the experimental data. SynopsisThe prepared catalyst can be applied to oxidize industrial effluents before they are released into the environment.

Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediment of Selected Creeks in Rivers State, Nigeria

There has been much concern about the rate at which industrial and household wastes are released into Creeks in Rivers State. The study examined the status of heavy metal pollutants (Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, and Ni) in sediment and to determine the extent of damage caused by these human factors using the most recent pollution index and Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). The research was carried out in four important creeks along the Delta River network in Rivers State, Nigeria (Okrika, Borokiri, Eagle Island, and Kaa). Triplicate sediment samples were collected at a depth of 0-20 cm and extracted with 20cm3 of aqua ragia (a 3:1 mixture of HCl and HNO3) and 10cm3 of 30% H2O2. The metal concentrations were measured using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentrations of the heavy metals ranged from 11.147–18.919mg/kg, 11.918–14.379mg/kg, 8.321–11.691 mg/kg, 6.405–11.72mg/kg, and 5.718–12.125mg/kg, and 2.429-7.725mg/kg respectively and followed the sequence Zn > Pb > Cr > Ni >Cu > Cd. Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) calculated was less than 0 i.e. uncontaminated for all metals except Pb in Borokiri Creek and Cd in all sampled creeks, showing moderate contamination. Eco-toxicological risk assessment (RI) indicated that the creeks were uncontaminated. Despite the low level of contamination, it is recommended that relevant authorities to regulate the indiscriminate dumping of domestic waste and untreated industrial effluents into the river to prevent the deterioration of the creeks

Depthwise evaluation of total dissolved solids and arsenic from a drilled borehole near River Ravi, Lahore, Pakistan

Abstract Groundwater pollution is now a significant threat to the ecosystem. The untreated disposal of municipal and industrial wastes through drains into water bodies (rivers, lakes, and canals) is the primary source of contamination. The highly contaminated water harms individual health. In this study, total dissolved solids (TDS) and arsenic (As) mobilization were explored depthwise from a drilled borehole at main Raiwind Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, near River Ravi, Lahore. The concentrations of TDS and As in the aquifer indicate that the top shallow aquifer bearing high salts occurred due to local inputs of waste effluents discharged into the River Ravi. In contrast, at deep shallow aquifers, enrichment of As with elevated pH results from the geochemical oxidative dissolution process. The results showed that natural and anthropogenic activities influence groundwater throughout the depth. The TDS and As concentrations were found above the World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline values at some depth intervals, which are harmful to human health.

Synthesis of flower-shaped cyclodextrin microporous organic networks for selective recovery of acetophenone and 1-phenylethanol from petrochemical effluents

Fabrication of efficient and renewable biomass-derivatives-based porous materials with large surface area, good stability and selectivity for recovering acetophenone (AP) and 1-phenylethanol (PE) from petrochemical by-products is of great significance and challenge. In this work, nine novel cyclodextrins-based microporous organic networks (CD-MONs) are designed and synthesized by choosing various CD-based building blocks and aromatic alkynes. Among them, a flower-shaped DEB-γ-CD-MON not only retains the cage-type cavity and the high density of hydroxyl sites within γ-CD, possesses the large surface area, outstanding chemical robustness and strong hydrophobicity, but also offers high AP adsorption capacity (1.93 mmol g−1), good AP/PE selectivity (8.1), and recycle stability both in batch and continuous adsorption modes. The experimental and theoretical results indicate that the hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking and van der Waals interaction between adsorbents and adsorbates are favorable for binding AP toward PE. This work not only provides a biomass-derivatives-based adsorbent for the separation and recovery of AP and PE from PO/SM waste effluent, but also breaks the limitation of the original structure and characteristic of natural biomass to realize added value in biomass valorization.

