To evaluate the long-term follow-up in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) with positive John Cunningham virus (JCV) index treated with natalizumab. The prognosis in MS patients with positive JCV index in short-term follow-up is frequently analyzed; however, it is still not clear what the long-term outcomes in these patients are. We performed retrospective chart review in MS patients with positive JCV index treated with natalizumab in the Department of Neurology, Medical University of Warsaw. According to the progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) risk stratification algorithm established for MS patients treated with natalizumab, we have divided the patients included in our study into the following subgroups according to the JCV index results: JCV Index < 0.9, 0.9-1.5, > 1.5. We have included 42 patients in our study, 28 females (67%), aged 42.9 ± 9.6 years, with mean disease duration of 13 ±7.07 years and median time of natalizumab therapy of 35 months. The most frequent indication for natalizumab use was lack of efficacy of disease-modifying drug (DMD) previously used (n = 29, 69%). The median extended disability status scale (EDSS) at the moment of last evaluation was 3.0 (range 0.0-8.5). In 14 patients (33.3%), the extended-interval dosing (EID) algorithm was implemented, while frequent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was done in 15 cases (36%). In one case, natalizumab-related serious adverse event (SAE) occurred, which was PML, but the patient survived and improved with time. When it comes to the number of patients belonging to each of the JCV subgroups, 18 (43%) were in the group with JCV index of < 0.9, 8 had intermediate JCV index (19%) and 16 (38%) had the JCV index > 1.5. There were no statistically significant differences concerning demographic data between the group with the lowest and moderate JCV index, only patients with the highest JCV index (> 1.5), were characterized by the highest disease duration (p = 0.0072). The EID algorithm was used in these cases significantly more frequently (p = 0.0023) than in the group with the lowest JCV index. Also, frequent MRI was performed significantly more often in this group (p = 0.0085). In the first group (JCV < 0.9), average variation of JCV index was between 0.17 and 0.34, in the second group (JCV 0.9-1.5) - between 1.03 to 1.54, and in the third group - between 2.6-2.8. Based on our data, it can be concluded that long-term therapy with natalizumab seems to be safe, even in patients with positive JCV index. Natalizumab can be used for long-term treatment of patients with MS even with positive JCV index if recommended precautions such as EID and frequent brain MRIs are followed.

The global mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are still alarmingly high, highlighting the need for accurate assessment of the risk of severe cardiovascular (CV) events. To address this, the Pol-SCORE and SCORE2 scales have been developed. We conducted an observational and retrospective analysis of 450 patients with LDL ≥ 100 mg/dL admitted to the Clinical Hospital of the Medical University of Warsaw between 2019 and 2020. The objective of our study was to assess the treatment in patients with high levels of LDL cholesterol, without pre-existing CVD, by estimating their CV risk using the Pol-SCORE and SCORE2 scales. We enrolled a total of 150 patients in the study: 86 women (57.3%) and 64 men (42.7%), with an average age of 55.1 years. The high-risk category in the SCORE2 scale included patients with low, moderate, high, and very high risk estimated in the Pol-SCORE scale. It was statistically significant (p < 0.0001) in the distribution of risk assessment results between groups of CV risk. According to research, the Pol-SCORE scale has been found to potentially underestimate the likelihood of CV events occurring when compared to the SCORE2 scale, which has a more cautious and restrictive approach. Patients with high and very high risk of fatal and non-fatal CVD are not receiving appropriate treatment. To identify and implement proper recommendations and treatments for patients with elevated risk, the SCORE2 scale should be utilized to estimate CV risk events.

