Ware Glaze Research Articles

Retraction Note: Application of sensor-based image optical processing in the vision system of tea ware glaze design

Retraction Note: Application of sensor-based image optical processing in the vision system of tea ware glaze design

Changsha ware glaze color: Composition, nanostructure, and copper and iron speciation

AbstractThe opacity/transparency, color, and production of designs in Changsha ware, a Tang dynasty Chinese stoneware renowned for its polychromy and pioneering high‐temperature red glaze, are studied by analyzing the composition, micro/nanostructure, and copper/iron speciation. The results shed new light on some of the most debated questions about Changsha ware. In particular, the role of glaze thickness, composition, and firing conditions on the coexistence of transparent and opaque glazes and of oxidized green and reduced red copper designs on the same object, and on the reason for the development of either green or turquoise colors. New data obtained by reproducing a copper red overglaze and underglaze painting with a similar glaze composition and thickness have provided new insights into the origin of the first high‐temperature copper reds and, in the absence of essential knowledge, their discontinuity. This study also contributes to the long debate regarding the use of overglaze versus underglaze painting techniques.

Effects of soda lime glass waste on the physical, mechanical and aesthetics properties of sanitary-ware glazes

Effects of soda lime glass waste on the physical, mechanical and aesthetics properties of sanitary-ware glazes

Application of sensor-based image optical processing in the vision system of tea ware glaze design

Application of sensor-based image optical processing in the vision system of tea ware glaze design

Comparative study on the Ru ware, Ru-type ware of Qingliangsi kiln and celadon of Zhanggongxiang kiln.

Thirty-three porcelain shards (28 Ru ware and 5 Ru-type ware) unearthed from Qinglingsi kiln and 31 celadon fragments from Zhanggongxiang kiln were studied systematically for tracing their correlation and difference in glaze and body characteristics through a variety of characterisation methods. Samples without HF corrosion were applied to achieve the microstructure and composition details by SEM and TEM. Results exhibited that there were certain similarities between Ru ware, Ru-type ware and Zhanggongxiang kiln celadon in glaze colour and thickness, body features, fracture structure; however, they showed obvious differences in body thickness, chemical composition of glaze and body, phase constituents and microstructure of glaze. Plentiful needle-like diopside were widely distributed in Zhanggongxiang kiln celadon glazes, while this type of crystals was only existed in few Ru and Ru-type ware glazes with small content. Besides, a large amount of residual quartz was present over the Ru ware glazes, which could have relation to the incorporation of agate. The liquid-liquid phase separation structure (Ca-rich droplets and Si-rich matrix) was generated within the interspaces of anorthite clusters or around the brims of anorthite needles or columns. The occurrence of phase separation was generally accompanied by Al2 O3 consumption, but suppressed in the areas far from anorthite due to the rise of Al2 O3 content, indicating that Al2 O3 was the most sensitive constituent for this glaze behaviour. The distinguished size, shape and distribution of phase-separated droplets or interconnected structures were closely associated with the scale and crowding level of anorthite crystallisation.

Petrographic and lead isotope analyses to assess regional variability in Rio Grande Glaze wares from New Mexico

The broad spatial distribution and long period of production of Rio Grande Glaze Ware vessels hides considerable material diversity within the typological grouping as a ware. This has long made archaeometric techniques attractive options for understanding variability within the Rio Grande Glaze Ware category. We present the results of new petrographic analysis of Rio Grande Glaze Ware pastes and new isotopic analysis of Rio Grande Glaze Ware glaze paint. The results of these new analyses complement extensive earlier work characterizing both Rio Grande Glaze Ware pastes and paint. Especially relevant is the identification of glaze paints made primarily with lead ores from the Hansonburg district or made by mixing Hansonburg ore with the more commonly used Cerrillos district ores. The predominant use of Cerrillos ore in the production of lead glaze paint identified in prior work is nuanced through the additional data presented here, which suggests a division in networks of lead ore and/or glaze paint procurement between a larger, northern network making use of Cerrillos ores, and a smaller, southern network relying on Hansonburg ores for glaze paint production.

Jun ware glaze colours: An X-ray absorption spectroscopy study

Jun ware is stoneware created in the late Northern Song dynasty (12th century) with a blue glaze combining transparent-blue and whitish-opaque submillimetric areas.The glaze has a glass nanostructure with lime-rich droplets in a silica-rich matrix resulting from a high temperature liquid-liquid phase separation. Calcium-rich opaque and calcium-poor transparent areas are combined. Iron is more oxidised in the calcium rich areas (≈17–20% Fe2+) than in the calcium poor areas (≈60–70% Fe2+) of the glaze. Therefore, iron is oxidised in the lime-rich droplets and reduced in the silica-rich matrix. The sky-like appearance of the glaze is due to the combination of the light absorption in the transparent-dark-blue Fe2+ rich areas and scattering in the white-yellowish Fe3+ rich areas.Copper appears mainly oxidised but in the red areas a few small copper nanoparticles are present and iron appears more oxidised. The result indicates the simultaneous reduction of copper and oxidation of iron.

