Warm-up Protocols Research Articles

Acute Effect of Dynamic and Gluteal Resistance Exercise Warm-up Protocols on Jump Landing Mechanics in College-Aged Females.

Rauseo, ML, Feairheller, DL, LaRoche, DP, and Cook, SB. Acute effect of dynamic and gluteal resistance exercise warm-up protocols on lower-extremity jump landing mechanics in college-aged females. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 259-265, 2024-Inadequate neuromuscular control of the femur by the gluteal musculature is associated with noncontact and overuse injuries to the knee. Acute bouts of resistance exercises targeting the gluteal musculature can be prescribed as part of a warm-up protocol with the goal of improving subsequent neuromuscular control and performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect that a warm-up protocol including moderate-intensity gluteal resistance exercises (GRE) has on single leg jump landing biomechanics. Seventeen healthy, college-aged, recreationally active females (mean ± SD ; age = 21.4 ± 1.9 years; height = 166.9 ± 5.7 cm; body mass = 62.5 ± 7.4 kg) performed 3 single leg hop trials per leg after completing no warm-up (CON), a dynamic warm-up (DWU), and a dynamic warm-up with gluteal resistance exercises (DWU + GRE) across 3 laboratory visits. Lower extremity kinetic and kinematic variables were assessed during single leg hops from the point of initial foot contact to deepest knee flexion. Biomechanical differences between dominant and nondominant limb landings were also assessed. Dominant limb hip internal rotation angle after DWU + GRE (2.03 ± 9.92°) was significantly greater ( p ≤ 0.05) compared with CON (-3.36 ± 7.74°). Peak knee adduction moment (56.8%), peak knee flexion angle (5.7%), and peak knee external rotation angle (17.0%) were significantly greater ( p ≤ 0.017) in the dominant limb, compared with the nondominant limb, across warm-up protocols. The combined DWU + GRE warm-up protocol did not have a substantial impact on landing biomechanics. Clinicians prescribing GRE before activity should not expect significant changes in movement patterns after a single bout.

Effects of Upper-Body and Lower-Body Conditioning Activities on Postactivation Performance Enhancement During Sprinting and Jumping Tasks in Female Soccer Players.

Santos da Silva, V, Nakamura, FY, Gantois, P, Nogueira Gouveia, JN, Peña, J, Beato, M, and Abade, E. Effects of upper-body and lower-body conditioning activities on postactivation performance enhancement during sprinting and jumping tasks in female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 38(2): 342-349, 2024-This study aimed to investigate the postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) effects of "specific" (half-back squat) and "nonspecific" (bench press) conditioning activities on sprinting and jumping performances in female soccer players. Fourteen players (mean ± SD : age = 22.3 ± 4.0 years; body mass = 60.2 ± 7.8 kg; height = 164.1 ± 4.2 cm) competing at national level (first League) participated in this within-subject crossover study. The players performed a warm-up protocol including 3 sets of 3 repetitions of half-back-squat or bench press exercises at 90% 1RM or a warm-up protocol without lifting weights (i.e., control condition). Forty-meter shuttle sprints (20 + 20 m with change of direction [COD-180°]), countermovement jump (CMJ), and horizontal jump (HJ) performances were recorded 6 minutes after the conditioning activities protocols or the control condition. Nonsignificant large positive effects were found for the HJ after the half-back-squat (ES = 1.68; p > 0.05) and bench press (ES = 1.68; p > 0.05) protocols. Although nonsignificant, HJ changes ( Δ = 0.07 m) were greater than the smallest worthwhile change (0.02 m) and standard error of measurement (0.03 m) after both conditioning activities. Moreover, no significant changes were found for sprint and CMJ performance after neither half-back-squat nor bench press protocols ( p > 0.05). In conclusion, both specific and nonspecific conditioning activities using heavy loads (i.e., 90% 1RM) may be suitable to enhance individual HJ. Finally, both conditioning activities are potentially ineffective for increasing sprint and CMJ performance in the context of this study.

