Washing Method Research Articles

Experimental Investigation of Contamination and Washing Methods in a Turboprop Engine

Bu çalışmada, T56-A-15 turboprop motorun servis sürecinde bünyesinde meydana gelen kirlenme ve motor yıkamasının deneysel incelemesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Meydana gelen kirlenmeler ile bu kirlenmeler sonucunda fiziksel dayanımı zayıflayan malzemelerin hasarlanması sorunu, bünyesel anlamda ele alınmıştır. Yapılan yanma odası ve türbin yıkaması ile sıcak bölge hasarlarının azaltılması, malzeme ömrünün ve motor revizyon süresinin arttırılması amaçlanmıştır. Motor yıkaması yapılırken kompresör yıkamasının yanında yanma odası ve türbin yıkamasının da etkili olduğunu görülmüştür. T56 turboprop motoruna ait Tork, Türbin giriş sıcaklığı ve performans parametreleri analiz edilmiştir. Yakıt nozulları vasıtasıyla yapılan motor yıkaması sayesinde yıkama sıvısının kompresör haricinde yanma odası ve türbin kanatçıklarına etkin ulaştığı görülmüştür. Motor tork değerinin artması sonucu motor performans değerleri artmıştır. Kompresör ve yakıt nozulları ile yıkamada yıkamasız duruma göre yaklaşık %3,39 iyileşme elde edilmiştir. Yapılan araştırmanın gaz türbin motorlarında yapılacak motor yıkama analizi çalışmalarına referans olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Dermal measurement of exposure to plant protection products: Actual hand exposure from hand washing vs. wearing cotton gloves.

For the authorization of plant protection products, a quantitative non-dietary exposure risk assessment relies on established dermal exposure models, measured mainly using passive dosimetry. Exposure to the hands is determined via hand washing or using cotton gloves as a surrogate for skin. This study compared both methods using operator exposure data available from the Agricultural Operator Exposure Model (AOEM) project report. These data indicate that hand exposure determined using cotton gloves resulted in markedly higher exposure values for all exposure scenarios compared to those determined by hand washes. One explanation for this is that dermal uptake of the residues reduces the amount of residue that can be recovered by hand washing. Uncertainty due to dermal uptake can be addressed by either default assumptions or by specific dermal absorption data. However, this cannot solely account for the large difference observed between the values and is mainly likely to be due to the higher capacity of the cotton gloves vs. human skin to retain residues. The results further indicate that the variability between hand wash samples and cotton glove samples differs between the exposure scenarios. Hence, the level of conservatism related to the use of cotton gloves as surrogate skin remains unknown. In conclusion, this evaluation of the AOEM data indicates that the cotton glove method results in much higher levels of measured hand exposure than the hand wash method. It cannot be excluded that dermal uptake has contributed to that result. However, the findings suggest the higher retention capacity of cotton gloves vs. human skin to be the main impact parameter. The cotton glove method does not provide the results with regards to the protection level that can be expected from the use of protective gloves. Therefore, we believe that the application of the hand wash method is a more accurate measure of exposure levels, if either specific dermal absorption data or, in its absence, default assumptions are applied as adjustment factor.

Techno-economic analysis of the production of 2G ethanol and technical lignin via a protic ionic liquid pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse

The increasing demand for renewable energy, fuels, and chemicals encourages the development of new biorefinery processes. This work presents a techno-economic analysis of the pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse using the protic ionic liquid 2-hydroxyethylammonium acetate ([MEA][OAc]) considering four washing methods to remove it from the pretreated pulp. In the best scenario, the increased enzymatic hydrolysis yield and the more efficient counter-current washing method contributed to an increased ethanol yield of 33 %. Despite the lower increment in ethanol yield compared with other second-generation processes, the production of technical lignin increased the reaction mass efficiency of the biorefinery by 5.6 % and led to an internal rate of return two percentage points higher. However, wastewater and vinasse production increased by 26 % and 50 %, respectively. These results indicate that protic ionic liquids are potentially good pretreatment agents to produce fuels and chemicals from biomass, thus underpinning the establishment of new biorefinery processes. • Process development to produce ethanol and technical lignin from bagasse. • Different washing steps yielded different hydrolysis and fermentation yields. • Techno-economic analysis indicates the importance of using protic ionic liquids. • Protic ionic liquid pretreatment has better economic results because of lignin. • Recycling of ionic liquid plays an important role in process economic feasibility.

