Warm Working Research Articles

Community Mental Health Services for Frequent Emergency Department Users: A Qualitative Study of Outcomes Perceived by Program Clients and Case Managers.

This study aimed to investigate the perceived outcomes and mechanisms of change of a community mental health service combining system navigation and intensive case management supports for frequent emergency department users presenting with mental illness or addiction. The study setting was a community mental health agency receiving automated referrals directly from hospitals in a midsize Canadian city for all individuals attending an emergency department two or more times within 30 days for mental illness or addiction. Qualitative interviews with 15 program clients. Focus groups with six program case managers. Data were analyzed using pragmatic qualitative thematic analysis. Participants generally reported perceiving that the program contributed to reduced emergency department use, reduced mental illness symptom severity, and improved quality of life. Perceived outcomes were more mixed for outcomes related to addiction. Reported mechanisms of change emphasized the importance of positive working relationships between program clients and case managers, as well as focused efforts to develop practical skills. Community mental health services including intensive case management for frequent emergency department users presenting with mental illness or addiction were perceived to effectively address client needs while reducing emergency department resource burden. Similar programs should emphasize the development of consistent and warm working relationships between program clients and case managers, as well as practical skills development to support client health and well-being.

The Role of Quality of Work Life on Job Stress and Turnover Intention Mediated by Job Satisfaction of Private Teachers in Tangerang District

The purpose of the study was to explore the role of Quality of Work-life on Job Stress, Turnover intention mediated by job satisfaction. Referring to previous researchers' theory and empirical evidence, the authors collected the data by distributing questionnaires online to teachers teaching at private schools in the Tangerang district. Respondents were private teachers teaching at the elementary–high school level using purposive sampling methods. This research was a quantitative study with the Structural Equation Model (SEM) method. Some of the findings in this study were the first positive influence of Quality of Work Life, Job Satisfaction on Turnover intention. Second, the negative influence of Quality of Work Life, Job Satisfaction on turnover intention was insignificant, while there was no direct influence between Job Satisfaction, Job Stress, and Turnover intention. The managerial implication of research for Organizations is the increased quality of work life to improve the warm work environment. This will encourage positive change for teachers in particular and benefit the organization.
 Keywords— Job Satisfaction; Job Stress; Quality of Work Life; Turnover Intention

Analysis of Worm Deformation Behavior of GH2132 Superalloy

GH2132 superalloy performances excellent properties, such as the good rupture strength and yield strength below 923K, the fine processing plasticity and the good welding properties. The warm working behavior of GH2132 superalloy at 673 K – 773K is investigated by a thermal simulator in this paper. The results show that the worm working effects at the center of specimen is the most significant compared with other positions. The deformation temperature and strain rate is the key parameters significantly affecting the warm working behavior. The increase of the temperature enhances the recovery softening effect, which reduces the stress and the work hardening effect slightly. The deformation heat is significant with the increasing strain rate, which results in the work hardening behavior does not change markedly. This study provides an important reference for the worm forming of GH2132 superalloy.

The Effect of Deformation Temperature on the Deformation Mechanism of a Medium-Mn Advanced High-Strength Steel (AHSS)

The deformation mechanism of a medium-Mn advanced high strength steel (AHSS) over a temperature range from 25 °C to 400 °C has been studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the microstructures of specimens after the tensile test at different temperatures. Four deformation mechanisms were found, namely deformation-induced martensitic (DIM) transformation, deformation-induced bainitic (DIB) transformation, deformation twinning and dislocation glide. Among these deformation mechanisms, DIM and DIB were very effective mechanisms to contribute work hardening. The product of ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and total elongation (TEL) of the AHSS reached a value higher than 65 GPa%, when these two mechanisms occurred. The highest UTS × TEL value of 84 GPa% was obtained at 150 °C. From the results of the present research, it is suggested that warm working is a good processing route for obtaining a combination of high strength and high ductility in medium-Mn AHSS.