Kadın Voleybolcularda Farklı Isınma Protokollerinin Sprint Performansına Akut Etkisinin İncelenmesi

The number of studies on warm-up protocols has increased in recent years. However, there are very few studies that are specific to the population of female athletes and consist of a large number of participants. This study was designed to investigate the effects of 3 different warm-up protocols on sprinting performance in young female volleyball players. A total of 62 licensed female volleyball players aged 13-17 years participated voluntarily. There were 3 sessions in the study. The participants were randomly divided into a warm-up group (GWG), a dynamic stretch group (DSG) and a static stretch group (SSG). After completing the warm-up protocols, the groups underwent a 5-minute transition period. The 20-metre sprint performance test was then performed. Data analysis was performed with the Python programming language and IBM SPSS 26 software. Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests and kurtosis and skewness checks were performed. The data were indicated to be normally distributed (p> 0,05). Repeated Measures Anova test was used to detect the differences and the significance level was chosen as α=0,05. When the results were examined, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference between the GWG and SSG 20 meter sprint time values (p>0,05), whereas when the DSG and GWG and SSG 20 metre sprint time values were compared, it was found that the DSG group's sprint time improved statistically significantly (p

The Effects of Drop Jump Height on Post-Activation Performance Enhancement at Different Ambient Temperatures

This study aimed to determine whether drop jump height will affect the post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) effect at room temperature (RT) and low temperature (LT) conditions. Twelve male strength-trained males participated in this study. Prior to warm-up, subjects underwent a 30 min period of environmental adaptation. Different warm-up protocols were used at different ambient temperatures to help subjects achieve a level of muscle activity and body temperature similar to their daily training. After the pre-test, each subject participated in six experimental sessions at either RT or LT conditions, respectively, which were separated by at least 72 h and conducted at the same time of day to control for circadian influences on metabolism. After the conditioning activities, vertical jump (VJ) performance was re-tested at 4 min, 8 min, and 12 min of passive recovery to assess transient potentiation effects. Under RT conditions, 60 cm and 90 cm drop jumps could induce PAPE, with the PAPE effect being most significant at 4 min (p < 0.01) and 8 min (p < 0.01), respectively, while a 30 cm drop jump could not induce PAPE. Under LT conditions, 30 cm and 90 cm drop jumps could not induce PAPE, and VJ performance gradually declined over time (p < 0.01). However, although a 60 cm drop jump could not induce PAPE, VJ performance was not affected by LT at 8 min and declined at 12 min (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that 60 cm and 90 cm drop jumps can be used to induce PAPE at RT conditions. LT can impair PAPE induction, while a 60 cm drop jump can be utilized for warm-up at LT conditions to counteract the effects of LT on athletic performance.

Isometric and Ballistic Performance in Canoeing and Weightlifting

Weightlifters produce strength and power in the vertical plane, while canoeists produce strength and power in the horizontal plane. The purpose of the study is to examine the difference between isometric strength and ballistic force of athletes in weightlifting and canoeing, at which strength and power production occurs in different planes. 84 athletes aged 14-21 were included in the study. Demographic information of the athletes was taken on a working day and a standard warm-up protocol was applied. Dynamic Strength Index (DSI) was calculated to evaluate the ballistic force. Data for DSI were obtained by Opto-Jump device with counter-movement jump (CMJ) test and Isometric Mid-Thigh Test (IMTP). The IMTP test was performed with the Kistler+Noraxon Measurement Device to evaluate isometric strength. According to the findings of the study, the ballistic force, jump height and DSI values of male weightlifters had higher values than male canoe athletes (p0.05). While the jump height and DSI values of female weightlifters were higher than female canoe athletes (p

Effects of Post-Activation Performance Enhancement on Competitive Swimmers’ Performance: A Systematic Review

