Warning Value Research Articles

Environmental status and early warning value of the pollutant Semicarbazide in Jincheng and Sishili Bays, Shandong Peninsula, China

A verified method for measuring Semicarbazide (SEM) in seawater, sediments, and shellfish was developed based on ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A total of 30 stations were radially distributed in Jincheng and Sishili Bays in the Bohai and Yellow Seas, and 1025 monitoring data were collected in 41 voyages, 615 seawater samples, 320 sediment samples and 90 shellfish samples. The concentration ranged from 0.011μg/L to 0.093μg/L and 0 to 0.75μg/kg in seawater and shellfish respectively, but SEM in sediment was all below the limit of detection. Temporal and spatial distribution of SEM was investigated using multivariate analysis to estimate the degree of SEM pollution. Based on the SEM concentration in the three sample types, together with our previous findings, early warning values were deduced for SEM in seawater, and the developed method overcame shortcomings with existing technologies. The results may be helpful to draft national baseline values for SEM in seawater and sediments, and provide a scientific basis for assessing the impacts of SEM on marine ecology and human health.

The clinical application of suctioning flexible ureteroscopy with automatically controlling renal pelvic pressure

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of suctioning flexible ureteroscopy with automatic control of renal pelvic pressure. Methods A total of consecutive 87 patients, including 54 male cases and 33 female cases, with upper urinary tract calculi were enrolled in this study from November 2014 to August 2015. The average size of stone was (15.9±4.2)mm. The average age was (48.2±13.1 )years old. All patients were performed suctioning flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy under general anesthesia in low lithotomy position. They were treated by suctioning flexible ureteroscopy with automatic control of renal pelvic pressure (RPP) by a patented intelligent system including an irrigation and suctioning platform and a ureteral access sheath (F12/14) with a pressure-sensitive tip. There are two connecting channels on the back end of the UAS, which are connected to the vacuum device with suctioning effect and pressure monitoring feedback device, respectively. On the platform, control value was set at -15--5 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), RPP warning value was set at 20 mmHg, and RPP limit value was set at 30 mmHg. Infusion flow rate was set at 50-150 ml/min .Intraoperatively, Holmium laser was used to powderize the stone at 0.6-0.8J/pulse with a frequency of 20-30 Hz (fiber diameter 200μm). Statistical analysis was performed regarding RPP, operative time, stone-free rates, and complications. Results 76 of 87 patients only accepted one surgery to remove the stone. There were 7 cases who failed the first surgery due to difficulty in placing the ureteral access sheath but flexible ureteroscopy were successfully performed in these patients after indwelling a D-J stent for 2 weeks. Four cases were converted to percutaneous nephrolithotomy due to significant ureteral stenosis. For the 83 patients who underwent successful flexible ureterosocopy the actual RPP was controlled under 20 mmHg with clear operative visualization. The average operative time was (24.8±14.7) min. The stone-free rates at day 1 and day 30 were 86.7%(72/83) and 95.2%(79/83), respectively. Complication occurred in 16 cases. The ClavienⅠcomplications were noted in 14 cases, including pain in 6 cases , fever in 5 cases, nausea/vomiting in 2 cases and tachycardia 1 case. While ClavienⅡhypertension complications were noted in 2 cases. Conclusions Suctioning flexible ureteroscopy with automatically controlling RPP is technically feasible, safe, and efficacious for treating upper urinary tract calculi with the advantages of breaking stones at high efficacy and low complication rates. Key words: Upper urinary tract calculi; Renal pelvic pressure; Pressure feedback; Equipment

Composite Fault Diagnosis and Intelligent Maintenance Based on Data Driven

For composite fault is difficult to diagnose, the characteristics of the large amount of data. This paper presents a method of The Prediction method of Composite Fault Based on data driven to establish intelligence unit Based on a collection of virtual individuals associated with the virtual failure associated collection and virtual behavior associated collection. Composite fault warning engine modeling is proposed, and give the warning value of composite fault finally. This method is fully assessing the future "dominant state" on the basis of the fully aware of current "hidden state". The impact of factors such as disturbance of hidden failures on composite fault prediction are fully considered, to some extent, the long-span composite failure prediction problem is solved, and the experiments show that the method effectively increases the accuracy of composite fault prediction.

