Number Of Wards Research Articles

Knowledge and Practice on Sanitation and Hygiene among Secondary-Level Students

Sanitation and hygiene are essential components among the students to create a behavioral impact for living a healthy lifestyle. In this context, the study intends to investigate the knowledge and practice of sanitation and hygiene among the students in Shree Adinath Madhyamik Vidayala in Kirtipur municipality ward number six of Kathmandu Valley, where most of the students are from a middle-class background. The study employed quantitative and qualitative research, with an emphasis on exploratory and descriptive research designs. A total of 35 students in grade 10 of the school were the universe of the study and all these students were included in this study and the census methods were applied. The study indicates that students possess knowledge of hygiene conditions.

From intensive care to rehabilitation: survey on the satisfaction with care received during prolonged hospitalization for COVID-19 at a northern Italian university hospital.

Investigating the experiences perceived by COVID-19 inpatients is a fundamental research area that is starting to be explored. For this reason, our objective was to provide the first Italian survey on COVID-19 inpatients' satisfaction, obtained through a self-completed questionnaire previously used in a reference study in a UK cohort of COVID-19 patients. Hospitalized COVID-19 patients (>20 days) admitted to Ferrara University Hospital who underwent rehabilitation during their hospital stay were invited to complete an anonymous questionnaire. The survey's questions explored the patients' satisfaction with the health services received, and their completion took place approximately one year after hospitalization. Information on sex, number of wards, ICU stays, and hospital discharge dates was collected. Sixty-two completed questionnaires were analyzed. The average overall satisfaction score obtained from the answers indicated by the participants in the tenth question was 4.7 out of 5.0. Very positive responses were observed for information about discharge plans, privacy, management of pain, sleep quality, and feeling of safety. The possibility of being consulted about medications and side effects received a very low satisfaction score. Considering overall satisfaction, no significant differences were noted for sex or ICU stay. The obtained results were almost superimposable to those reported in the cohort of COVID-19 patients of the reference study. This survey suggested that COVID-19 patients' healthcare satisfaction was high. Nevertheless, some areas must be improved, such as the communication and involvement of the patients in the decision-making of care and the discussion about medications or possible side effects.

Hazard Assessment of Urban Trees along the Bagmati River Corridor: A Case Study from Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Ward Number 8.

Urban trees are extremely significant and provide numerous advantages for both the environment and people. In order to provide a healthy and sustainable environment, green spaces have long been seen as a crucial component of contemporary cities. Nevertheless, as urbanization and population growth have accelerated, environmental challenges have become a major worldwide issue. This study mainly focuses on the assessment of hazardous trees along the Bagmati river corridor and documents major tree species for urban forestry. The study was conducted in ward number 08 of Kathmandu metropolitan city. Total enumeration was carried out by recording information on trees through direct observation of the whole site. The International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) tree hazard evaluation method was used as a tree risk assessment tool. A total of 74 trees were recorded from the study site. Grevillea robusta, Cinnamomum camphora, Ficus bengalensis, F. religiosa, and so on were the major species planted along the Bagmati corridor. The trees were categorized in varying degrees of hazard. Forty-seven trees were less hazardous, 24 were semihazardous, and 3 were hazardous with hazard rates of 2.91, 6.04, and 9, respectively. Jasminum nudiflorum was the only hazardous species recorded followed by semihazardous species such as Morus alba and F. religiosa among other species, and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Citrus limon, Psidium guajava, Alnus nepalensis, and so on were least hazardous tree species. The hazardous tree in urban areas increases the risk to people and public as well as private properties. There is a need for the removal of such hazardous trees and planting the right species at the right time. Moreover, regular inspection and a clear policy for urban trees are needed.

60 Surgical inpatient delirium: a re-audit of the documentation of the 4AT score

Abstract Background Postoperative delirium and perioperative neurocognitive disorder are the commonest postoperative complications in patients over 65. This has implications for brain health, hospital length of stay and incidences of morbidity and mortality. Our aim was to perform a re-audit of the documentation of 4AT scores for surgical inpatients >65 following educational sessions across key ward-based staff (medical, nursing, and allied-health). Methods Using the guidelines for Perioperative Care for People Living with Frailty undergoing Elective and Emergency Surgery from the Centre of Perioperative Care (CPOC) and the British-Geriatric-Society (BGS) as a standard, a re-audit of surgical inpatients >65 was performed on four surgical wards over two weeks. Data was collected on 4AT documentation on admission, day one and day three post-operatively, type-of-surgery, anaesthesia and risk factors for delirium (dementia, polypharmacy, opioid & benzodiazepine use, alcohol excess, ≥2 medical co-morbidities, number of ward moves and surgery >2 hours). Results Of the 55 surgical patients, the average age was 76 (65–93). 32.7% of patients presented for hip fracture surgery (n = 18), 40% abdominal/pelvic surgery (n = 22), 15% other surgeries (n = 15). 35% of patients (n = 19) had baseline 4AT documented preoperatively compared to 25%(n = 9) in the initial audit. 4AT score documentation during admission was 47.3%(n = 26) compared to 33%(n = 11). ≥2 surgical risk factors for delirium were found in all patients. The incidence of delirium was 14.5% with eight patients having a 4AT score > 4. Patients who developed delirium had 3–8 risk factors. Four of eight patients with delirium had pre-existing cognitive impairment and/or dementia. Conclusion There was an increase in frequency of 4AT assessments as a delirium screening tool in our cohort following successful collaboration between medical, surgical, anaesthesia, nursing and allied-health staff. Regular educational sessions to maintain awareness and screening of delirium peri-operatively in surgical patients >65 will be a focus for continued quality improvement.

Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption and Knowledge on its Consequences among Young Adult in Ward Number Five at Kachan Kawal Municipality, Nepal

The harmful use of alcohol causes many disease, social and economic burden in societies. The harmful use of alcohol ranks among the top risk factors for disease, disability and death through world. youth, who start drinking before age 15 years are six time more likely to develop alcohol dependence or abuse later in life than those who begin drinking at or after age 20 years. Aim of the study is to find out the prevalence of alcohol consumption and knowledge on its consequences among young adult (19-39 years) young adult in ward number 5 at Kachan Kawal Municipality, Jhapa. Descriptive cross sectional research design was used in this study. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used to select 50 young adult and semi -structured interview schedule was used to collect data. Data analysis was done on SPSS version 20.0. Descriptive statistics i.e. frequency, mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics i.e. chi square test was used to find the association between dependent and independent variable The finding of the present study revealed that out of 50 respondent 70% had current drinker, with male 44% outnumbering female 24%. Among those consumed alcohol 83.33% have used it before the age of 20 years. More than half of the respondents had been good knowledge on consequences of alcohol consumption i .e 56.0% and 44.0% had poor knowledge. It was concluded that alcohol consumption was high among male than female. There is association between level on knowledge on consequences and alcohol consumption and socio demographical variables.

Prevalence and Associated Factor with Hypertension among Elderly Population of Durgathali Rural Municipality of Bajhang District of Nepal

Introduction: Old age is not a disease in itself, but the elderly public are vulnerable to long term diseases of insidious onset like hypertension. Hypertension is a cardiovascular disorder rapidly emerging as a major public health problem in developing countries and is the most widely recognized modifiable risk factor. The main objectives of the study were to determine prevalence of hypertension among old age population and to study the factors affecting the hypertension. Methodology: A quantitative cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the Bajhang district of Nepal. The study participants were old age group population with age more than or equal to 60 completed years. A sample size of 247 was obtained using simple random sampling and proportionate sampling method. There are seven wards in Durgathali rural municipality among them four wards (ward number 1,2,7,4) selected for study by using lottery method. From four selected ward 247 respondent will be selected proportionately. Findings: Prevalence of hypertension was 36%, significantly higher in age group more than 80 years (50%) and males (48.6%) than female. Hypertension was significantly associated with smoking and insufficient fruit and vegetable consumption habit. Overweight and high waist and hip circumference ration were significantly affecting hypertension.

Point prevalence survey of antibiotic use and healthcare-associated infections in acute care hospitals: a comprehensive report from the Marche Region of Italy

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are serious health challenges. Point prevalence surveys (PPSs) are valuable tools for monitoring HAIs and AMR. To describe results of the ECDC PPS 2022 dealing with the prevalence of HAIs, antimicrobial consumption, and associated factors, in acute care hospitals. The survey was performed in November 2022 in 14 hospitals according to the protocol proposed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Multilevel logistic regression was performed using geographical area/hospital type as cluster variable to evaluate the factors independently associated with HAIs and antibiotics. The point prevalence of HAIs was 7.43%. Patients hospitalized for longer periods were more likely to have an HAI as well as those aged 15-44 years, with a rapidly fatal disease, intubated, and with one or two devices. Antibiotics prevalence was 47.30%. Males, unknown McCabe scores, minimally invasive/non-National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) surgery, patients with HAIs, hospitals with a higher alcohol hand-rub consumption, hospitals with a greater number of IPC personnel, geriatric wards, and hospitals with 300-600 beds were more likely to be under antimicrobial therapy. This PPS provided valuable information on the prevalence of HAIs and antimicrobialconsumption and variables associated. The high prevalence of HAIs highlights the need for improved infection control measures.