Study purpose. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of post-activation potentiation/post-activation performance enhancement (PAP/PAPE) warm-up protocols on swimmers’ performance. Materials and methods. The searches were carried out on the electronic database PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCO platforms. Studies from 2010 to May 2022 related to PAP/PAPE and its effect on swimming performance in swimmers aged between 18 and 35 were included. Results. Nine of 333 studies were included in this review. In two studies, peak thrust improved by 13% to 19% for PAP vs non-PAP and by 3% on performance. One study showed improvements by 10% on speed and speed fluctuation in 25 m all-out PAP vs non-PAP. Rate of force development (RFD) 15 m maximum effort was higher for dry land warm up (DLWU) than swimming warm up (SWU). One study had higher velocity in 5 m for repetition maximum warm-up (RMWU) and eccentric fly-wheel warm-up (EWU) vs SWU. One study demonstrated enhancements for upper-body PAP (UBPAP), low-body PAP (LBPAP) and MIX (UBPAP/LBPAP) vs warm up based on general exercises (GEN) in time to 25 m freestyle (T25FS). Two studies found improvements for band squats PAP compared to swimming specific warm up (SSWU) in time to 15 m. One study demonstrated that PAP trial (PAPT) was faster than control time trial (CTT) in 50 m and 100 m freestyle trial. Dive velocity (DV) was faster for RMWU/EWU vs SWU. One study showed significant increase in power vertical force (PVF) and power horizontal force (PHF) after the PAP vs SSWU. Conclusions. PAP/PAPE is one more tool that can be beneficial if adapted to the conditions of swimmers, controlling fatigue levels, where it is performed (land or water), and most importantly, described by many coaches, the specificity of movement.

Effects of High-Intensity Warm-Up on 5000-Meter Performance Time in Trained Long-Distance Runners.

Warm-up protocols with high intensities before continuous running provide potential benefits for middle-distance runners. Nevertheless, the effect of high-intensity warm-ups on long-distance runners remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of a high-intensity warm-up protocol on 5000 m performance in trained runners. Thirteen male runners (34 ± 10 years, 62 ± 6 kg, 62.7 ± 5.5 ml/kg/min) performed two 5000 m time trials, preceded by two different warm-ups. One high-intensity warm up (HIWU: 1x 500 m (70% of the running intensity) + 3x 250 m (100% of the running intensity) and one low-intensity warm up (LIWU: 1x 500 m (70% of the running intensity) + 3x 250 m (70% of the running intensity)), where the running intensities were calculated using the results obtained in the Cooper test. Physiological and metabolic responses, and endurance running performance parameters, were evaluated by the Counter Movement Jump (CMJ), running rating of perceived exertion (RPE), blood lactate concentration (BLa), and performance running. Total time for the 5000 m was lower using HIWU when compared to LIWU (1141.4 ± 110.4 s vs. 1147.8 ± 111.0 s; p = 0.03; Hedges' g = 0.66). The HIWU warm-up led to an improvement in pacing strategy during the time trial. After warm-up protocols, the performance on the CMJ was improved only when applying HIWU (p = 0.008). Post warm-up BLa was significantly higher for HIWU vs. LIWU (3.5 ± 1.0 mmol·L-1 vs. 2.3 ± 1.0 mmol·L-1; p = 0.02), with similar behavior for the RPE (p = 0.002), internal load of the session (p = 0.03). The study showed that a high-intensity warm-up protocol can improve performance in the 5000 m in trained endurance runners.

Effects of whole-body vibration warm-up on subsequent jumping and running performance

The aim of this study was to examine whether acute whole-body vibration, a single bout of drop jumps, or a combination of both may enhance countermovement jump (CMJ) and would affect volitional pace 3 km running performance. Twelve healthy and recreationally active males completed 4 conditions in randomized order: (i) 5 sets of 30 s calf raises on the platform but without vibration; (ii) 5 sets of 30 s calf raises on the vibration platform with 30 s rest intervals between sets; (iii) 5 sets of 6 drop jump with a 30 s rest interval between sets; (iv) 5 sets of 30 s calf raises on the vibration platform followed by 6 drop jumps with a 30 s rest interval between sets. Before, 3-min after, and immediately after a 3 km run each participant performed CMJ. No significant difference between conditions (p = 0.327) for the 3 km time trial was found. Whereas CMJ height and relative peak power were significantly improved in post-3 km run than at baseline (p < 0.001 and p = 0.025) and post-warm-up (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002) in all conditions. The present study indicates that warm-up consisting of either whole-body vibration, drop jumps, or a combination of both failed to acutely improve CMJ and 3 km volitional pace running performance in physically active males. However, the increase in the CMJ performance was noted after the end of the 3 km run, which may indicate that the warm-up protocols used were insufficient to enhance subsequent performance.