Fuel cells are well-known for their high efficiency, flexibility, and modular design, making them a promising technology for energy production. While hydrogen remains the primary fuel for fuel cells, direct liquid fuel cells—particularly those powered by formic acid—are gaining increasing attention due to their potential for practical applications. Direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFCs) have shown promise as a renewable energy source. Despite extensive research, effective anode catalysts are still needed to address the challenging kinetics associated with formic acid oxidation.In this study, we examine the use of the MAX phase (Ti₂AlC) as a support for palladium nanocrystals in formic acid oxidation within fuel cells. A straightforward method was employed to prepare Pd-based catalysts, using carbon black, reduced graphene oxide, and MAX phase, along with their combinations, as supports. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time MAX phases have been tested in the anode reaction of DFAFCs.Pd-based catalysts supported by various materials (Vulcan, rGO, MAX phase, MAX phase-Vulcan, and MAX phase-rGO) were synthesized using a reduction method. The catalyst Pd/MAX phase-Vulcan exhibited the highest performance, achieving a peak power density of 64 W/cm² in the fuel cell. The catalysts' maximum power densities ranked as follows: Pd/MAX phase-Vulcan > Pd/MAX phase-rGO > Pd/MAX phase > Pd/Vulcan > Pd/rGO. These results suggest that incorporating MAX phases into carbon-based supports significantly enhances the performance of direct formic acid fuel cells. This improvement is attributed to the synergistic properties of these novel materials, particularly the enhanced catalytic behavior driven by the Strong Metal-Support Interaction (SMSI) phenomenon. SMSI refers to a unique interaction between palladium nanocrystals and titanium oxides on the Ti₃AlC₂ surface, which improves the oxidation process.The research was funded by Warsaw University of Technology within the Excellence Initiative: Research University (IDUB) program LAB-TECH of Excellence, edition no. 2.

Low-temperature electrolyzers play a crucial role in electrochemical and industrial processes, particularly in sustainable energy storage and conversion. However, conventional electrolysis relies on the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which requires high working potentials and incurs significant operational costs. This study explores an innovative approach to overcoming these challenges by integrating alternative anodic reactions with hydrogen evolution. By replacing OER with non-oxygen-evolving reactions, this strategy lowers the working potential, reducing energy consumption and overall costs while enhancing the efficiency of electrolysis.This study investigates the use of various biomass-derived fuels, including methanol, ethanol, and formic acid, in electrolyzers. A PEM electrolyzer was utilized to evaluate their performance. Current-voltage characteristics were analyzed for each fuel using a Biologic potentiostat with a booster. The key focus, however, was assessing hydrogen production efficiency through gas chromatography (Agilent). To facilitate this, a specialized system was designed for real-time online monitoring of hydrogen production. The obtained results were compared with standard water electrolysis.The results indicate that using biomass derivatives as fuel for PEM electrolyzers is a promising approach to lowering operating voltage while improving hydrogen production. The most efficient performance was observed for PEM electrolyzers powered by methanol and formic acid. Using a 1M methanol solution, hydrogen production efficiency increased by 56% compared to water electrolysis.The novelty of this study lies in the parametric evaluation of various fuels for PEM electrolyzers within a single research system. Additionally, the developed setup enabled real-time monitoring of hydrogen production, which is particularly crucial given the challenges associated with biomass derivatives. Their impact on electrolyzer stability remains a key concern due to the risk of catalyst and membrane poisoning.The research was funded by Warsaw University of Technology within the Excellence Initiative: Research University (IDUB) program LAB-TECH of Excellence, edition no. 2

This study examines the effectiveness of assessment methods in synchronous and asynchronous online learning environments in higher education. The research was conducted with entrepreneurship courses at the Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw, during the 2020/2021 academic year, comparing two parallel student groups (n = 58 in synchronous mode and n = 49 in asynchronous mode). The research methodology involved analysing the assessment data including final exam results, formative assessment activities, final grades, and student satisfaction surveys. Results indicate that students in asynchronous courses achieved higher academic performance scores but reported lower satisfaction with instructor interaction than synchronous course participants. Conversely, students in synchronous classes rated overall quality of instruction higher despite lower academic outcomes. Both modes employed innovative assessment techniques including gamification, flipped classroom approaches, quizzes, and collaborative assignments, which significantly increased student engagement with the assessment tasks. The findings contribute to understanding the relationship between assessment design, learning mode, and student outcomes in digital learning environments. This research provides a foundation for developing more effective assessment strategies that respond to diverse student needs in both emergency remote teaching contexts and intentionally designed online learning.