Main diseases of snails

Farmers claim that keeping snails is straightforward, and feeding and caring for them does not require special financial costs. However, all living things are susceptible to infection and often experience mild or severe ailments. Apparent signs of snail disease are visible to the naked eye. They are manifested in atypical behavior, lack of growth and development, and untidy appearance. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to identify diseases of snails and clarify the causes of these diseases. We used: the method of sequential washing, the Fülleborn method, as well as general observations of the behavior of mollusks, their general survey, analysis of the diet, and the temperature-humidity mode of maintenance. It has been established that most diseases of snails occur due to non-compliance with the maintenance regime (crowding, non-compliance with temperature and humidity, lack of general cleaning of the farm) and an unbalanced diet. When researching helminthiasis, it was established that nematodes in different stages of development could be detected more often in snails of the natural population than in mollusks of the artificial breeding type. This is because, on the farm, you can create all the favorable conditions for growing, feeding, and keeping these creatures. The following factors should be considered: if comfortable conditions are not created on the farm, the mollusks can get sick from hypothermia or lack of moisture. The fact that the snail burrows into the soil often and for a long time may indicate improper conditions. Uncomfortably close contact with a rough substrate can lead to malaise and hibernation. The lack of a balanced diet is one of the main factors in the occurrence of snail diseases. The diet should always include fresh vegetables and fruits, protein supplements from meat and cereals, calcium-containing sprinkles from eggshells, and ready-made concentrates. Diseases carried by snails can be related to fungal diseases and intestinal infections. They get to mollusks with food. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly monitor the conditions of keeping, feeding, and condition of snails.

A Novel Activated Charcoal Based Wash to Make Muga Silk Shiny

ABSTRACT Lustrous golden muga silk is endemic to the northeast part of India. Being pricey, the washing method plays a vital role in retaining the shininess of silk without compromising the fiber’s quality. Kolakhar has been used traditionally for washing muga silk. The present study targets maintaining the overall quality of muga silk washed with different agents. From the FTIR results, it was evident that all the agents had a similar effect with respect to bonds. Activated charcoal showed better results in the shining properties (glossiness 0.029, 1.471 and 0.400 at 20, 60 and 80 degree angle respectively) of muga justifying being the best washing agent compared to other agents (glossiness for detergent 0.000, 0.1257 and 0.514 at 20, 60 and 80 degree anglr respectively) without any damage to the fiber. The hue (angle 24.37), saturation (37.41%), and luminosity (68.52%) of activated charcoal wash fabrics reveal the visual change of the fabrics suggesting the formulation an excellent washing agent contributing to the increased shine in muga silk.

Ejaculate for Microbiological Culture: To Wash or Not To Wash?

Bacteria can be associated with male infertility. Antibacterial substances (e.g., zinc-containing proteins, antimicrobial peptides) in ejaculates might impair the growth of bacteria in culture. We therefore wanted to test if removing antibacterial substances by washing the ejaculate could improve the detection of bacteria in culture. All ejaculates from patients ≥18 years old, which were obtained for routine diagnostics to assess male infertility were included in this study (no exclusion criteria were applied). Test samples were diluted with 2 mL sterile 0.45% saline, vortexed, and centrifuged (5 min; 7.5 × g). After the removal of 2 mL of the supernatant and resuspension, 10 μL of the pellet was used for aerobic and anaerobic culture. Control samples were cultured identically but without washing. Species identification was done with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. A total of 186 samples were included. The data set was stratified into five groups (Gram-negative rods [GNR], anaerobes [AN], Enterococcus spp. [EC], coagulase-negative staphylococci [CNS], and viridans streptococci [VS]). Compared to the control arm, the test arm revealed significant lower proportions for CNS (59.1% versus 44.6%, P < 0.01) and VS (53.8% versus 41.9%, P = 0.03). Similarly, slightly lower proportions of GNR (16.1% versus 15.1%, P = 0.89), AN (19.9% versus 17.2%, P = 0.5), and EC (25.3% versus 23.1%, P = 0.63) were observed. The medians of CFU were lower in test samples compared to the control samples (6.5 × 103 versus 2.5 × 103, P < 0.01) for any bacterial growth. Lower colony counts were also observed for individual bacterial groups. In conclusion, preculture washing of ejaculates results in a decrease in total bacteria count and culture-positive samples. IMPORTANCE This study compares two methods for processing ejaculate samples from men undergoing investigations for infertility. The method of sample washing and centrifugation was compared to the standard method of direct inoculation and culture. The study hypothesis was that preprocessing of samples may increase bacterial yield by removing bactericidal substances from semen. However, we found that washing ejaculate samples before microbiological culture did not improve the detection of bacteria and led to a reduction in colony counts.