Influence of strain induced melt activation (SIMA) on the morphology of primary phase in steel microstructure

Strain induced melt activation (SIMA) is the mechanism for the formation of the globular microstructure under the controlled working process followed by holding the specimen at a temperature between solidus & liquidus pertaining to the given alloy system. The effect of SIMA process on the microstructure of steel, 10% and 15% deformed at 900°C and holding at 1400°C for 3 and 5 min separately were investigated. The metallographic examination of the SIMA processed steel was done and compared with the as received steel. It was observed that SIMA processed steel shows the globular structure as compared with the unprocessed steel. It was also found that as the deformation percentage increases, more globular structure forms. Due to the globular microstructure, there is enhancement in the mechanical properties such as tensile strength and hardness. The parameter such as degree of warm working process, temperature and holding time are important factor in controlling SIMA process. During mechanical working in the SIMA process, strain energy gets stored in the material. The 15% deformation with 3 min holding time enhanced the hardness and ultimate tensile strength by approximately 8% respectively as compared with as received sample. This acts as a driving force for recrystallization of warm worked steel which resulted in equiaxed grains of primary phase in the microstructure.

Harold the Iceberg Melts Down by Lisa Wyzlic

Reviewed by: Harold the Iceberg Melts Down by Lisa Wyzlic Kate Quealy-Gainer, Editor Wyzlic, Lisa Harold the Iceberg Melts Down; illus. by Rebecca Syracuse. Feiwel, 2023 [40p] Trade ed. ISBN 9781250830623 $18.99 Reviewed from digital galleys R 6-8 yrs Harold already tends toward anxiety, so it doesn’t help when he watches a documentary about climate change and the melting icebergs—he is, after all, a head of iceberg lettuce, and now he’s quite certain he, too, will melt. None of his ideas to stop his supposed warming work out: the way to the freezer is blocked, the back of the fridge is sticky and gross, and the sunglasses and fake mustache are really just the last-ditch effort of a now panicking Harold. His friends finally get him to calm down with some breathing exercises, but the fact remains that the icebergs are melting, even if Harold is not—he can’t let his nerves get the best of him if he’s going to come up with a real plan to help his “cousins.” Wyzlic tackles eco-anxiety at a kid-friendly level, and cartoony Harold and his fridge friends soften the reality of a crisis that even younger readers are beginning to realize as dire. Despite Harold’s misread on his own danger in the iceberg situation, the book doesn’t mock or downplay his anxiety, but it does emphasize that worrying to the state of paralysis isn’t going to do anyone any good: “Harold was so focused on his impending doom that they couldn’t get through to him.” The breathing exercises seem a little trite in the face of the actual crisis, but there’s very much a “keep calm and carry [End Page 169] on” message here that, when paired with the real actionable items provided at the end of the book, gives some amount of agency to the generation that will be most impacted by the changing climate. Copyright © 2022 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

An Innovative Prototype of Insulated Lightweight Wall Panel

The construction industry's growth significantly affected the environment. Since global warming occurred, the drastic change in the weather has threatened the lives of living things. As a result, the effort to reduce the impact of global warming and construction work on the environment must be taken. This research introduced an innovative prototype proposed as an insulated lightweight wall panel. This research aims to produce an innovative product using sugarcane fibre as the insulation material. This research was conducted by assembling the prototype to test the prototype's performance. The result obtained by the experiment that was carried out meets the objective of this research. Finally, with the excellent performance shown by the product, this product has the potential to be introduced in the current market.

MTS Model Application to Materials Not Starting in the Annealed Condition.

Application of the Mechanical Threshold Stress constitutive model becomes challenging when the material of interest is not supplied in the annealed condition with a low initial dislocation density. When the material has some existing warm or cold work, the evaluation of the internal state variables, specification of the activation energies, and analysis of strain hardening can be affected. This paper gives an example of this in molybdenum and presents options for proceeding with the model development. A hypothetical Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) alloy with known model variables is used to demonstrate the issues and solution options.

Searching and Separation of Waste Using Robot

Abstract: Increased waste levels have made it important for proper waste management systems and procedures. Now India day is not working well in the field of environmental cleanup, it means collecting all the waste, putting it away and separating for recycling process. Dumping of garbage in local areas creates polluting conditions. It can cause many bad diseases in humans and can cause air, water, and land pollution. It also contributes to global warming. The program consists of two modules, the first module contains a pi cam with tensor flow software, and the second module contains Robotic Arm and, Robotic chase to pick up trash and the trash can be separated afterwards. The main part or purpose of this work is a clean and tidy environment by separating the waste for Reusability process. The project supports waste management and helps to control global warming, reduces pollution and decrease workers time and work. This project supports the goal of a clean swatch bharat. This project is mainly designed to clean the parks and the ground so that we can clean large area to protect our environment.