Rediscovering the largest kiln site in the middle Yangtze River Valley: insights into Qingbai and grey-greenish ware production at Husi kiln site based on bulk chemical analysis

This paper presents new data from the Husi kiln site, Hubei Province, China, where the unusual size calls into question the primacy of Jingdezhen in porcelain production in medieval China. With its over 180 kilns, the site rivals Jingdezhen in size, yet it has found no mention in textual accounts. The wares produced at Husi include Qingbai and grey-greenish ware of the Tang and the Song periods (seventh to thirteenth century AD). This paper presents compositional data obtained using LA-ICP-MS on samples from five kilns at Husi, comparing them with published data from other kilns. The data set Husi apart, thus allowing for fingerprinting its wares. Based on bulk chemical analysis, the paper furthermore explores the idea that Husi combined elements of southern and northern technologies, thus connecting these two ceramic traditions that previously had been seen as being entirely separate. Some key elements of the early Qingbai ware glaze from Husi resemble wares from Jingdezhen, suggesting a connection between the two sites; however, the glaze recipes for later wares found at Husi differ, indicating that its customer base and marketing strategy changed over time. Furthermore, the iron content of the grey-greenish ware from Husi is extraordinarily high, indicating a unique glaze recipe and production technology independent from Jingdezhen.

Study on the colouring, microstructure, and glaze formula of ‘Ru‐type ware’ excavated from Qingliang Temple kiln in Henan Province, China

AbstractThirty samples of ‘Ru‐type ware’ glazes from Qingliang Temple Kiln were selected. The dominant wavelength, microstructure, and chemical composition of elements in the glaze formula of each glaze sample were measured and studied through integrating‐sphere spectrophotometry, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence analyses. The energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence data were processed by multivariate statistical analysis. The following conclusions were drawn. With the dominant wavelength range of 535–660 nm, Ru‐type ware glaze falls into the category of a celadon‐glazed system. The glaze formulas of different glaze colours of Ru‐type ware are comparable but not identical, the difference in content of colour oxides Fe2O3 and TiO2 resulting in the various glaze colours of Ru‐type ware. For the first time, Ru‐type ware glaze is revealed as a crystallisation‐phase glaze. This finding demonstrates that the firing process of the Ru‐type ware was inherited to some extent from Ru Guan ware.

Deciphering the formation mechanism of ancient Jun wares copper red and blue glazes

Abstract Ancient Jun ware glazes were recreated using a triangle ingredients-based approach. The formation mechanisms of different color glazes, especially the copper red and blue, were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS). The results indicated that the viscosity of the copper red glaze was lower than that of the copper blue glaze based on lower SiO2 concentration and higher alkali metal and oxides concentration in copper red glaze than that of the copper blue glaze. As a result, the level of reduction of the copper red glaze was higher, and short-range order separative-phase structures were developed in the copper blue glaze, which contributed to the structural formation of bright and mild blue and strengthened the CuO coloring. In addition, with Ca3(PO4)2 decomposition, gas bubbles were formed, and the coloring ions gathered around the gas bubbles by electrostatic attraction of the surrounding ions. Therefore, after cooling, patterns were formed in the Jun glaze surfaces.

Preparation, microstructure studies and mechanical properties of glazes ceramic sanitary ware based on kaolin

In this paper, the use of local kaolin coming from Djebel Debbagh (denoted DD1) in the composition of ceramic glazes for sanitary ware was examined. Because of its natural abundance, low price and good characteristics, this kaolin represents an interesting economic alternative to other mineral clays. The chemical composition showed that this kaolin contains 38.49 wt.% Al2O3 and 44.85 wt.% SiO2. Two glazes based on kaolin DD1 denoted as GaDD1 and GbDD1 were prepared with conventional ceramic processing techniques at temperature 1250 oC. As a reference, another glaze (Gref) based on kaolin Remblend was also prepared in the same conditions. The samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope. The results revealed that zircon and quartz are the crystalline phases present in these glazes. In the sample GaDD1, it was found that the degree of whiteness is very high and reaches 93.30 %. However, the water absorption coefficient is low which is about 0.19 ? 0.04 %. In addition, the flexural strength and the Vickers microhardness are respectively, about 56.07 ? 5.61 MPa and 7952.80 ? 101.76 MPa. These properties are compatible with those of the glaze reference Gref and commercial sanitary ware glazes, indicating the potential use of kaolin DD1 in the production of glazed ceramic for sanitary ware applications.