Study of washing method of oil palm empty fruit bunch-treated with alkali explosion in lignocellulosic bioethanol production

The conventional process of lignocellulosic bioethanol production includes four steps: pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and purification. Pretreatment is the crucial way to enhance cellulose purity and remove lignin as well as other impurities compounds in biomass. Alkaline explosion is one of the most used pretreatment methods but pulp-produced is still in base condition. This pulp is not suitable as a substrate for enzymatic hydrolysis that needed a pH of 4.5-5.5. Therefore, pulp washing is required for separating pulp with black liquor and obtaining neutral pH pulp before going to hydrolysis. This study explored the washing method of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB)-treated with alkaline explosion in bioethanol production. The washing method using freshwater, acid solution, and a combination of freshwater and acid solution was investigated. As a result, the washing used freshwater needed the highest of water and wash cycles. The washing method using acid solution could obtain neutral pulp in two cycles wash step or more, thus, requiring higher acid consumption. The washing with combination method provided neutral pulp with fewer wash cycles, water, and acid. This method also provided the highest glucose and ethanol concentration. Therefore, the combination washing method is considered more efficient, economical, and environmentally for EFB pulp washing in bioethanol production.

Effect of different washing methods on reducing the inhibition of surface lignin in the tetraethylammonium chloride/oxalic acid-based deep eutectic solvent pretreatment

During the biomass pretreatment , the formation and repolymerization of lignin droplets on the surface of cell wall has a negative impact on the cellulose accessibility and enzymatic saccharification . When D. sinicus (DS) was treated with tetraethylammonium chloride/Oxalic acid-based deep eutectic solvent (TEAC/OA) at 120 °C and 7 h, the sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide washing of pretreated residues decreased the surface lignin content by about 27 % as compared to that cleaned with hot water, which can generate more cellulose accessible sites for enzymatic digestibility . Finally, the higher glucose yields of 70.69 % for sodium carbonate washing and 76.25 % for sodium hydroxide washing were achieved. This work provided an insight to overcome the negative effects of surface lignin and open a window for the efficient bamboo biorefinery of DES systems in southwest China. • A DES pretreatment of TEAC/OA was developed for the bamboo residues biorefinery. • Organic solvent washing can reduce the surface lignin content in pretreated bamboo. • Cellulose accessibility of DS-SC and DS-SH improved by about 1.5 times than DS-DW. • Glucose yield of 70.69 % for DS-SC and 76.25 % for DS-SH was achieved.

Contamination-Aware Synthesis for Programmable Microfluidic Devices

Programmable microfluidic devices (PMDs) have emerged as a new software-controlled architecture for next-generation flow-based biochips. These devices can be dynamically reconfigured to perform different bioassays flexibly and efficiently owing to their 2-D regularly arranged valve structure. However, PMDs are confronted with critical contamination issues due to the matrix-like structure with intersecting channels. In this article, a block-flushing method is proposed for contamination removal, based on which an overall contamination-aware synthesis flow is proposed. In the proposed block-flushing approach, contaminated areas are first collected according to specific patterns and then flushed as a whole to increase washing efficiency. Then, the synthesis flow integrating the block-flushing method is further optimized such that functional bioassay operations and washing operations can be performed simultaneously for higher efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed washing approach reduces the washing time by 28% on commonly used bioassays. Equipped with the proposed washing method, our contamination-aware synthesis flow effectively reduces 30% of the completion time of the bioassays compared with the baseline method.