Bibliographic review on sustainability and processing of ornamental rocks

The processing of ornamental rocks involves several stages, from extraction in the deposits to the final finishing of the product. These stages can consume significant amounts of energy and water and generate solid waste and liquid effluents that may contaminate soil and water. Moreover, intensive exploitation of deposits can lead to environmental degradation and have a negative impact on local biodiversity. Faced with these challenges, the ornamental rock processing sector has been striving to adopt more sustainable practices in its operations. This includes investing in more efficient and less polluting technologies, reusing and recycling waste generated during the process, and implementing measures for biodiversity conservation and the recovery of degraded areas. The methodology employed for the development of this scientific research involved a qualitative approach, with the research procedure consisting of conducting a literature review. The overall objective of this research was to elaborate a literature review on sustainability and ornamental rock processing. Ultimately, the research highlights that the existence of clear environmental regulations and companies' compliance with these regulations are crucial to prevent abuses and ensure environmental protection. It is also of utmost importance to ensure the application of appropriate penalties for those who do not comply with the established norms.

Synergistic integration of few-layer thick MXenes and small Pd nanocubes for enhanced electrochemical nitrofurantoin detection: Implications in pharmaceutical pollutant monitoring

Direct electrochemical detection of clinically significant and emerging pharmaceutical pollutants, such as nitrofurantoin, is a critical challenge. Herein, we propose an efficient electroactive platform composed of Pd nanocubes (Pd NCs) embedded within partially oxidized MXenes (Ti3C2Tx-TiO2). This proximity between Pd NCs, in-situ generated TiO2, and Ti3C2Tx results in a highly compact and efficient architecture, facilitating enhanced charge transfer and electrocatalytic activity, which results in an efficient cathodic reduction to NFT at a much lower-over potential of − 0.4 V. The optimal composite configuration (Pd-Ti3C2Tx-P) enabled NFT detection in a dynamic concentration range from 1 to 140 nM, with a detection sensitivity reaching down to 0.01 nM (S/N = 3) against Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode. Furthermore, the developed sensor demonstrated outstanding selectivity toward NFT while tolerating probable interfering substances such as biomolecules, drugs, and metal ions. The sensor can detect NFT selectively in complicated environmental matrices such as hospital waste effluent samples. The proposed design offers a simple route to construct advanced electrocatalytic sensors with potential applications in monitoring emerging pharmaceutical pollutants.

Fabrication of a Flexible RFID Antenna by Using the Novel Environmentally Friendly Additive Process

The fabrication of flexible antennas for RFID applications can be divided into subtractive and additive methods. In this study, a low-cost additive method is proposed, which involves printing aluminum paste and utilizing a galvanic replacement reaction. Through a galvanic replacement process, copper sulfate waste effluent was employed to convert the aluminum electrode into a highly conductive copper electrode. The physical characteristics of the Cu electrode, such as surface flatness, thickness, and Al-Cu conversion ratio, were studied. The Cu electrode, produced using an innovative additive technique at a temperature of 75°C for 15 minutes, exhibits the lowest resistivity of 5.89 × 10–8 Ωm. This resistivity is comparable to that of a commercial silver thick film electrode, making it suitable for use in manufacturing RFID antennas for RFID module applications. With an S11 of −40 dB at 1.26 GHz, a maximum gain of 2.87 dBi, a maximum efficiency of 53.63%, and a reading distance of 9 meters, the RFID module demonstrates impressive performance. The reading distance of an RFID module with a copper foil antenna is longer (8.5 meters).

Thiourea resole polymers for recovery of noble element

The recovery of noble elements from secondary source, industrial effluent, which are classified as high concentrated noble elements solution are very essential. Liquid-solid extraction systems are an attractive process used for the separation and purification of noble elements. For this purpose, a solid-phase extraction system was investigated for the recovery of noble metals (Au(III), Pd(II), and Rh(III)). Chelating resins were synthesized by a polycondensation reaction between phenolic thiourea monomers and formaldehyde under alkaline conditions. The resulting polymers were characterized and evaluated for their chelating properties with regard to noble metal sorption. Also, the selectivity of sorption of noble elements was studied in the presence of competitive elements that can be present in effluent waste, such as Zn, Cu, Ni, Fe, and Al. Here, we present a promising materials based on formo-phenolic thiourea resins as a potential candidate for high-capacity (> 350 mg/g for Au; > 50 mg/g for Pd; > 30 mg/g for Rh) and high-selectivity solid-liquid sorption of noble elements, particularly for Au.