The glaze production technology of an early Ottoman pottery (mid-14th(?)-16th century): The case of ‘Miletus Ware’

‘Miletus Ware’, considered as one of the first wares produced by Ottoman potters in western Anatolia, featured new typological and stylistic characteristics that suggested the introduction of new recipes and the use of new materials in the local repertoire. This study, conducted on archaeological samples of Miletus Ware from eight sites in Turkey and in the Crimea, supports this view. It focuses on the decoration techniques, through the analyses of glazes and underglaze decorations using SEM-EDS and Raman spectroscopy. The results show that, compared to what Byzantine and Beylik potters previously produced in western Anatolia, there were two main innovations in the Miletus Ware glaze production technology. First, its glaze recipe included new sodium-based fluxes. Second, some underglaze decorations as represented by the black and dark-blue-colored ones - obtained respectively through the use of pigments featuring magnesiochromite and cobalt - were produced with materials that had not been used in the region before.

Jun ware glazes: Chemistry, nanostructure and optical properties

A set of the Classic and official Jun ware shards found at various kilns at Yuzhou (Henan) are analyzed. The blue color and milky appearance of the glazes subject of intense debate as being due to either the glaze nanostructure or chemistry. The presence of submillimetre areas showing different color and opacity gives to the glazes a three dimensional cloudy sky appearance. Nanostructure and chemistry of the glazes, oxidation state of iron and nature of the copper nanoprecipitates are studied at a submillimetre level. Images of the glaze nanostructures are obtained using a Focus Ion Beam and Scanning Electron Microscope with nanometric resolution. The size and volume fraction of the nanostructures determined by image treatment are related to the chemical composition of the glazes. Differences between kiln productions are found and the origin of the color and opacity of the glazes discussed in terms of the chemistry and nanostructure.

Effect of Iron Oxide and Phase Separation on the Color of Blue Jun Ware Glaze.

Based on the traditional Jun ware glaze, the imitated Jun ware glazes were prepared by adding iron oxide and introducing phase separation agent apatite through four-angle-method. The effect of iron oxide contents, phase separation and the firing temperature on the color of Jun ware glazes were investigated by a neutral atmosphere experiment, optical microscope and scanning electronic microscope. The results showed that the colorant, mainly Fe2O3, contributed to the Jun ware glaze blue and cyan colors of Jun ware glaze. The light scatter caused by the small droplets in phase separation structure only influenced the shade of the glaze color, intensify or weaken the color, and thus made the glaze perfect and elegant opal visual effects, but was not the origin of general blue or cyan colors of Jun ware glaze. In addition, the firing temperature and the basic glaze composition affected the glaze colors to some extent.

A Study of the Techniques Used to Make Laohudong Guan Ware in China in the Southern Song Dynasty

Through a combination of analysis and synthesis of Laohudong Guan ware shards from Hangzhou City in southern China, some new hypotheses concerning Guan ware manufacture can be proposed. These suggest that the complex microstructures seen in Guan ware glazes, and which contribute significantly to their jade-like qualities, may owe much to layers of fine bubbles trapped during the glazing process. It is also proposed that the multi-layer glazing methods used at the Guan ware kilns at Hangzhou may have helped initially to disguise the relatively coarse and ferruginous clays used for Guan ware manufacture. Once established, the layered glazing technique was used for its own sake—eventually yielding wares that could comprise more glaze than clay. Raw materials and firing temperatures were also explored for this study, and these suggest the use of porcelain-stone/wood ash mixtures for glaze-making, with 20–30% calcareous wood ash being the usual amounts. The average heat-work for the glaze firing seems to have been equivalent to Orton Cone 7, giving a typical finishing temperature of ∼1215°C. A single biscuit firing and a single glaze firing seem likely for most Laohudong Guan wares. Studies of the losses that occur in the preparation of calcareous wood ashes suggest that very large quantities of botanic material must have been burned to provide ash for glaze-making at the Laohudong kiln. From the environmental perspective, a combination of thick glazes and heavy wood-ash usage would have placed great demands on local fuel supplies.

Non-destructive Raman study on the provenance and firing temperature of Guan Wares in the Song Dynasty

ABSTRACTNon-destructive Raman spectroscopy was applied to three kinds of porcelain glaze samples: (i) Guan wares of Song Dynasty; (ii) Imitated Guan wares; (Both (i) and (ii) are from the Palace Museum (Beijing, China) collections); (iii) Porcelain shards are collected from the Xiuneisi kiln site which is one of two excavated Guan ware imperial kilns in Hangzhou, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. Raman spectra of the glassy phase network were used to discuss the composition and firing temperature of the glaze. The index of polymerization (Ip) is strongly correlated with the firing temperature and the composition of the glaze. According to the Ip values of the glaze, those Guan wares (i) can be classified into three groups. The provenance of Guan wares (i) was discussed by comparing the Ip values to imitations (ii) and shards(iii). The study of classification and provenance are also supported by the X-ray fluorescence data. The Ip values of several recently prepared glazed samples of known firing temperature were measured to build empirical relationship between the Ip value and the firing temperature. Based on the relationship, the firing temperature of the Guan ware glazes was at 1170-1300°C.