Application of Microbial-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Wave Erosion Protection of the Sandy Slope: An Experimental Study

Sandy slope erosion leads to coast degradation and exacerbates coastal zone instability and failure. As an eco-friendly engineering technology, microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) can provide a protection method against sandy slope erosion. In this study, a series of flume tests were conducted to investigate the wave erosion resistance of the MICP-treated sandy slope. The penetration tests were conducted to measure the slope surface strength, and the calcium carbonate content was evaluated by the acid washing method. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to study the microstructures of MICP-treated sand particles. In addition, the influence of MICP treatment on the wave shape and the excess pore water pressure was also analyzed. Results show that after four MICP treatments, the erosion resistance of the slope is significantly promoted, and no apparent erosion occurs after wave actions. The penetration resistance is also improved after MICP treatments, and the maximum penetration resistance of untreated and four-time MICP-treated slopes are about 0.14 MPa and 2.04 MPa, respectively. The calcium carbonate content on the slope surface can reach 7%. SEM analyses indicate that the intergranular bridging calcium carbonate crystals promote the wave erosion resistance of the sandy slope.

A Method of Digital Washing of Fresh Semen Samples

Background and Aim: Semen analysis is of great importance in the evaluation and treatment of male reproductive pathology [1]. Semen analysis may be performed on fresh/unwashed or washed semen samples. The semen washing process eliminates undesirable cells and particles from a fresh specimen. Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA) systems have shown to work extremely well, particularly on washed debris-free semen samples [2]. However, analyzing fresh samples could be problematic, especially in the presence of non-sperm cells.

Impact of extraction methods on the quality, physicochemical, and functional properties of white melon (Cucumeropsis mannii) seed protein concentrates

Protein concentrate extracted from Cucumeropsis mannii using acid precipitation, salt solubilization, and alcohol wash methods were analyzed for the amino acid profile, fluorescence intensity, functional properties such as solubility, water, and oil absorption capacities, and swelling index. Salt solubilized protein concentrate (SSPC) had higher protein content and better yield compared to alcohol-washed and acid precipitated protein concentrates. Fluorescence spectra showed the least intensity for acid precipitated protein concentrate (APPC), indicating that the structure was unfolded compared to others. Glutamic and aspartic acid were the major amino acids in the protein concentrates. The SSPC had the highest amount of hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids. The solubility profile of the concentrates indicated that SSPC had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) highest solubility over a wide pH range (pH 3.0-9.0) in comparison to the APPC and alcohol washed concentrates (AWPC). In contrast, AWPC had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) highest water and oil absorption capacities compared to those extracted using other solvents. The foaming capacity of AWPC was significantly lowered, whilst its solubility index increased with temperature compared to others. Higher percent whiteness and swelling power were recorded in SSPC The Melon protein concentrate could be applied to the food system.

Mixer-Based Washing Methods for Programmable Microfluidic Devices

Mixer-Based Washing Methods for Programmable Microfluidic Devices

Reuse of phosphogypsum pretreated with water washing as aggregate for cemented backfill

Phosphogypsum (PG) is reused as aggregate in the cemented backfill, which effectively improves the PG reutilization efficiency. However, the massive impurities contained in aggregate PG would adversely affect the hydration of binder, and therefore deteriorate the strength development of backfill. This research starts with the feasibility study on pretreating PG with the water washing method. Based on the most economical principle of the water demand, the optimal conditions for washing PG were determined at a stirring time of 5 min and a solid–liquid ratio of 1:0.5. Then, the original and pretreated PG were made into the backfill. Compared to using the original PG, the backfill slurry using the pretreated PG had better fluidity performance, such as the lower slurry viscosity and the higher bleeding rate. Furthermore, with the pretreated aggregate PG, the backfill strength was significantly enhanced by more than 8 times. Finally, the environmental behavior of the cemented backfill was investigated. Using the pretreated PG as aggregate, concentrations of PO43− and F− in the bleeding water and backfill leachates could meet the Chinese standard for integrated wastewater discharge. The results extend the reuse of PG as aggregate in a more environmental-friendly way, meeting the needs for sustainable mines.