The Effect of Stretching, Foam Rolling, and FIFA 11+ Warm-ups on Performance and Pain in Athletes with Knee Pain

Background: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is the most prevalent disease of the knee. The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of various warm-up methods on several performance measures and pain intensity in athletes with and without PFPS.&#x0D; Methods: This clinical trial study included 18 to 24-year-old professional female athletes with or without PFPS. Both groups performed warm-up protocols, including general stretching, foam rolling, and Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 11+ warm-up exercises in three test sessions simultaneously. The data collection procedure was implemented on three separate days in one week. Pain intensity was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) to measure the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) and Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) were examined before and after each session.&#x0D; Results: No significant difference was observed between the effect of different warm-ups in groups with and without PFPS regarding the use of the SSC (P = 0.185), while there were significant differences in the effect of various warm-up protocols on LESS (P &lt; 0.001) and pain scores (P &lt; 0.001).&#x0D; Conclusion: Using the foam roller as a warm-up method can decrease the pain intensity in athletes with PFPS but may increase their LESS score. In addition, there was no difference in the effect of various warm-up methods on the SSC between athletes with and without PFPS. Finally, it seems that foam rolling should be used with more caution as a part of warming up in athletes with PFPS.

The effect of the horizontal vs. vertical PAPE protocol on the swim start performance in adolescent male

ABSTRACT Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) is referred to enhancement in muscular performance due to high-intensity voluntary contractions. This study aimed to examine the effect of the horizontal vs. vertical PAPE protocol on the start performance in swimming. Sixteen swimmers (age: 13.71 ± 0.95 years; height: 169.43 ± 9.68 cm; body mass: 58.47 ± 7.64 kg) performed three warm-up protocols: (i) a swim-specific warm-up (SWU); (ii) back squat (BS) followed SWU (SWUB); (iii) barbell hip thrust (BHT) followed SWU (SWUH) which consisted of 1 set of 3 reps at 80% 1RM. Rest times are evaluated individually. The findings of this study indicate that SWUB has no beneficial effect on any phase in all examined parameters, while SWUH has a slight improvement only in the take-off phase compared to SWUB (p < 0.05). BHT is better compared to BS as a PAPE stimulus for swimming, but there is no positive effect on 50 m swimming time compared to SWU (p > 0.05). In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, the effect of BHT as a PAPE stimulus was investigated for swimming for the first time, but results show that neither BS nor BHT has a positive effect on 50 m swimming performance.

Effects of FIFA 11 + warm-up program on kinematics and proprioception in adolescent soccer players: a parallel‑group randomized control trial

This study aimed to compare the effects of 8 weeks 11 + warm-up injury prevention program on kinematics and proprioception in adolescent male and female soccer players. Forty adolescent soccer players (20 males, 20 females) aged between 14–16 years old were randomly assigned into four groups. The experimental group performed the 11 + program for 8 weeks and the control group did their warm-up program. The kinematic variable in a cutting maneuver was measured using VICON motion analysis and ankle and knees’ proprioception by joint position sense (JPS) was measured using a digital inclinometer. For kinematic variables only significant differences in knee valgus among females 11 + compared with female and male control groups were found (P < 0.05). Moreover, there were significant improvements in joint position sense variables in 11 + groups compared to control groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the 11 + program was proven to be a useful warm-up protocol in improving knee valgus and JPS among female and male adolescent soccer players. We suggest adding more training elements to the 11 + program that aimed to enhance the proper alignment of lower extremities which may consequently improve joint kinematics.