Unlocking the secrets of soil microbes: How decades-long contamination and heavy metals accumulation from sewage water and industrial effluents shape soil biological health

Heavy metals contamination is posing severe threat to the soil health and environmental sustainability. Application of industrial and sewage waste as irrigation and growing urbanization and agricultural industry is the main reason for heavy metals pollution. Therefore, the present study was planned to assess the influence of different irrigation sources such as industrial effluents, sewage wastewater, tube well water, and canal water on the soil physio-chemical, soil biological, and enzymatic characteristics. Results showed that sewage waste and industrial effluents affect the soil pH, organic matter, total organic carbon, and cation exchange capacity. The highest total nickel (383.71 mg kg−1), lead (312.46 mg kg−1), cadmium (147.75 mg kg−1), and chromium (163.64 mg kg−1) were recorded with industrial effluents application. Whereas, industrial effluent greatly reduced the soil microbial biomass carbon (SMB-C), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMB-N), soil microbial biomass phosphorus (SMB-P), and soil microbial biomass sulphur (SMB-S) in the winter season at sowing time. Industrial effluent and sewage waste inhibited the soil enzymes activities. For instance, the minimum activity of amidase, urease, alkaline-phosphatase, β-glucosidase, arylsulphatase and dehydrogenase activity was noted with HMs contamination. The higher levels of metals accumulation was observed in vegetables grown in soil contaminated with untreated waste water and industrial effluent in comparison to soil irrigated with canal and tube well water. The mean increase in soil microbial parameters and enzyme activities was also observed in response to the change in season from winter to spring due to increase in soil mean temperature. The SMB-C, SMB-N, SMB-P and SMB-S showed significant positive correlation with soil enzymes (amidase, urease, alkaline-phosphatase, β-glucosidase, arylsulphatase and dehydrogenase). The heavy metals accumulation in soil is toxic to microorganisms and inhibits enzyme functions critical for nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition and can disrupt the delicate balance of soil ecosystem and may lead to long-term damage of soil biological health.

Mathematical Modelling and Optimization for Facile Synthesis of Structured Activated Carbon (ACs) from Adansonia kilima (Baobab) Wood Chips Integrating Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis for the Elimination of Lead (II) Cations from Wastewater Effluents.

In this research, activated carbon (AC) was synthesized from ligno-cellulosic residues of Adansonia kilima (Baobab) wood chips (AKTW) using two-step semi-carbonization and subsequent pyrolysis using microwave-induced heating (MWP) in the presence of a mild activating agent of K2CO3. The influence of process input variables of microwave power (x1), residence time (y1), and amount of K2CO3 (z1) were analysed to yield superior quality carbon having maximum removal efficiencies (R1) for lead (II) cations from waste effluents, fixed carbon percentages (R2), and carbon yield percentages (R3). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to develop relevant mathematical models, with an appropriate statistical assessment of errors. Level factorial response surface methodology (RSM) relying on the Box-Behnken design (BBD) was implemented for the experimental design. The surface area and porous texture of the samples were determined using Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) adsorption/desorption curves based on the N2 isotherm. Surface morphological structure was observed using field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out to observe the thermal stability of the sample. Change in the carbon content of the samples was determined using ultimate analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to observe the crystalline and amorphous texture of the samples. The retention of a higher proportion of fixed carbon (80.01%) ensures that the synthesized adsorbent (AKTWAC) will have a greater adsorption capacity while avoiding unwanted catalytic activity for our synthesized final sample.