Micromicelle-mechanical coupling method for high-efficiency phosphorus removal and whiteness improvement of phosphogypsum

Phosphogypsum contained harmful impurities and seriously affected its large-scale utilization. The existing stockpiling and water washing methods gradually fail to meet the requirements of environmental protection and process in the purification effect during the phosphorus chemical production process. Compared with various purification processes, although the application of phosphogypsum could be optimized, most processes had the characteristics of high energy consumption. Therefore, it was urgent to develop a new method for purifying phosphogypsum with low energy consumption, water saving, and high efficiency. In this work, the coupling of mechanical activation and chemical solubilization method successfully realized the efficient and water-saving purification of phosphogypsum. The experimental data showed that the chemical bond breakage in the phosphogypsum crystals after grinding and the promotion of the chemical microenvironment not only achieved the grain refinement of the phosphogypsum but also achieved the removal of soluble phosphorus and the improvement of the whiteness of the phosphogypsum. It provided a new idea for the large-scale utilization of phosphogypsum with improved purification efficiency, which has good industrial value and application prospects.

In situ degradation of dairy cattle feedstuffs using reusable local nylon fabric bags.

Disposable imported nylon bags used in an in situ digestibility measurement restrict the effort of scientists to obtain more accurate information about ruminant feed quality due to their low affordability and environmentally unfriendly characteristics. This study aimed to find reusable local nylon fabrics to substitute imports. Five local fabrics (B1 = Abutai, B2 = Taffeta, B3 = Organza, B4 = N57, and B5 = M100) were used to make nylon bags and compared with the imported bag (B6 = Ankom technology). The research consisted of three steps: (1) Observing the similarity of the local nylon bag's hole number to the imported bag. (2) Testing feed in situ degradation (F1 = Napier grass, F2 = Cornmeal, and F3 = Dairy cattle total mixed ration) using bags B1-B6. (3) The reusability of the bag was tested using different washing methods (under running water [R1], rinse [R2], and ultrasonic water bath [R3]). It was shown that the hole numbers of B1 (1223 hole numbers) and B2 (1245 hole numbers) were not significantly different from B6 (1248 hole numbers). It was shown with dry matter degradability measurement using the in situ method that there was no significant difference in feed solubility (a), potential degradability (b), and the effective degradation between local fabrics (B1-B5) and B6. According to the degradation rate (c), there were interactions between the feeds and fabrics. For F1, all local fabrics were similar to B6, while for F2, only B1 was different from B6. For F3, only B5 was different from B6. It was also shown by the organic matter degradability measurements that there was a similar trend. The exception was the solubility (a) component in F3, in which it was shown that B1 was also different from B6. It was shown in the reusable test that there was no difference in the weight of the bag before and after all washing methods. In contrast, the hole number increased due to the shrinking of the bag after drying in a 60°C oven. According to this in situ study, local nylon bag B2 can substitute imported bags. A lower drying temperature is suggested to prevent shrinking and make the bag reusable.

Evaluation of the oil-bearing drilling cuttings processing technology in petrochemical industry under cleaner production: A case study in China