ABSTRACT This article discusses the project Danced Nova Aurigae, which took the form of a series of theatre workshops carried out jointly by individuals without permanent accommodation from the Theatre of the Homeless (the first theatrical company for those experiencing homelessness in Poland) and students of Arts Education at the University of Warsaw. This project investigated the importance of personal experience and direct interaction in overturning stereotypes and the role that theatre can play in this process. The analysis is based on qualitative research conducted during the project, including observation with participation, focus groups, and in-depth interviews. This article introduces the project and describes its goals, assumptions, implementation, and outcomes. In presenting a Polish example of applying the performance arts to education and social intervention, the article draws attention to the educational potential of this type of project whilst highlighting the difficulties that arise from established stereotypical perceptions of homeless people.

In 1986 during the archaeological excavations by the Institute of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw directed by professor Jerzy Gąssowski at the site of Podebłocie, three small fragmentary objects of clay were found. On these so-called ‘tablets’ there are signs which are similar to the letters of Greek alphabet (ill. 2,3,4). Finds of that kind, unexpected in that area, excited a lot of interest of Polish mediaevalists.

This retrospective study analyzed crown fractures in the permanent dentition among pediatric patients attending the Pediatric Dentistry Department, Medical University of Warsaw, during the COVID-19 lockdown. Data from 1582 medical records were reviewed, and 56 patients (mean age 9.4 years, SD 25.3) with 74 crown fracture cases were included. Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) accounted for 14.7% (233/1582) of cases, with crown fractures constituting 42.9% (100/233). The mean time interval before patient presentation was 0.4 days (SD 0.63). Falls (51.8%) were the most common cause of injury, with most incidents occurring at home (32.1%). The maxillary central incisors were most frequently affected (86.0%), and concomitant soft tissue injuries were observed in 33.9% of cases. Complicated crown fractures (CCFs) were most often treated with Root Canal Treatment (RCT) (37.5%) and had a lower success rate compared to uncomplicated crown fractures (UCFs) (37.5% vs. 70.7%; p < 0.05). Composite restorations achieved the highest success rate (70.0%) compared to reattachment (33.3%) and glass-ionomer cement (16.7%) (p < 0.05). A significant difference in the time interval between dental injury and dental examination was observed between successful and unsuccessful cases (p < 0.05). The most common complication was loss of pulp vitality, occurring in 27.3% of CCFs and 70.5% of UCFs (p < 0.05). The findings highlight the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on TDIs, including the increased occurrence of injuries at home and the challenges of timely access to dental care. These results underscore the importance of prompt and appropriate management to improve treatment outcomes during unprecedented circumstances like the pandemic. The study underlines the importance of maintaining dental emergencies in order to facilitate support mechanisms for patients, management strategies for dental professionals, and appropriate allocation of resources. Dental management of crown fractures should follow recent clinical guidelines. Awareness and knowledge concerning dental injuries are insufficient and should be improved.