Self-medication practice among residents of Madhyapur Thimi-4, Bhaktapur, Nepal

Background: Self-medication is the treatment of self-diagnosed symptoms or conditions with medicines taken on own initiative without professional supervision .Though self-medication reduces the burden to the health care facilities, save time etc. it increases the risk if utilized inappropriately. Objectives: This study was done with the aim to determine self-medication practices among residents of Madhyapur Thimi Municipality ward number 4, Bhaktapur, Nepal. Method: A descriptive cross sectional study was used and non-probability purposive sampling technique was adopted. Study was conducted in Madhyapur Thimi-4 in Bhaktapur district with sample size of total 309 community people of age 20 to 60 years. Data was collected by interview with the help of semi structured questionnaire and was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Out of 309 participants, 215(69.6%) community people practiced self-medication with one’s past experience 88(40.7%) as the most common source of information. Most commonly used medicine was NSAID 63(29.3%) followed by decongestant 30(13.9%). Medicines were self-prescribed for headache 49 (22.7%), fever 37(17.2%), cold and flu 30(13.9%) with the aim to save the time and for quick relief 50(23.6%). Practice of self-medication was statistically significant with age of respondents (p=0.000), level of education (p=0.004) and type of family (p=0.009). Conclusion: The practice of self-medication was common for different illness like headache, fever, diarrhea etc and most commonly self medicated medicine was NSAID.

Patients' Perceptions on Community Pharmacy Services of a Ward (10) of Kathmandu Metropolitan.

Community pharmacists' role is shifting from product-oriented function towards patient-centered care. The patient-centered role of pharmacists is undervalued, as the public is unaware of pharmacists' role. This study aims to identify patients' perceptions and satisfaction with pharmaceutical care services and factors affecting their preferences for community pharmacy services. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted for three months on patients visiting registered community pharmacies in Kathmandu metropolitan ward number 10. Out of 406 participants, 30.5% perceive pharmacists to have a balance between business and health aspects of pharmacy practices; 29.1% view them as drug experts; and 11.8% consider pharmacists to be more concerned with business. 43.8% of participants were found to discuss their drug-related queries with pharmacists, possibly due to low treatment costs. Approximately 77% of respondents had no hesitancy when contacting pharmacists for health-related information because they believed pharmacists were sufficiently qualified to address drug-related questions. Around 88% of respondents agreed that the role of pharmacists is to counsel the patient about the directions for the use of medications. The level of satisfaction indicated that 72.4% are highly satisfied with pharmacy services. In addition, patients feel comfortable discussing their health with pharmacists due to their ability to protect the privacy of their medical records. In contrast, more trust in doctors seems to be the most common barrier for patients visiting pharmacists. Overall, pharmacists were regarded as the most trusted health care personnel to contact. However, to facilitate the expansion of pharmaceutical care services, the public should be aware of their distinctive professional talents. It is recommended for future researchers to understand the subjective perspective of pharmacy staff, managers, and pharmaceutical policy makers.

Determinants of Toilet Training Awareness among Mothers in Siddharthnagar Municipality of Rupandehi District, Nepal

ABSTRACT
 Introduction: Toilet training if not trained can leads the children to experience psychological problems. Mother’s alertness plays a very important role in toilet training which is vital for the better growth and development of a child. Thus the objective of the study was to find out the determinants of awareness regarding toilet training among mothers.
 Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study design was carried out among 100 mothers of children aged 1-3 years using non- probability purposive sampling technique of Siddharthnagar Municipality, ward number 3, Rupandehi Nepal. Semi-structured interview schedule from 19th September to 3rdOctober 2021was used to collect data, which were analyzed using descriptive (frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (chi-square) with Statistical Package for Social Software version 20.
 Results: The study findings revealed 49% of mothers had high level of awareness regarding toilet training. There was significant association between level of awareness with age (p=<0.001), education status (p=<0.001), type of family (p=0.002) and number of children (p=<0.001).
 Conclusion: Almost half mothers had high level of awareness regarding toilet training. Age of mother, education status of mother, type of family and number of children was determinants of toilet training awareness of mother. Thus, health personnel is recommended to organize program for upgrading mother’s awareness regarding toilet training.

Exploring the use of body-worn cameras in acute mental health wards: A qualitative interview study with mental health patients and staff