Effects of a sprint and plyometric warm-up protocol on vertical jump height and power in adolescent fe-male volleyball players. A randomized crossover study

The purpose of this study was to compare the immediate effects of a plyometric warm-up protocol (PWU) and a sprint warm-up protocol (SWU) on jumping performance in female volleyball players aged 14-16 years. Through a cross-over experimental design, 18 female players were randomly divided into two groups, each receiving both warm-up protocols (PWU and SWU). Before and after each protocol, height and jumping power were evaluated in squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and Abalakov (ABK) tests using the DM jump® contact mat. Both warm-up protocols significantly improved SJ, CMJ, and ABK performance (p&lt;.05), although mainly for jump height. The comparison between both warm-up protocols in the post-test showed no significant differences (p&gt;.05), although the greatest percentage increase in jump height and power was obtained with the SWU. The ANOVA showed significant differences in group 1 (initially assigned to PWU) for all tests except for CMJ and ABK power. In group 2 (initially assigned to SWU), the ANOVA also showed significant differences, except for SJ and CMJ power. It is concluded that both warm-up protocols improve jump height and power; however, SWU shows a more favorable trend than PWU. From a practical perspective, the preliminary findings of this pilot study can provide useful guidelines for the warm-up process; however, further randomized controlled studies with adequate statistical power are required for more robust conclusions. Keywords: warm-up exercise, volleyball, muscle strength, athletic performance, adolescent

Effect of different specific warm-up protocols and time of day on optimum power performance in kickboxers

Numerous variables can affect performance before the competition. Nevertheless, it could be a subject of curiosity to find out whether a warm-up strategy has a more positive effect on the power performance of kickboxers. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of different specific warm-up protocols and time of day on optimum power performance in kickboxers. Ten volunteer males performed three different warm-up routines in random order. The warm-up protocols consisted of only 20 min for each group. The groups with low-intensity aerobic running (NSWU) and specific warm-ups (SWU-20m) performed 20-min protocols. The other group followed 10 minutes of jogging and 10 minutes of specific warm-up (SWU-10m). All groups followed the warm-up randomly at two different periods of the day (i.e. morning: 09:00-10:00 and evening: 16:00-17:00) on non-consecutive days. A statistically significant difference was found between the groups in terms of Mean Propulsion (W) (F=3.518; p2=0.036). There was a statistically significant difference in Mean propulsive Power (W) between NSWU and SWU-10m (p3= 0.0007) in addition there was also a statistically significant difference in SWU-10m and SWU-20m (p3= 0.0106) and, NSWU and SWU-20m (p3= 0.415) protocols. In conclusion, mean propulsion (W) performance showed diurnal variation, and performances of the kickboxers’ can be affected more positively in the evening hours, especially after SWU protocols.

The Effect of Different Warm-Up Protocols on the Motor and Technical Skills of Handball Players in Sports Education

Warm-up programs in sports education can provide positive developments in motor and technical skills. The objective of this study was to determine the acute effects of ballistic, dynamic, and static warm-up protocols on motor and technical skills in male handball players. Twelve male handball players (mean age: 19.50±3.97 years) from the second league in Turkey participated in this study voluntarily. Warm-up protocols were implemented for the participants at the same time on three different days. At the beginning of the study, the height and body masses of the handball players were measured. After each warm-up protocol, 9-m shot, over-the-block shot, vertical jump, T agility, 20-m sprint, flexibility, and flamingo balance tests were conducted on the participants. The normality level of the data was determined by the Shapiro-Wilk test using the SPSS statistical program. While Repeated Measures ANOVA and the Bonferroni test from post hoc analysis were applied to data with normal distribution, the Friedman test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test with the Bonferroni correction were used for non-normally distributed data. According to our findings, there was a significant difference between the warm-up protocols in the T agility, flexibility, and over-the-block shooting tests (p &lt; 0.05), while no significant difference was found in the vertical jump, 20-m sprint, balance, or 9-m shooting tests (p &gt; 0.05). The ballistic warm-up protocol applied to male handball players in sports education provided positive improvements in flexibility and over-the-block shooting skills, while the dynamic warm-up protocol yielded positive improvements in agility and flexibility.