Abstract Background and Aims Kidney involvement is one of the severe complications in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and has been associated with higher mortality in these patients. Method We analyzed 158 renal biopsy results performed at the Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, from 2008 to 2024. All patients were diagnosed with SLE according to ACR/EULAR criteria. The examined group included 120 women and 38 men, with a mean age of 38.9 ± 13.7 years (range 18–76). Proteinuria &amp;gt;0.5 g/24 h and/or erythrocyturia &amp;gt;5 cells per high-power field were indications for performing a kidney biopsy. In the examined group, the indications for kidney biopsy were: initial diagnosis of nephropathy—113 patients, lupus nephritis (LN) flare—34 patients, and treatment nonresponse—11 patients. Nephrotic syndrome was observed in most patients (96; 61%). Kidney biopsies were examined by an experienced kidney pathologist (Medical University of Warsaw) and classified according to the International Society of Nephrology (ISN)/Renal Pathology Society (RPS) scheme. Results Lupus nephritis was confirmed in 145 (91.8%) patients, while in 13 (8.2%) biopsies, other pathological changes were found. The most common presentation of lupus nephritis was class IV—64/145 (40.5%). Class III was noted in 17 (10.8%), class V in 16 biopsies (10.1%), class IV+V in 13 (8.2%), and class III+V in 19 (12%). Other classes were less frequent: class II—11 (7%) and class VI—only 5 (3.2%) of the examined patients. In 13 biopsies (8.2%) not fulfilling the ISN/RPS criteria for lupus nephritis, other diagnoses were established: podocytopathy—6 patients, IgA nephropathy—4 patients, diabetic kidney disease—2 patients, and anti-GBM disease—1 patient (rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis). Furthermore, in one patient with a diagnosis of LN, coexisting light chain disease was observed. After electron microscopy, in one patient with LN class II, collagen type IV disease was suspected, and genetic testing ultimately confirmed Alport's syndrome. Conclusion Kidney biopsy in SLE patients not only confirms lupus nephritis but also reveals other nephropathies that may either coexist with LN or occur independently. Our findings highlight that renal biopsy remains essential for the accurate diagnosis of lupus nephritis and the identification of coexisting renal pathologies, which may significantly impact patient management and therapeutic decisions.

Background/Objectives: Stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD), or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), requires renal replacement therapy, commonly hemodialysis (HD). This treatment necessitates dietary changes due to impaired excretory function and protein-energy wasting (PEW). A structured diet with adequate energy, protein, electrolytes, and fluids is essential. The aim was to characterize habitual dietary intake in adults on HD relative to KDOQI and ESPEN recommendations. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 50 adults on maintenance HD at the Medical University of Warsaw completed a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (55 items, nine frequency categories). The study was questionnaire-based and did not collect, link, or analyze dialysis efficacy indices, residual diuresis, or anthropometric measurements; all dietary estimates are independent of these clinical parameters. Estimated intakes of energy, macronutrients, fiber, electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, P), and fluids were compared with KDOQI 2020 and ESPEN 2021 recommendations. Sensitivity analyses included deterministic scenarios and Monte Carlo simulations. Results: Mean intakes were 2696.9 ± 1392.7 kcal and 87.7 ± 35.3 g protein; 64% and 82% met reference values. Sensitivity analyses revealed per-kg shortfalls in heavier patients (>75 kg): Monte Carlo medians were 37.8 kcal/kg/day and 1.28 g/kg/day. Diets were fat-dominant (~46%E), with low carbohydrates (~40%E) and low fiber, about 8 g per 1000 kcal. Sodium and phosphorus were elevated, about 1119 mg and 498 mg per 1000 kcal, while calcium was low (~346 mg/1000 kcal). Conclusions: Despite adequate mean intake, sensitivity analyses revealed per-kg energy/protein deficits and elevated sodium and phosphorus. Individualized counseling with electrolyte and fluid management, greater dietary diversity, and psychosocial support is warranted in HD.

The RAF-Analog Space Mission was a ten-day simulation conducted on a post-mining heap in Bytom, Poland, designed to replicate aspects of living and working on Mars. The project, was organized by the Scientific Club of Geophysics at the University of Warsaw and aimed to test principles of habitability, astronaut behavior, and interdisciplinary scientific research in an analog environment. The mission crew, consisting of three students: Natalia Godlewska (astronomy) – co-leader of the project and mission commander, Norbert Nieścior (physics) – geolab officer, and Piotr Lorek (biotechnology and medical chemistry) – biolab officer, lived in a mobile base composed of a camper serving as living quarters and a delivery van adapted as a laboratory, connected by an airlock. Research activities encompassed geophysical, geological, astrobiological, and psychological studies, simulating the scientific and operational tasks anticipated in futureMars missions. The analog conditions allowed the team to assess logistical challenges, teamwork dynamics, and technical feasibility of field operations in a constrained setting. Results indicated that the mobile habitat successfully maintained both living and research functions, though psychological aspects and procedural limitations emphasized the necessity of flexibility and compliance with established protocols. The mission demonstrated the value of low-cost terrestrial analogs for preparing methodologies, technologies, and human factors research relevant to future planetary exploration.