Anisotropic plasticity and fracture of alpha titanium sheets from cryogenic to warm temperatures

Titanium is promising for manufacturing high-performance components in aerospace, marine, energy and healthcare. Whether the forming potential of alpha titanium can be excavated under cryogenic and warm working conditions and how the anisotropic plasticity and fracture evolve over a wide temperature range are the premise and basis for accurate control of inhomogeneous deformation of the material and invention of new forming technologies. In tandem with this, the anisotropic plasticity and fracture of alpha titanium sheets over a wide temperature range of -180 to 200 °C were explored regarding behaviors, mechanisms and modeling. 1) From a series of characterization experiments under different temperatures, compared with room temperature, the tension hardening exponent and fracture elongation of the material are increased by 133% and 48% at -180 °C, and by 7% and 50% at 200 °C. The anisotropy and asymmetry in flow stress are decreased with the temperature increasing from -180 to 200 °C, while the fracture displacements present a significant anisotropy over the given temperature range. 2) Via the macro- and micro-observations regarding dislocation, texture, micro-void and fractography and the viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) based slip/twinning analysis, at cryogenic temperature, the synergistic effects of slip and twinning make the dislocation motion ability increase and the grains refined. This causes the large strain hardening ability and inhibits the growth of micro-voids, which results in a relatively large fracture elongation. With increasing temperature, the increased slip systems and slip activities suppress the activation of twinning. At warm temperature, the enhanced dislocation motion ability by thermal activation reduces dislocation pile-up and inhibits void initiation, making the fracture elongation increase. 3) By introducing the temperature/strain related interpolation approach and the linear transformation of stress tensor, an integrated modeling framework was proposed, and the evolution of anisotropic yielding-necking-fracture loci with temperature was established. The results indicate that the necking strain limit is significantly improved at cryogenic temperature and the fracture strain limit is dramatically increased at warm temperature.

Warm Deep Drawing by Friction Heating Punch

Warm processing was performed by frictional heat generation between different materials installed inside the punch. Forming with press machine is a technology for processing materials by applying heat and force, and is an important technology for industrial machines such as automobiles and electronic devices. For light metals such as aluminum alloys and magnesium alloys, it may be difficult to form depending on the type of alloy in cold deep drawing. As a method of improving formability, warm working is performed in which the metal die heated and deep drawing is performed. However, warm working requires many control devices such as heating and cooling for the mold. Using a prototype punch with a built-in friction heat generation jig, friction heat was generated by combining several types of steel materials. The changes in the exothermic temperature were mainly investigated in the combination of different materials. The test materials were carbon steel, tool steel, and stainless steel. The heat generation temperature generated by friction was measured by a thermocouple installed inside the heat generation jig. The friction surface of the jig after frictional heat generation was observed by a microscope. In frictional heating, the temperature of the processed area reached more than 350 °C in a few minutes. The proposed method was able to heat the punch. After frictional heating, the load of deep drawing of pure aluminum sheet decreased. It was found that there is a possibility of improving workability by warm deep drawing.

Effect of preheating on machinability of titanium alloy

This works presents preheating method to improve the machinability of titanium compound. With the effect of warming work piece (pre-heating) using induction coil (heating) system, speed, feed and depth were investigated in the midst of end milling process on a vertical machining center (VC450-Spinner). Additionally, WC-Co PCD inserts were positioned 25 mm apart on the mill (R390-025B25-11M/R390-170408E-NLH13A) and the effects of preheating on tool life, smoothness of the surface, force of cut, vibration/chatter, irregularities, and chips/tool morphology were examined. The execution of uncoated WC-Co was greatly implemented (directionally around multiple times appeared differently compared to room temperature machining), the tool life estimations were essentially higher than those of PCD under room temperature machining. Preheating machining reduces vibration and chatter resulting in increased cutting force and extended tool life. In addition, chip-device contact length is extended and chip serrations are formed reducing equipment wear. As a result of the experimentation, it was found that the execution of uncoated WC-Co was greatly enhanced in the preheated method. Moreover, tool life estimations with PCD at room temperature are significantly improved.