Assessment of return to play after an acute shoulder injury: protocol for an explorative prospective observational German multicentre study

IntroductionTo date, there is no valid single test or battery of tests for informing return-to-play (RTP) decisions following an acute shoulder injury. The purpose of this exploratory study is to...

The Effect of Different Types of Warm-Up Protocols on the Range of Motion and on Motor Abilities of Rhythmic Gymnastics Athletes and Ballet Dancers

The aim of this study was to examine the short-term effects of different types of warming up on the range of motion and on motor abilities of rhythmic gymnasts and ballet athletes. Twenty-five athletes participated in this study (11 ballet dancers and 14 rhythmic gymnasts), aged 14,72±1,43. All participants followed an intervention consisting of two warm-up protocols, one with static stretching exercises and the other with dynamic warm up protocol. The two protocols were implemented on two different days for one week. Range of motion (ROM) and hop test measurements were carried out before and after each warm-up session. For the statistical analysis, non-parametric (Wilcoxon) tests and Friedman test were used, and the level of significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. The results showed that both warm-ups had positive effects on ROM and on motor abilities. After applying both protocols, significant differences were observed in all joints. In conclusion, both types of warm-up routines resulted in almost the same level of improvement in ROM and motor abilities; however, it was observed that after the dynamic warm up there was a slightly increased improvement in motor abilities, but it was not statistically significant.

Acute effects of foam rolling and dynamic stretching on angle-specific change of direction ability, flexibility and reactive strength in male basketball players.

The purpose of our study was to determine the acute effects of dynamic stretching (DS), foam rolling (FR) and foam rolling combined with dynamic stretching (Combo) protocols on angle-specific change of direction (COD) ability, drop jump (DJ) performance and flexibility. Using a counterbalance crossover study design, eleven male basketball collegiate players (20.7 ± 0.6 years) were randomly assigned to one of the four protocols - control (CON), DS, FR, Combo - for each session, for a total of four sessions. A more aggressive foam cylinder with raised nodules, which is thought to be effective in stimulating the deep layer of muscle tissue, was used to observe for changes in their performance during sit and reach (SAR), DJ and COD tasks in 45 and 180 degrees. One-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to identify differences of each variable separately between interventions. The SAR after three interventions compared to the CON was significantly improved (F (3,30) = 5.903, P = 0.003, η2 = 0.371). In the 505 test, both limbs failed to show a significant improvement in COD deficit. The non-dominant limb showed a significant improvement of 6.4% after FR when performing the Y-shaped agility (F (3,30) = 4.962, P = 0.0065 < 0.05, η2 = 0.332). In the DJ, the reactive strength index and contact time changed significantly by 17.5% and -17.5% (η2 = 0.518, η2 = 0.571), respectively, immediately after FR. The current research suggested that FR may have an enhancing effect on COD speed in a 45° cutting task and neuromuscular function, while having the potential to improve non-dominant limb deficits in both COD tasks. In contrast, the Combo warm-up protocol did not produce a cumulative effect, suggesting the need for coaches to remain cautious about excessive warm-up duration.

Motoric performance variation from morning to evening: 80% intensity post-activation potentiation protocol impacts performance and its diurnal amplitude in basketball players.