Tadeusz Stępniewski: Polish dermatologist and "Righteous Among the Nations".

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae (ASBP) is the oldest journal of the Polish Botanical Society, published since 1923. Over the past 100 years, it has played an important role in the development of botany in Poland. The journal has undergone various modernizations throughout its history, culminating in the transition to an exclusively digital format in 2016. The journal has published 3,728 articles totaling 46,197 pages. The average length of an article has decreased from 18.5 pages in the interwar period to 13.6 pages from 1952 to 1989, and to 8.65 pages in the years preceding the transition to digital format. Recently, the average length has been increasing. Conversely, the number of authors per article has grown. Initially, articles were single- authored, but post-World War II, the average number of authors gradually increased. From its inception, the journal has published works by women. In the interwar period, women authored 109 (26.6%) of the 410 articles from Poland, involving 112 female authors (25.6% of Polish authors). These articles primarily covered plant physiology (34 articles), with fewer focusing on cytology (23 articles) and microbiology (20 articles). In the post-war period, 1,855 articles (62.48% of Polish articles) were published exclusively by women. By 1956, women authored more than half of the articles from Poland. Women’s articles were characterized by several features: in the interwar period, they were longer than the average article, and post-World War II, they more often addressed emerging, laboratory experimental fields of botany rather than older fields or those requiring significant physical exertion, particularly in field research. Over the century, women authored 52.49% of all articles in the journal. Most articles published in ASBP were by Polish authors (85.6%), with fewer (10.8%) written collaboratively by authors affiliated in Poland and abroad. Over the past century, the most foreign authors came from the United States of America (52), the People’s Republic of China (51), and India (48). In Poland, during the interwar period, the University of Warsaw (118 authors) dominated, followed by the Jagiellonian University (80) and the University of Poznań (51). Post-World War II, most articles were submitted by authors from the University of Wrocław (317), the University of Warsaw (296), and the Jagiellonian University (276). Outside of Poland, ASBP was most frequently cited by authors affiliated in the United States of America (883 citations), followed by the United Kingdom (826 citations) and the People’s Republic of China (822 citations). Throughout its century-long existence, the journal’s articles have primarily focused on plant physiology (36.7% of all articles), with biochemistry being slightly less common (22.9%). However, the last 12 years have seen a shift towards ecological issues. Until recently, Polish botanists’ motto was to publish their groundbreaking discoveries first in Poland. Consequently, canonical results such as Wacław Gajewski’s research on the cytogenetics and evolution of the Geum genus, and the world’s first description of a periclinal chimera in gymnosperms were announced in ASBP. Zygmunt Hejnowicz presented the discovery of cambial morphogenetic waves, and Tomasz Wodzicki – the auxin transport model, which was nearly a decade ahead of global models. One of the world’s first articles on lichenicolous fungi was also published here. Notably, no articles on pseudoscientific topics, such as the so-called new Soviet genetics, i.e., Lysenkoism, were published. ASBP – the journal of the Polish Botanical Society – has come a long way over the past hundred years, evolving from a periodical of a local scientific society to a journal of considerable prestige on the international stage.

Based on the analysis of archival materials, documents of state institutions and periodicals of the early 20th century, the key stages of the formation of higher education in the Don Host Region are studied. Particular attention is paid to the process of transformation of the evacuated Warsaw University into the Don University as an example of successful adaptation of an academic institution in new socio-political conditions. The study demonstrates how regional initiatives, demonstrated in a critical historical period, laid the foundations of one of the leading scientific and educational centers of the South of Russia.