In-situ synthesis of efficient ZnCl2 doped pyrolyzed biochar for adsorptive remediation of organic dyes: Performance evaluation, mass transfer and mechanism

Effective management of harmful contaminants from waste effluent is crucial for a sustainable environment. Herein, the efficient adsorbent, sawdust-derived biochar doped with ZnCl2 (Z@SB) for removal of organic dyes, namely malachite green (MG) and methyl orange (MO), was explored via batch adsorption study. A detailed characterization of the synthesized adsorbent was conducted to determine its physiochemical properties. The specific surface area of Z@SB from BET analysis improved 5.66 times after chemical modification. Moreover, the decolorization efficiency of the dyes onto Z@SB was investigated through analyzing the impact of initial pH, adsorbent dose, and contact time of the process. The Langmuir isotherm analysis revealed the maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) of MG and MO dyes were 318.47 and 225.73 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption kinetics data of both dyes was well described by the pseudo-second-order model. Furthermore, Boyd's film diffusion model was employed to assess the diffusion mechanism and determine the rate-limiting step using the kinetic data obtained from batch adsorption experiment. Possible mechanisms for the removal of dyes onto Z@SB included hydrogen bonding, π-π bonding, and electrostatic interactions. The superior regeneration and reusability properties observed in Z@SB make it a highly promising adsorbent for effective utilization in real-field wastewater treatment applications.

Correction: Bioremediation of industrial dye waste effluents aided by GIS applications: a comprehensive review

Correction: Bioremediation of industrial dye waste effluents aided by GIS applications: a comprehensive review

Isolation of Bacillus subtilis from Dairy Waste and Evaluation of their Protease Kinetics on Fortified Dairy Waste Effluent

Isolation of Bacillus subtilis from Dairy Waste and Evaluation of their Protease Kinetics on Fortified Dairy Waste Effluent

Oil content removal from oil water emulsion by super magnetic nanoparticles

Oily wastewater treatment processes are facing challenges due to strict regulations in the quality of effluent standards and waste production. The reuse of oily wastewater treatment effluents is rapidly gaining attention for achieving sustainable water supply. Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are widely applied as super adsorbents in industry. In the present study, the MNP was sprayed and mixed with oil-water emulsion, after the application of a magnetic field, a clear effluent was seen within minutes. The effects of the varying process parameters including, adsorbent dose, particle size, mixing time, American Petroleum Institute gravity (API gravity), pH, temperature, and oil concentration, on the percentage of oil removal and the removal capacity (mg/g) were studied. In this paper, six types of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (A:50 nm, B:15–20 nm, C:3 nm) and functionalized NH2/-COOH (A1:20–30 nm, B1:15–20 nm and C1:3 nm) were used as oil adsorbent. The highest percentage of oil removal was reached at 20 min, using 150 mg/L oil concentration, 100 mg adsorbent dose, room temperature, 28 API, and at 4 pH, and the results were 60 % (A), 72 % (B), 81 % (C), 85 % (A1), 88 % (B1) and 94 % (C1). Functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibited higher reusability than uncoated MNPs (A-C). The results showed that Fe3O4 were highly effective, reusable, and suitable for oil removal from the oil-water emulsion. Kinetic models fit effectively with pseudo-second-order mode, and Freundlich model. This work also matches the research conducted by various researchers for oil removal from oily water using magnetic nanoparticles.

Recovery of rhodium from glacial acetic acid manufacturing effluent using cellulose-based sorbent

Rhodium (Rh) is a rare and highly demanded metal in metallurgy, making its efficient recovery from waste streams essential. However, there is a lack of detailed studies on the recovery of Rh from acidic waste effluents using biosorbents. This study aims to extract RhIII from acidic effluents using dithiocarbamate-modified cellulose (DMC) as a biosorbent, and subsequently recover the extracted Rh in its elemental form (Rh0). The parameters affecting the RhIII extractability of DMC, such as solution pH, acid concentration, Cl− ion concentration, contact time, and sorption capacity at different temperatures, were optimized. The sorption kinetics of RhIII onto DMC was best fitted to the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model, the equilibrium sorption isotherm data fitted well with the Langmuir model. DMC had a maximum sorption capacity of 2.57 mmol g−1, which is substantially higher than that reported in previous studies. Waste effluent (Rh-containing glacial acetic acid) obtained from the acetic acid manufacturing industry was used to assess the applicability of DMC in capturing RhIII from a real sample. DMC was capable of sorbing approximately 90 % of RhIII from the real sample of Rh-containing glacial acidic acid. The sorbed RhIII was recovered in elemental form (Rh0) by incineration of RhIII-loaded DMC, yielding >99 %. The sorption of RhIII onto DMC followed a chemisorption mechanism that was confirmed by sorption experiments, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analyses. This study demonstrates the applicability of DMC in the efficient recovery of Rh from waste streams.