Measuring noise and vibration in the cockpit of the Mi-8 helicopter

Noise and vibration are among the main negative elements of the working environment. The aim of this study was to determine the measurement of the size of their effect on helicopter pilots and crew members. The results were compared with the warning and limit values determined by the existing Directives of the European Commission in the field of noise and vibration. The comparison of the results has led to the conclusion that the measured values are unacceptable in terms of safety and health at work and that the measured values exceed the limits. The measurements have pointed out to a danger of occupational diseases among crew members and to the necessity to take measures to reduce the harmful effects of noise and vibration on helicopter personnel.

스마트폰 기반 산소 결핍 모니터링 장치

O2-deficiency related accidents occur every year and the most effective way to prevent them is to measure O2 concentration in air with a properly-calibrated O2 monitoring device before entering low-O2 areas. An electro-chemical sensor, Texas Instrument gas platform, and iPhone are used to construct a smartphone-based O2 monitoring device. The smartphone based O2 measuring approach offers advantages of small size, accessibility, internet-connectivity, and programmability in comparison to conventional O2 measuring devices. Multiple gas sensors can be conveniently interfaced to single smartphone, allowing for creating a network of gas sensors distributed across workplaces and remote monitoring via existing mobile communication network. To check proper function of the O2 monitoring device the sensor was exposed to shallow and deep human breaths. The readings decreased immediately after being exposed to exhalation and recovered during inhalation to a calibrated level of 20.9%. When readings decreased below a preset warning value of 19.5%, a low O2 warning was successfully activated on the smartphone.

Critical rainfall thresholds for debris flows in Sanyanyu, Zhouqu County, Gansu Province, China

Critical rainfall thresholds can be the key to ensuring effective debris-flow forecasting. They are significant for the study of the trigger mechanisms of debris flows, for the forecast of the characteristics of future events, and for the development of engineering guidance for mitigation. Using a hydrological approach, we first calculated the flood peak discharge at different frequencies and then the corresponding rainfall thresholds for the initiation of different scales of debris flows in Zhouqu County, China. This was followed by the establishment of a functional relation between the intensity and duration of rainfall events that trigger debris flows of different warning levels in two initial soil conditions (dry and moist). This, in turn, yielded four warning levels and two preliminary warning levels. For the two early soil conditions (dry and moist) in the Sanyanyu Gully of Zhouqu County, the Level I (red) warning values for rainfall triggering debris flow are 56 and 51 mm h −1 , respectively; the Level II (orange) warning values are 41 and 38 mm h −1 , respectively; the Level III (yellow) warning values are 32 and 30 mm h −1 , respectively; and the Level IV (blue) warning values are 24 and 22 mm h −1 , respectively. The Level V preliminary warning values are 17 and 16 mm h −1 , respectively; and the Level VI preliminary warning values are 10 and 9.5 mm h −1 , respectively. The rainfall intensity and duration were found to exhibit a power function relation, I = αD β , where the values of α and β vary with the warning levels. Rainfall events capable of triggering debris flows in the new thresholds and intensity–duration relations presented here can be used for forecasting purposes and in operational geohazard warning systems. These research results also provide a scientific basis for regional hazard mitigation and reduction in Zhouqu County.

Numerical Analysis of the Moving Formwork Bracket Stress during Construction of a Curved Continuous Box Girder Bridge with Variable Width

This paper is based on a curved continuous box girder with variable width. The bracket stress in the process during construction in mobile formwork system is monitored and analyzed. It has elaborated the contents which mobile formwork bracket monitored and methods in the construction of curved continuous box girder with variable width. The bracket stress was analyzed using the numerical analysis method. Accordingly, the theoretical value related to bracket stress is calculated by finite element software-Midas Civil 2010. The model of the combination of transverse and longitudinal shift is put forward, which ensures the security of mobile formwork during construction. A real-time monitoring system is established, and reasonable warning value is set. Furthermore, the data related to bracket stress is measured. Eventually, comparing the values of the field measurement with the one of theoretical calculation, we concluded that the bracket remained safe in the construction process. The analysis of the bracket will afford the experience for the similar bridge constructions and embody preferable practical value.

Estimating Target Heights Based on the Earth Curvature Model and Micromultipath Effect in Skywave OTH Radar

Skywave over-the-horizon (OTH) radar systems have important long-range strategic warning values. They exploit skywave propagation reflection of high frequency signals from the ionosphere, which provides the ultra-long-range surveillance capabilities to detect and track maneuvering targets. Current OTH radar systems are capable of localizing targets in range and azimuth but are unable to achieve reliable instantaneous altitude estimation. Most existing height measurement methods of skywave OTH radar systems have taken advantage of the micromultipath effect and been considered in the flat earth model. However, the flat earth model is not proper since large error is inevitable, when the detection range is over one thousand kilometers. In order to avoid the error caused by the flat earth model, in this paper, an earth curvature model is introduced into OTH radar altimetry methods. The simulation results show that application of the earth curvature model can effectively reduce the estimation error.