The paper examines the personality type predispositions of law students, as indicated by the MBTI test results. Discussion reflects on their potential implications for practice of law when it comes to conflict resolution strategies, including the use of mediation. Drawing on American studies, the authors refer to the compatibility hypothesis, which states that personality type is correlated with occupational preferences, and attempt to test thesefindings in the Polish context. On the basis of empirical data concerning law students at the University of Warsaw, as well as results coming from other research, they discuss whether certain personality types are particularly predestinating for undertaking law studies and whether this differs in different countries, taking also into account the gender dimension. The discussion further reflects on how lawyers’ personality type may impact their approach to conflict and conflict resolution strategies. The analysis also refers to implications of personality types on practice of law, where lawyers can be either in the role of mediator or represent the parties. In this respect the paper links theory, research and practice in the field of dispute resolution and handling conflict.

BackgroundFrailty syndrome (FS) and cognitive impairment are major geriatric concerns, particularly prevalent among hospitalized older adults. The primary objective of this study was to assess the co-occurrence of FS and cognitive impairment in hospitalized geriatric patients. Additionally, the study analyzed the relationship of these conditions with functional status, fall risk, sensory deficits, depressive symptoms, and selected prognostic laboratory parameters. The research hypothesis was that the severity of frailty is correlated with worse cognitive impairment.Material/MethodsThis retrospective study analyzed the medical records of 265 patients consecutively admitted to the Internal Medicine and Geriatrics Ward of the Clinic of Internal Medicine and Cardiology at the University Clinical Centre of the Medical University of Warsaw (UCK WUM) between January 1 and December 31, 2022. During hospitalization, all patients underwent a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), which included the following tools: the Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (ADL), the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale (IADL), the Barthel Index, the Short Tinetti Test, the Norton Scale, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). Frailty was assessed using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS). Laboratory analysis included serum levels of albumin, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, sodium, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).ResultsMost patients (64.77%) exhibited signs of frailty – 21.59% were classified as pre-frail and 13.63% were non-frail. Frailty severity was correlated with worsening cognitive impairment. Statistically significant associations were observed between CFS scores and clinical parameters such as age (P<0.001), albumin level (P<0.001), hemoglobin level (P=0.002), lymphocyte count (P=0.292), and MMSE score (P<0.001). Scores of functional assessment tools – ADL, IADL, the Norton Scale, the Barthel Index, and the Tinetti Test – were significantly correlated (P<0.05) with both CFS and MMSE outcomes.ConclusionsIn hospitalized geriatric patients, frailty severity is associated with cognitive decline and decreased functional performance. Lower levels of albumin and lymphocytes were associated with more advanced frailty and worse cognitive dysfunction.

Purpose: This paper aims to highlight the significance of the SEW UW - Centre of East European Studies in the context of the pivotal academic hubs for Eastern studies in the United States. The article also provides a comprehensive review of United States academic institutions with Eastern and Russian Studies. Materials and Methods: The article adopted inductive reasoning. The concept of the study was to bring a general notion that represents important aspects of the Sovietological expertise in academia, both in North America and in Central Europe. Such a research goal is intriguing and important in light of the Kremlin's ambition to restore the former empire within the borders of the Soviet Union. There are tangible changes in international law and international relations already, including contemporary rapid expansion of NATO, and highlighting the importance of accession to the Alliance in the nineties for Central European countries from the former Soviet sphere of influence. Findings: The inductive reasoning shows patterns of regularity and a broad scope of research on analyzed topics. It also demonstrates the importance of the field of study and the expertise at the University of Warsaw. Unique Contribution to theory practice and policy: The study aims to contribute to theory, practice, and policy regarding current rapid developments in international law and international relations. It is connected with the increasing threats of potential World War III1.