Dynamic Precipitation of Laves Phase and Grain Boundary Features in Warm Deformed FeCrAl Alloy: Effect of Zr

Warm compression deformation of Fe–13.5%Cr–4.7%Al–2.0%Mo–0.70%Nb–0.40Ta (wt%) (FeCrAl) and Fe–13.5%Cr–4.7%Al–2.0%Mo–0.45%Nb–0.40Ta–0.11Zr (wt%) (FeCrAl–Zr) ferritic stainless steel was performed by a thermal simulation machine Gleeble 3800 at 600 °C and strain rates of 0.01–10 s−1. Before deformation, all the samples were solution-annealed for 2 h at 1150 °C for FeCrAl alloy and 1250 °C for FeCrAl–Zr alloy. The strain rate has little or no effect on peak stress, and the precipitates in matrix or grain boundary precipitates (GBPs) have no difference in the samples deformed at the strain rate 0.01 s−1 and 1 s−1 both in FeCrAl and FeCrAl–Zr alloys. The addition of Zr increased the proportion of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs). The Laves phase in FeCrAl alloy precipitated uniform in the matrix, while in FeCrAl–Zr alloy Laves phase precipitated at grain boundary and formed GBP. The LAGBs and Σ3 coincident site lattice (CSL) grain boundary both increased in FeCrAl–Zr alloy, which possessed some beneficial properties such as high-temperature creep resistance to the Fe–Cr–Al alloy. More interesting, twins were created by warm deformation, which was difficult in typical bcc ferrite alloy. These results could be expected to provide guidance for subsequent warm working processes for the alloy.

Predicting forming limit diagrams for AZ31 magnesium alloy and 7050 aluminum alloy by numerical simulation

Forming limit diagram (FLD) is the most intuitive method to evaluate and analyze the forming performance of sheet metal, which is widely used in production. To examine the formability of AZ31 magnesium alloy and 7050 aluminum alloy, the simplified bulging models based on the Nakazima experiment are established by ABAQUS finite element (FE) software, and the maximum punch force criterion is adopted as the instability criterion. The forming limit diagrams of 7050 high-strength aluminum alloy at room temperature and AZ31 magnesium alloy at warm working conditions are obtained by extracting the in-plane strain of the adjacent element of the maximum strain element at the moment of instability. Compared with experimental observation shows that the Nakazima virtual model established in this paper can accurately predict FLD. In addition, the influences of lubrication conditions and virtual punching speeds on the bulging process of AZ31 and AA7050 sheet metals are also investigated. The results show that the better the lubrication environment, or the lower the punching speed, the better the formability of the sheet, and reducing the punching speed has a more significant improvement effect on the formability of AZ31 sheets.

Analysis of Nanoprecipitation Effect on Toughness Behavior in Warm Worked AA7050 Alloy

Commonly adopted main methods aimed to improve the strength–toughness combination of high strength aluminum alloys are based on a standard process. Such a process includes alloy solution heat treatment, water-quench and reheating at controlled temperature for ageing holding times. Some alloys request an intermediate cold working hardening step before ageing for an optimum strength result. Recently a warm working step has been proposed and applied. This replaces the cold working after solution treatment and quenching and before the final ageing treatment. Such an alternative process proved to be very effective in improving strength–toughness behavior of 7XXX aluminum alloys. In this paper the precipitation state following this promising process is analyzed and compared to that of the standard route. The results put in evidence the differences in nanoprecipitation densities that are claimed to be responsible for strength and toughness improved properties.

Thermomechanical roll bonding of Al-6063 strips

Roll bonding followed by solution heat treatment is a primary step for accumulated roll bonding, which yields a better combination of strength and ductility. In this experimental study, the Al-6063 strips were roll bonded at room temperature and from 423K to 773K with an increment of 100K. The bonding was successful at 723K and revealed superior mechanical properties with the ultimate tensile strength of 178 MPa and hardness of 71HV. But the ductility, reduced from 38.3% to 6.6%. Hence, post-heat treatment process is given for the roll bonded samples to determine the best possible combination of strength and ductility for further rolling. The specimen solutionized at 523K for 2 h had shown superior mechanical properties with UTS of 162 MPa and elongation of 15.5%. The absence of bonding at room temperature and warm working conditions were also analysed.