A Novel Reconfiguration Strategy for Active Distribution Network Considering Maximum Power Supply Capability

In this paper, a novel reconfiguration strategy for active distribution network considering maximum power supply capability (PSC) is proposed. Firstly, a PSC index (PSCI) is proposed to evaluate the real-time security level of distribution network. Then, a novel reconfiguration strategy is developed for enhancing the PSCI of distribution network when the PSCI is lower than a pre-defined warning value. The reconfiguration strategy can be integrated to distribution management system (DMS) as a preventive control method to prevent outages of customers, which can significantly increase the reliability of distribution network. Case studies are carried out by using a typical 33-bus distribution network, and simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed reconfiguration strategy, which has a good engineering application prospect.

The Development of a Realtime Remote Monitoring System for the Subsidence of Building

A system, which is real-time, remote, automatic for monitoring the subsidence of building, is introduced. Hydrostatic leveling, displacement sense by electromagnetism, computer technology are integrated into the system. The system can realize real-time, continuous acquisition and management of the measured data, and when the quantity and speed of the subsidence exceed the certain warning value,the system can realize automatic early-warning. Compared with geometrical leveling, the system has advantages of high accuracy, real time, continuous, unattended, remote, wireless for monitoring and early-warning.

The tendency of changes in blood oxygen saturation and arrhythmia: a clinical report of 500 cases

To observe the correlation of duration of hypoxia and degree of arrhythmia in patients with and without past history of cardiac disease, in order to provide a warning value supplied by pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) monitoring for clinical surveillance. A prospective study was conducted. Patients with arrhythmia induced solely by hypoxia were included, and they were grouped into cardiac diseases group (n=487) and non-cardiac diseases group (n=13) according to whether or not they had cardiac diseases. Both groups were undergoing mechanical ventilation, and the real time monitoring of electrocardiogram (ECG) and the SpO2 were monitored. The types of arrhythmia and duration and severity of hypoxia were observed. The method of logistic regression was conducted to find the affecting factors of arrhythmia. There were significant differences in SpO2 (0.82±0.12 vs. 0.50±0.10) and duration of arrhythmia (2.55±1.02 minutes vs. 17.13±1.45 minutes) between the cardiac disease group and the non-cardiac disease group (both P<0.01). The multifactor logistic regression analysis on the affecting factors in patients with cardiac arrhythmia indicated that cough during sputum suction [odds ratio (OR)=3.078, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.756 - 6.235], long duration of tracheal intubation (OR=0.267, 95%CI 0.122 - 0.573), over anesthesia (OR=2.541, 95%CI 1.039 - 6.615), inadequate tidal volume (OR=4.360, 95%CI 2.187 - 9.443), low respiratory frequency (OR=0.297, 95%CI 0.069 - 1.113) were all risk factors of arrhythmia (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The hypoxemia (lowering of SpO2) is the independent risk factor leading to arrhythmia. Healthy heart can tolerate hypoxia better, and the SpO2 warning value is ≤0.60. Compared with the non-cardiac disease group, patients in cardiac disease group has significantly lower toleration ability against hypoxia, and its SpO2 warning value is lower than 0.95.

A Method to Determine the Warning Value of the Opening of Concrete Dam Crack Based on the Analysis of Time-Effect and the Low Probability Method

During the long-term operation of concrete dam, the cracks in concrete dam might have propagated. Aiming at this situation, based on the comprehensively consideration of the evolution and abnormality situation of concrete dam crack, a method to determine the warning value of the opening of concrete dam crack was proposed. First, the time-effect of crack opening was extracted and its variation law was analyzed, according to this, the occurring time of the unstable propagation of crack was determined. Then, the warning value of crack opening after the last propagation of crack was determined by use of the low probability method. Apply this method to analyze the measured data of a concrete dam crack; the warning value of crack opening was determined successfully; this shows that this method has certain application value.