The oil-bearing drilling cuttings (OBDC) produced in the petrochemical industry contain a large number of hydrocarbons, and their direct discharge will not only fail to recover the organic matter, but will also seriously harm the environment. In the process of treating OBDC, the consumption of resources and energy and pollution problems may arise, and the current clean production focusing on reduction, non-hazardous and resourcefulness has become the focus of achieving sustainable development. However, there is a lack of studies that consider treatment technology, resource consumption and utilization, and environmental impact under the perspective of cleaner production. In this paper, by studying the indicators related to cleaner production and the Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model, an evaluation index system for OBDC processing technology in the petrochemical industry under cleaner production is constructed. The evaluation results can provide reference for the selection of OBDC treatment process, and provide direction for the development and promotion of the treatment process. In the evaluation system, the DPSIR model can evaluate and manage the OBDC process from different levels and perspectives. The combination of the G1 method and the C-OWA operator method was used to calculate and analyze the index weights, and the improved matter-element analysis method was used to comprehensively evaluate the treatment of OBDC to determine the treatment of technical methods. The evaluation system is applied to actual cases in China. The results show that the low-temperature extraction technique was the best and the chemical washing method was the lowest compared with the three treatment techniques. The oil removal rate of OBDC, recovery of organic matter, secondary waste gas pollution and other indicators have a great impact on the evaluation of the OBDC treatment process under clean production. In order to contribute to the optimal recovery and utilization of resources, it is recommended to develop improvements to the treatment pair technology treatment process based on the results of the evaluation.

Nasal pepsin A

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) can contribute to chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Pepsin is believed to be one of the causes of CRS. Pepsin can be a promising biomarker because it is only produced by gastric parietal cells, so it can explain the correlation of CRS with LPR. This study aims to determine the relationship between CRS and LPR based on nasal pepsin examination. The design in this study is a cross-sectional prospective with statistical analysis using the Chi-square method. The research sample were patients with complaints of runny nose and nasal congestion within 12 weeks and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All samples were subjected to nasal endoscopy and fiber optic laryngoscope and have Reflux Symptoms Index (RSI) &gt; 13. Specimens from the samples were obtained through the nasal washing method, and pepsin was evaluated using the PepTest lateral flow device. A total of 35 samples in this study consisted of 13 men (37.14%) and 22 women (62.85%). The highest age in the CRS group was the 18-40-year-old group with 16 (64%). A total of 20 (83.3%) CRS patients were positive for pepsin p=0.04 (p&lt;0.05).

Education On Female Student Of Ar-Rohmah Islamic Boarding Junior High School To Improving Healthy Live Behavior During Pandemic Covid-19

Background:Learning in schools has been carried out face-to-face, but the COVID-19 pandemic is not over yet. Implementation of health protocols properly and correctly is needed to prevent transmission of the virus in the school environment. However, many students still do not understand how to wash their hands in 6 steps and use protective equipment properly. Objective: To improve a healthy lifestyle for students at SMP Ar-Rohmah Islamic Boarding School during the pandemic Covid-19. Methods: The dedication is carried out with an educational method in the form of hands-on practice on the 6 steps of hand washing and how to use protective equipment correctly. Results: After receiving education, students can apply the 6-step hand washing method and use protective equipment properly and independently. Conclusion: The education that has been carried out has enabled the female students at SMP Ar-Rohmah Islamic Boarding School to apply 6 steps of hand washing and use PPE properly and independently.

Assessment of dermal exposure to pesticides among farmers using dosimeter and hand washing methods.

Inappropriate use of pesticides followed by unsafe handling practices to control the insect infestation among the farming groups in developing countries has resulted in a high exposure risk. The use of personal protective equipment is also negligible among Indian farmers due to their affordability to access the same. Very little research has been conducted to establish an exposure assessment procedure through dermal penetration of pesticide residues. Therefore, to quantify the contamination of pesticide residues through dermal exposure along with detailed field observations and pesticide management practices, a field study was conducted in Rangareddy district, Telangana, Southern India, to assess the dermal exposure based on dosimeter and hand washing methods. The analytical method was modified and validated in-house for performance parameters such as limit of detection, quantification, linear range, recovery, and precision. The potential dermal exposure values ranged from 0.15 to 13.45 μg, while a reduction was found in exposure levels as actual dermal exposure values ranged from 0 to 0.629 μg. Contamination through hand washing was the major contributor to overall dermal exposure. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in the exposed dermal regions of the leg and torso after the use of PPE. Penetration factor for each anatomical region and risk evaluation in terms of the Margin of Safety implies unsafe handling of pesticides. The findings of the present study confirm the increased exposure to organophosphate pesticides among operators and highlight the importance of the use of protective measures, especially among those that focus on dermal exposure mitigation.