Post-activation potentiation (PAP) can be defined as the acute enhancement in muscle performance after preload stimulation that occurs during strength exercises or warm-up protocols, and the contractile history of any muscle group can directly influence the presented performance. The purpose of this study was to compare the results of motoric performance tests carried out at two different times of the day using three different PAP protocols. Thirty-two male basketball players with at least 2 years of training experience and who competed at the national level were recruited for this study [age: 21.80 ± 1.91 years; body height: 178.40 ± 6.85 cm; body mass: 72.50 ± 7.16 kg; body mass index (BMI): 22.81 ± 2.28]. After control and experimental-specific warm-up (SWU) sessions, participants completed a countermovement jump (CMJ) and seated medicine ball throw (SMBT). The SWU protocol was developed based on the athlete's typical warm-up routine. The experimental warm-ups included the same exercises as the SWU, with one set of bench presses for five repetitions at 80% (80% PAP) and one repetition at 100% of 1 RM (100% PAP). Each of the protocols consists of 15 min. The SWU and experimental warm-up sessions were completed in a random, counterbalanced order, completed in a period of 3-weeks. According to the research findings, carrying out the protocols in the evening led to a larger improvement in SMBT than in the morning (F = 35.94, p < 0.001, η 2 p = 0.537). Additionally, the SMBT results were statistically more significant in the group that received 80% PAP compared to the SWU (p = 0.034), and the SMBT results were also higher in the group that received 100% PAP compared to the SWU (p = 0.002). Furthermore, the interaction effect (time × PAP) was statistically significant in SMBT (F = 6.39, p = 0.003, η 2 p = 0.17). These results may provide more particular recommendations than previously thought to basketball coaches for the planning of basketball-specific PAP exercises prior to the start of training programs.

Joint-specific Postactivation Potentiation Enhances Serve Velocity in Young Tennis Players.

Baiget, E, Colomar, J, and Corbi, F. Joint-specific postactivation potentiation enhances serve velocity in young tennis players. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 840-847, 2023-This study aimed (a) to analyze the influence of sport-specific postactivation potentiation (PAP) on serve velocity (SV) and serve accuracy (SA) in young tennis players, (b) to compare the PAP effects of 2 different conditioning activities (CA) on SV and SA, and (c) to explore if changes in SV would be related to tennis player's neuromuscular performance. Sixteen competition young tennis players performed 3 testing sessions in a randomized order. In the control session, subjects performed a warm-up protocol followed by the SV and SA tests. The experimental sessions involved 1 (shoulder internal rotation [SHIR]) or 2 (SHIR + shoulder flexion [SHF]) repetitions of a 5 second maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) executed before the SV and SA tests. Results showed a moderate significant (p = 0.037) difference between SV at control session and following the SHIR + SHF CA protocol at minute 0 (3.4 ± 4.6%; 4.6 km·h-1; ES = 0.711). Serve accuracy did not differ between CA protocols and control session at any time point. No significant relations were found between force-time curve parameters and SV percent changes at different recovery times. Performing 2, short (5 seconds), upper-limb, tennis joint-specific MVIC seems to enhance SV without negatively affecting SA in young competition tennis players. On the contrary, performing one MVIC does not seem to obtain the same effects. Moreover, tennis players with improved neuromuscular performance do not seem to exhibit a better predisposition to postactivation performance enhancement.

Diurnal variation in Uchikomi fitness test performance: Influence of warm-up protocols.

Performance is judged using a variety of methods to ensure uniformity between competitions. Uchikomi Fitness Test (UFT) could accomplished between morning qualifying and evening finals. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of different warm-up protocols on UFT at different times of the day in female judokas. Ten volunteer women who had been practising judo on a regular basis for more than 5 years and actively competed in international tournaments took part in this study. Judokas completed UFT, either after no-warm-up (NWU), specific warm-up (SWU), and linear+lateral warm-up (FWU) protocols for two times a day in the morning: 09:00-11:00 and in the evening: 16:00-18:00, on non-consecutive days. In conclusion, there was a significant increase in UFT scores (F = 9.89; p = 0.002), a + b (F = 4.42; p = 0.04) and heart rate (F = 28.99; p < 0.001) in the early evening compared to the morning. Increases in UFT performance were observed in the SWU protocol compared to the NWU and FWU protocols (p < 0.05). However, the interaction between time of day and warm protocol was not significant (p > 0.05). The UFT performance revealed diurnal variation, and the judokas' performances may be favourably affected more in the late hours, particularly following SWU procedures.