Effect of Mechanical and Chemical Wear on Soil Attachment and Cleanability of Sanitary Ware with Additional Coatings

We studied three different types of additional coatings on sanitary ware glazes for their cleanability and resistance to mechanical and chemical wear. The additional coatings were two commercial fluoropolymer films, one experimental sol–gel‐derived titania film, and an outer glassy layer fired on the substrate in two different ways. The surface chemical durability was tested by soaking them up to 7 days in a weakly alkaline detergent solution. In the mechanical testing, the surfaces were subjected to different abrasions, steel wool and a moist microfiber cloth rotated against the surfaces at a constant load. Surface topography was studied with white light confocal and scanning electron microscopy. We determined surface hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity by water contact angle measurements. The surfaces were stained with model dirt; they were then wiped with a moist microfiber cloth. The soil pick‐up and removal were measured colorimetrically. The additional coatings did not markedly affect surface topology. Chemical wear by an alkaline detergent solution and mechanical abrasion by steel wool severely damaged the fluoropolymer films. Sol–gel‐derived ceramic titania coating and double‐glazed surfaces had satisfactory resistance to chemical and mechanical wears. Cleanability clearly increased for surfaces with the fluoropolymer and sol–gel‐derived titania coatings. The glassy additional layers decreased the surface roughness, but did not affect attachment of the soil on the surfaces.

Study on Ru ware glaze of the Northern Song dynasty: One of the earliest crystalline-phase separated glazes in ancient China

Ru Guan kiln is the most famous imperial kiln in the Northern Song dynasty (960–1126 A.D.) of ancient China. In this study, green-glazed porcelain shards excavated from Qingliangsi Ru Guan kiln site in Henan province were adopted as test samples. Based on the physico-chemical foundation for crystallization and phase separation of Ru glaze, the correlation among composition, microstructure, firing technique and visual appearance has been investigated by means of energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, high temperature microscope, field emission electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. For the first time, the study demonstrates that Ru glaze is typical of crystalline-phase separated glaze with a dual coloring mechanism.

On the nucleation, growth and impingement of plate-like α-Zn2SiO4 spherulites in glaze layer: a confocal and electron microscopic study

Confocal and electron microscopic observations of willemite (α-Zn2SiO4) crystalline ware glaze, fired to 1270 °C and then aged at 1080 °C for 5 h, indicated the glaze decomposed as (Zn, Ti, Ca)-rich and (Si, Al, K, Na)-rich regions, from which willemite crystallites and amorphous droplets were formed, respectively. Under the constraint of the glaze thickness, the willemite crystallites further developed into plate-like spherulites, which consists of lath-like crystals growing at the order of [0001]⪢〈101̄0〉>〈21̄1̄0〉 and viable for coalescence over {21̄1̄0} habit plane. The impinged plate-like spherulites formed a flat interface at the early stage of crystallization, but irregular interface in late stage due to weaving, truncation and lateral coalescence of the crystals. The {21̄1̄0}-specific coalescence can be rationalized by Brownian-type motion/rotation of the crystals until parallel epitaxy is reached.

Study on Ru imperial ware and its imitations

This paper is focused on the microstructure and microanalysis of the ancient Chinese Ru imperial ware and its imitations, the ancient Jun ware and Yue celadon ware. Samples were measured by stereomicroscope, polarized-microscope, XRD, SRXRF, HR-TEM and F-SEM, both equipped with EDX. We concluded that there are three phases in the glaze of the Ru imperial ware, a crystalline plus two amorphous phases, while only two amorphous phases were found in the glaze of the Ru's imitation and Jun wares, and only one amorphous phase in the glaze of the Yue celadon. Great differences were observed between the Ru ware and its imitations. Ru's imitations had more similarities with the ancient Jun blue-glazed ware. The unique crystalline phase found in the Ru imperial ware glaze was identified as anorthite. Mechanism of forming blue color in the glaze of Ru imperial ware is related to the Rayleigh scattering. The interlayer found between the glaze and the body had the same mineral paragenesis as the body itself. This and the distribution of the bubbles in the glaze, led us to conclude that the Ru ware was fired before it was glazed and the glassy appearance of its glaze was due to the sudden drop of temperature not because of the high firing temperature as believed in other researches.