Substructure Formation, Texture, and Mechanical Behavior of Warm Rolled 2205-Type Duplex Stainless Steel

The microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel were studied after plate warm rolling at 600 °C with 60 and 80% thickness reduction, using different microscopy techniques, X-ray diffraction, and tensile and hardness testing. The microstructures of the warm-rolled specimens consisted of flattened wavy grains. The texture evolution during rolling in the ferrite domain presented α-fiber and rotated cube components, while the austenite showed brass, copper, and cube components to a lesser extent. Intense formation of entanglement and dislocation forests characterized the microstructure. In ferrite, there was an intense formation of dislocation substructures and cell blocks. In austenite, the substructure was characterized by planar gliding and the formation of dislocation entanglements. After warm rolling, the tensile strength reached 1185 and 1328 MPa at 60 and 80% thickness reduction, respectively. Compared with the as-received steel, the warm work raised the mechanical strength level by between 65 and 72%. These results highlight the prospects for innovative routes to the industrial production of this class of duplex stainless steel, such as cold rolling suppression, considering even ductility reduction.

A novel method for manufacturing microchannels of metallic bipolar plate fuel cell by the hot metal gas forming process

Metallic bipolar plates are one of the key components of fuel cells. The invention of modern methods has yielded the improvement of producing and forming metallic bipolar plates, an increase in the quality of manufactured products, an increase in the forming capability of sheet metal, and commercialization of the product by bearing least possible cost. The conventional approaches to forming and producing these plates include warm and cold work processes. In this study, the hot metal gas forming of AA1070 metal bipolar plates with a thickness of 100 microns was experimentally investigated. The results showed that as the ratio of depth-to-width of the channel decreased (h/w<0.75), the degree of formability of sheet increased, and the forming depth was reduced by increasing the depth-to-channel ratio (h/w>0.5). Also, by increasing the angle of the channel wall from β = 0 to 7.5°, the formability of the sheet without tearing was the maximum value in the die of concave grooves. Given the study on the geometric parameters of the concave groove microchannels, the proper forming pattern in the groove channel (B) was obtained at 400 °C, the pressure of 40 bar, depth/width ratio of 0.5, and wall angle of 7.5°.

Improvement of strength, toughness and ductility in ultrafine-grained low-carbon steel processed by warm bi-axial rolling

A 0.15%C-0.3%Si-1.5%Mn steel bar with ultrafine elongated grain structures of transverse grain size 1.2 μm was fabricated via multi-pass bi-axial rolling process at a warm working temperature. For comparison, conventionally quenched and tempered 0.29%C steel and 1.03%C steel with a martensitic structure and 0.15% low-carbon steel with a ferrite/pearlite structure were also prepared. The full-size Charpy V-notch impact and tensile tests were conducted at a temperature range of −196 °C to 200 °C, and the relationship between microstructures, yield stress, reduction in area and impact energy was studied. In the developed steel bar, the main orientation in the microstructure changed in the cross-sectional plane, and it was dominated by {001}<100> cube orientation at the center, {111}<110> at the quarter and rolling direction//<110> at the surface. Crack branching started to occur with decreasing temperature in the Charpy test. The fracture surfaces are very complicated at temperatures below −100 °C and the specimen did not separate into two pieces even at a low temperature of −196 °C. The strength–toughness balance of the developed steel was significantly improved compared with conventional steels. This advantage in the developed steel was also seen in the strength–reduction in area balance. As a result, the steel fabricated by warm bi-axial rolling was best balance in correlation between strength and ductility and between strength and toughness at all temperatures.

Dynamic and static softening behavior of a titanium added ultra-low carbon steel during hot and warm deformation

In this work, the mechanical and metallurgical behavior of titanium added ultra-low carbon (ULC-Ti) steel under hot and warm working conditions was studied by means of dilatometer compression tests. Double compression schedules were performed at temperatures between 700 °C and 1000 °C, inter-pass times of 0,5−100 s, and deformations of 0.5 and 0.3 in the first and second stages, respectively, with strain rate of 1 s−1. The analysis of the flow curves obtained allowed the evaluation of the softening characteristics of the steel. The softening and microstructure features indicate different restoration mechanisms depending of the temperature range. Static recrystallization with rapid microstructure restoration is observed at temperatures within the austenitic and intercritical region. Strain induced boundary motion and recovery mechanisms apparently control the restoration process in the ferrite region. In general, flow stress curves showed dynamic recovery behavior. Only the deformation in the intercritical region produced a peak in the flow stress curves. Isothermal holding tests associated with single hit compression indicated the presence of dynamic strain induced transformation, accelerating the softening kinetics at the intercritical region.