Rapid Flood Evaluation Systems in Taiwan Metropolitan Areas

Hydrological issues in metropolises in Taiwan have become increasingly important because the storm water sewer systems of metropolises are frequently unable to meet the requirements of the existing and future metropolitan development. Typhoons or torrential rains that cause rainfall intensities that exceed the designed capacity of storm water sewers can result in serious flooding. The losses caused by flooding can be reduced if the areas at risk of flooding can be predicted and warnings can be issued to prompt disaster prevention and allow response units and residents to prepare before disasters occur. The primary purpose of this study is to integrate the quantitative precipitation forecasting technologies [1, 2] developed by the Taiwan Typhoon and Flood Research Institute to establish a rapid, stable, real-time, and automatic metropolitan area flood estimation system for predictive flooding analysis. The objects of this study are metropolitan areas in Taiwan with storm water sewer systems. The standard capacities of storm water sewer systems throughout Taiwan and the geographic information system (GIS) shape files are collected and compiled. Additionally, the potential flooding areas are divided into four levels (high, medium, low, and no flooding) and are compared with the rainfall warning values of the Water Resources Agency. The study combines the results of quantitative precipitation forecasts, establishes an information database (MySQL), processes Google Earth KML files, and designs a WEB GIS display interface to construct a system for estimating the flooding possibility (probability) in metropolitan areas during typhoons or torrential rains. This study subsequently employs the event of Typhoon Kalmaegi for flooding estimation and display; the estimation results are consistent with the flooding survey data, indicating that the estimations made by the flooding estimation system are correct.

The Cause of Instability and Reinforcement of the Complicated High Slope Drawing near a Deep-Founding Pit

The combination of a single row of artificially-dug-up piles and pre-stressed anchor rope was adopted to the foundation pit as the retaining structure,and anchor-plate retaining structure and rubble retaining wall were used as the bracing system for the complicated building slope. In the process of excavation, monitoring has been done to see if any horizontal displacement, deformation of deep soil and crack width take place or any technical data and code dispatch from the demand. Monitoring results show that deformation in some parts of the tops of support structure is larger than the designed warning value some times and the deformation continue to increase in the process of the excavation, and this result in twice dangerous situations in the support structure of the slope. In this paper, the geologic construction of the slope and the situations of the designed support structure and monitoring condition were depicted. The mechanism of the instability of the slope was explained on the basis of comprehensive analysis of deformation monitoring datas. It is concluded that the over-excavation, explosive excavation, rainfall and so on were the factors affecting the stability of the slope. Corresponding emergency measures and reinforcement measures,such as unloading and pre-stress rope, were proposed, which were proved to be highly effective.

Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization and infection among non HIV-infected patients

Objective and method The epidemiology of pneumocystosis has changed in the last decade with a decreased incidence in HIV infected patients, and the emerging concept of Pneumocystis colonization. The study objective was to describe Pneumocystis infection as well as colonization among non-HIV infected patients in the Rouen teaching hospital and cancer institute. A retrospective study was made of all patients with a positive respiratory sample for Pneumocystis jirovecii between January 1, 2000 and June 6, 2007. Results Fifty-four cases were reported (46 cases of pneumocystosis and eight of asymptomatic carriage) and an increasing yearly incidence over the study period was observed. Underlying diseases for pneumocystosis were haematological malignancies ( n = 25; 54%), organ transplantation ( n = 8; 17.4%), inflammatory disorders ( n = 6; 13%), and solid cancer ( n = 5; 10.8%). Sixty-five per cent of patients were under long-term steroid therapy. The overall mortality rate was 21.4%. The CD4 count for 26 patients, ranged from 18 to 1449/mm 3 (median: 107). Eight cases of asymptomatic carriage were reported with an underlying immunodepression ( n = 6) and pulmonary disease ( n = 2). Discussion The increasing incidence of pneumocystosis in immunosuppressed patients without AIDS is due to more frequent favorable conditions and progress of diagnostic tools. The clinical presentations are severe. Prophylaxis is badly codified because there is no threshold value for CD4 count. Colonization could present a warning value.