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Awal Bakteri Patogen pada Kolam Maturasi IPLT Supit Urang Kota Malang

The sanitation problem in Malang City is a serious problem. The Supit Urang Fecal Sludge Treatment Plant (IPLT) is intended to improve the processing of fecal waste so that is suitable for disposal into the environment. This study aims to isolate and identifyx the initial types of pathogenic bacteria contained in fecal waste effluent found in maturation ponds. The method used is descriptive exploratory xto provide an overview of the presence of pathogenic bacteria in maturation ponds. The data obtained was then analyzed descriptively in form of data tabulations in tables and diagrams. The result showed that there were four genera of pathogenic bacteria identified in maturation ponds. The four genera are xmembers of the Enterobacteriaceae family, including Escherichia, Salmonella, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter. Microscopically, bacteria were found to be gram-negative with bacilli, cocci, and spiral cell shapes. The presence of pathogenic bacteria in the maturation ponds is thought to be due to thex depth of the pond and the detention time exceeds the standard. Treatment of fecal waste in maturation ponds is not optimal because it still contains harmful pathogenic bacteria, so it needs more intensive processing to make it suitable for disposal into the river.Keywords: fecal sludge, IPLT, maturation pond, pathogenic bacteria

Effect of treated waste water intake on physiological, growth and hematological parameters in Karan-Fries, Tharparkar and Murrah female calves

The present study was conducted to study the effect of treated effluent waste water over fresh water supply served for drinking purpose to calves on dry matter intake, water intake, growth, physiological and hematological parameters. For the study, 6-8 months old female calves (Karan-Fries (n=12), Tharparkar (n=12) and Murrah (n=12)) were selected from Livestock Research Center of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal. These experimental calves of each breed were distributed equally into two groups. The control group was offered fresh water and treatment group was offered effluent treated waste water for drinking purpose. The results of present study revealed that physio-chemical and microbial properties of water that were in accordance with the different drinkingwater standards such as Dairy NRC (2001), APHA EPA (2002) and BIS (1991). Karan-Fries, Tharparkar and Murrah experimental calves showed no significant difference in the water and dry matter intake when compared between treatment and control group calves. Non-significant differences were observed between control and treated groups of calves of all the three breeds with respect to physiological parameters (rectal temperature, respiration rate and heart rate) and hematological parameters (TEC, TLC, DLC, Hb and PCV). The observations of this study revealed that treated waste water did not show any deleterious effect on the physiological and health status of the calves. Therefore, treated effluent water can be recommended as drinking water to the animals in the water scarce areas.

Enhancing the Anti-Fouling Property of Polyethersulfone-based Membrane using Chitosan Additive from Golden Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) Shell Waste for Water Purification

One of the common techniques for treating water and water from waste effluent is membrane filtration. Polymer is the main material that is most extensively employed as a substance for membranes. Because of its outstanding strength and resistance to chemicals, Polyethersulfone, also known as PES, is a common polymer used in the production of membranes. Unfortunately, its hydrophobicity makes it easy to foul when applied to water treatment processes. This study introduced a chitosan additive isolated from golden snail shell waste as an additive for PES-based membrane fabrication via blending at 0 wt%, 1 wt%, 3 wt%, 5 wt%, and 7 wt%. After preparation, the resultant membranes were analyzed and tested for their ability to filter a humic acid solution at a concentration of 50 mg L-1. According to the findings, the chitosan additive has the potential to change the characteristics of the membrane as well as its filtration performance. It increased the pure water flux from 110 181 L m-2 h-1 (no chitosan loading) to 181 L m-2 h-1 (for five wt% loadings). The membrane characterization results supported this increase in pure water flux, which showed that adding chitosan additives improved the porosity, size of pores, and hydrophilicity. The addition of this additive also has a good effect on the anti-fouling property by increasing the fouling recovery ratio (FRR). The FRRs for the modified membranes were 79% to 82%, which were higher than the neat PES membrane with an FRR of merely 60%.