IntroductionCurrent recommendations for early introduction of cow’s milk proteins in infants who cannot be breastfed vary and are inconsistent due to a lack of clear evidence. We aim to assess whether early supplementation with various nutritional interventions, including cow’s milk formula (CMF), amino acid formula (AAF), donor human milk (DHM) or high-pressure processed ‘pascalised’ DHM (DHM-P) is effective for the primary prevention of cow’s milk allergy (CMA) in breastfed neonates.Methods and analysisWe will perform an open-label randomised, controlled, head-to-head trial with four parallel arms in three Polish study centres (Warsaw). 1000 healthy full-term newborns of mothers eager to exclusively breastfeed will be allocated to receive early supplementation with one of four nutritional interventions: CMF, AAF, DHM or DHM-P. All children will receive 10 mL of each intervention per day for the first 3 days of life; exclusive breastfeeding will be recommended. However, if any supplementation in addition to the breastfeeding is needed, the assigned nutritional intervention will be provided until 4 months of age. The primary outcome is a cumulative incidence of CMA confirmed by open oral food challenge at 4–6 months and 12 months of age. Secondary outcomes include an incidence of sensitisation to cow’s milk protein; a total score in the Cow’s Milk Related Symptom Score; the percentage of children with acquired tolerance to cow’s milk, feeding difficulties and exclusively and predominantly breastfed; an incidence of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and wheezing; growth; compliance and adverse events. The level of immunomodulatory factors in maternal milk and its nutritional component analysis will also be performed.Ethics and disseminationThe ethics committee of the Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, approved this protocol (KB/61/2023). The results of this study will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal no later than 1 year after data collection. The abstract will be presented at relevant national and international conferences.Trial registration numberNCT06652698.

Background: Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) is a rare but potentially precancerous condition strongly associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Despite increased detection rates due to HPV screening and colposcopy, diagnosis and management remain challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of VaIN in patients referred to a tertiary academic center. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 48 patients who underwent colposcopy-directed vaginal biopsies between January 2019 and June 2024 at the Medical University of Warsaw. Data collected included patient demographics, HPV status, cytology, histopathology, and treatment outcomes. Patients were grouped based on the presence and grade of VaIN (VaIN 1 vs. VaIN 2/3). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software. Results: VaIN was diagnosed in 24 patients (50%), VaIN was confirmed in half of the cohort, VaIN 2 in 30%, and VaIN 3 in 18% of cases. HPV infection and prior cervical pathology were significantly associated with VaIN diagnosis (P = 0.03 and P = 0.05, respectively), and high-risk HPV infection correlated with higher-grade lesions (P = 0.04). Among VaIN 2+ cases, most patients required laser ablation or surgical excision, while VaIN 1 often regressed spontaneously. Regression occurred in 11 cases, and high-risk HPV infection was inversely associated with spontaneous regression (P = 0.04). Conclusions: This study confirms the central role of HPV, particularly high-risk subtypes, in VaIN pathogenesis. Conservative management may be appropriate for VaIN 1, while VaIN 2+ requires active intervention. HPV genotyping should be integrated into diagnostic workups, and long-term follow-up is essential due to the risks of persistence and recurrence.

Unmanned helicopters, due to their agility and strong dependence on environmental conditions, require using advanced control techniques in order to ensure precise trajectory tracking in various states of flight. The following paper presents a methodology for the design of an unmanned helicopter flight controller. The proposed solution involves the use of the Model Predictive Control framework enhanced with the Takagi–Sugeno inference algorithm. The designed system uses a Parallel Distributed Compensation architecture and utilizes multiple linear dynamics models to precisely model the helicopter’s response in transitioning from hovering to forward flight. The proposed control system was developed for the ARCHER unmanned rotorcraft, which was designed at Warsaw University of Technology. In order to evaluate control efficiency, simulation tests were conducted using the helicopter mathematical model built in the FLIGHTLAB environment, fully integrated with the Matlab/Simulink platform. The control system test results, including system step responses and performance during flight over a predefined path, highlight the differences between the conventional Model Predictive Control regulator and its fuzzy-enhanced variant.