Application of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation in crisis management of public hospitals

Objective To judge the hospital crisis and to provide the approaches and strategies to avoid the hospital crisis. Methods To conduct specific diagnosis of important risk factors of hospitals using expert diagnostics and crisis identification. Results Combined with the index system and weight affecting public hospitals' crisis, to focus on preventing risk factors directly, which had severe affection and put great weight on hospital crisis. To raise up the containments, managing strategies and mechanisms for public hospitals' crisis. Conclusions It is an effective method to warn and prevent hospital crisis by the way of establishing public hospital crisis value with fuzzy comprehensive evaluation system. Key words: Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation; Crisis management; Warning value

Onboard Measurement and Warning Module for Irregular Vehicle Behavior

This paper develops an onboard decision module for issuing appropriate warnings when the equipped vehicle's traveling trajectory is irregular. Potential vehicle accidents exist if the driver is distracted by fatigue, drowsiness, food, phone use, and talking or is under the influence of alcohol or drugs, etc. Usual freeway accidents include lateral and rear-end collisions. Detecting vehicle behavior is a good way to measure the security of driving. This paper presents two modules. An unexpected lane departure avoidance module is utilized to prevent lateral collision. This module issues warnings when the vehicle approaches an irregular departure from the middle of the lane. Radial basis probability networks are applied to distinguish between normal lane change and lane departure. A rear-end collision avoidance module is used to issue warnings to avoid longitudinal accidents. This module reflects driver perceptions of environmental influence with a warning value and the warning threshold by neural networks and fuzzy membership functions, respectively. The proposed modules are satisfactory according to simulations and field tests.

The Value of Explicit Hazard and Consequence Warnings for Products with Hidden Hazards

Many product warnings provide no bazard or consequence information, and rely on all-encompassing avoidance messages to communicate risk and mitigate hazards. While these avoidance-only warnings may be appropriate when hazards and consequences are obvious, they could be insufficient when the hazards or consequences are not apparent. This study examined the relative effectiveness of avoidance-only warnings versus warnings including hazard identification and explicit consequence information. Ninety-five subjects completed surveys that presented six products and their warnings. Explicit and non-explicit (avoidance-only) warnings were crossed with products having hidden or obvious hazards. The results suggest that for products with hidden hazards, explicit warnings improve understanding of consequence severity and increase perception of risk. Predicted compliance and product avoidance were also measured. The results are presented with a discussion of the relationship between perceived risk and safety behavior.

Potential Problems Associated with Overusing Warnings

Providing product warnings is one strategy that manufacturers often use to communicate information about product hazards and promote safe and satisfactory use of their products. Given that product warnings are designed to promote safety and hazard awareness, it is important to reflect upon how the value of warnings might be preserved or enhanced. This paper reviews literature regarding the overuse of warnings and the potential negative consequences of adding warnings to products such as: reduced attention to warnings generally; reduced attention to individual messages within warnings; reduced recall of certain warning messages; reduced believability/credibility of warnings; reduced ability to differentiate the relative magnitude of risks; and misplaced reliance on the completeness of warning labels. From a product safety standpoint, this review illustrates that providing product warnings about every conceivable risk associated with products is an inappropriate practice; that it is not only the sheer number of warnings provided on a label or on products, but the nature of the warnings themselves that may have a detrimental effect on safety; and that there is also a need to more clearly define the characteristics of warning messages that increase the likelihood of negative effects related to attention to, credibility of, and ultimately the response to warnings.

Modulation of electrically elicited blink reflex components by visual and acoustic prestimuli in man

The effects of a prestimulus on the electrically elicited blink reflex components were investigated in 20 healthy subjects. In the first group of 10 subjects (warned group), electric shocks were delivered in isolation or preceded, at an interstimulus interval (ISI) of 0.1 s, 1 s, or 10 s, by a visual or acoustic warning stimulus. In the second group of 10 subjects (unwarned group), the electric shocks were delivered either in isolation or preceded, at the same ISI, by visual or acoustic stimuli having no warning value. The modulation of the three blink reflex components was then analysed. Compared to the baseline condition, the R1 oligosynaptic component was enhanced at 0.1 s and 1 s ISI, in the warned group with the visual prestimulus, but only at 0.1 s after a visual and acoustic prestimulus in the unwarned group. On the contrary, the polysynaptic responses showed a different course: R2 was significantly reduced at the 0.1 s interval in the warned group with both the prestimuli, and only with the visual prestimulus in the unwarned group. The R3 was inhibited at all three intervals with the visual prestimulus, and at the 0.1 s and 1 s with the acoustic one in the warned group, and only at 0.1 s in the unwarned group, both after visual and acoustic prestimuli. The decrement in R2 and R3 observed with the shortest interval was probably related to the prepulse inhibition of startle reflex. Furthermore, only R3 was still inhibited at longer intervals, when the sustained processes of attention may have influenced this component. Perhaps this combination of events represents, in the warned group, the best preparation for voluntary reflex reaction.