BackgroundBody-worn cameras are increasingly being used as a violence prevention tool in inpatient mental health wards. However, there is a dearth of research on their use in these settings, particularly when it comes to patient perspectives. ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the perspectives of patients, mental health staff, and senior management on body-worn cameras to identify the possible impacts of this technology in inpatient mental health settings. DesignThis was an exploratory qualitative study. SettingWe undertook interviews online and in-person on a number of acute inpatient wards across five mental health hospitals in England. Participants were recruited in-person, online via social media, and through professional networks. ParticipantsThis study recruited 24 patients from acute wards, 25 staff from acute wards, six Mental Health Nursing Directors, and nine community-based patients. MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted online and in-person. Interviews were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Ethical approval was granted by the Health Research Authority. ResultsThe subjective nature of how violence and aggression is defined shapes how staff and patients view the prospect of using body-worn cameras. Both staff and patients cited issues resulting from an underlying culture of mistrust in inpatient settings that leave staff and patients feeling unsafe. Body worn cameras may intensify power dynamics and undermine therapeutic relationships. Participants felt that engaging existing interventions and addressing systemic causes of violence and aggression should take priority over introducing body-worn cameras. ConclusionsThere is no indication that staff or patients believe body-worn cameras will deter violence and aggression on inpatient mental health wards. They may serve as a tool for safeguarding and staff training, but there are still unexplored ethical concerns about their use and a lack of evidence to support use of this technology to deter violence in NHS mental health settings. Tweetable abstractMental health patients & staff have complex perspectives on controversial body-worn camera technology @thekeiranwilson @unafoye @maddych4dwick @gbrennancafc @cityalan.

Role of Working and Non-working Women in Household Decision Making

The objective of the study is to discover the socioeconomic position of women in Kohalpur Municipality Ward No. 10 in order to determine the variations between the roles played by working and non-working women in household decision-making, as well as the factors that influence women's decision-making ability. This study uses both primary and secondary data in accordance with its needs. During the field survey, the sampled unit's primary data is chosen using a structured questionnaire and an interview. In this study, both quantitative and qualitative data have been gathered and employed. Secondary information is gathered from the Kohalpur Municipality ward number 10 survey 2078. Judgment/deliberate non-random sampling have been used to choose the research households. There are 950 houses and 5148 people in total among these wards. Only 50 of the total number of households were chosen by me among them. They range in age from 16 to 59, with 25 of them employed and 25 not. The study's conclusion is that the majority of Nepalese women reside in rural areas where their options for employment are confined to agricultural work on farms, many of which are held by their father, spouse, landowners, or siblings. Women in Nepal aren't allowed to own property, so they must work on men's land from dawn till sunset to support themselves and their families. Therefore, males are responsible for ensuring that women have the means to survive not only in external affairs but also in their own domestic issues, which are an essential component of their life.

Attitude sustains longer than subjective norm and perceived behavioral control: Results of breast cancer screening educational intervention.

Breast malignancy is the most frequent carcinoma among females across the world and third-most in Nepal. Early diagnosis of breast cancer through breast health awareness and self-examination, in addition to mammography screening, is a highly feasible and useful technique in poorly resourced settings. However, their intentions, whether to modify behaviors or actions, remain debatable and less explained in the literature. So, we aimed to assess how long an educational intervention affects women's intention to do a breast self-examination (BSE) and mammography screening. After assessing feasibility, one ward was assigned to the intervention (IG; ward number 30) and control group (CG; ward number 33), and then with inclusion criteria, a total of 360 females (180 each in IG and CG) aged 40-75 years enrolled in the study. After the baseline assessment, participants in the IG were delivered an hour-long breast cancer screening-related lecture-discussion- demonstration session that included BSE and mammography, aided with a silicone dummy. The session was carried out by the female trained nurses. Outcome data were obtained at the baseline, 4, 8, and 12 months following the intervention. Attitudes, perceived behavioral controls (PBCs) and behavioral intents (BIs) of both mammography and BSE at baseline were similar in both IG and CG except in case of subjective norms (SNs). Intents of BSE remained effective for 4 months, whereas for mammography, it was effective only at 4 and 12 months. Moreover, attitudes toward both tests remained intact for 4, 8, and 12 months (p = < .05) consistently. With regards to PBCs, women having good control remained only for 4 months in both screening tests. Further, regarding SN, significant mean changes were observed at 4 and 12 months in BSE, and only at 4 months in mammography screening. The session was effective in sustaining BSE and mammography intentions for at least 4 months. To retain the effects longer (up to 12 months), additional educational strategies focusing on subjective norms and perceived behavioral controls of both tests are highly warranted.

Implementing Health Information System in King Hamad University Hospital Benefits and Challenges

As a university hospital, it prides itself on using the latest techniques, medical and diagnostic curriculum, as well as up-to-the-minute medical equipment and fully equipped facilities. It has over 1700 employees and accommodates more than 311 beds and 9 operating theatres, a number of internal wards plus an intensive care unit with 12 beds. Healthcare organizations now believe in improved efficiency, reduced costs, improved patient care and quality of services, and safety when they are preparing to apply new information and communication technology (ICT) based applications. Health IT systems allow the gathering of data for use for quality management, outcome reporting, and public health disease surveillance and reporting. However, development is needed with all health IT, particularly concerning design, implementation, and integration between platforms within the surroundings of work.

Changes in the fee system for acute care hospitals will contribute to reducing their costs

Changes in the fee system for acute care hospitals will contribute to reducing their costs Hiroki Konno, Professor of College Economics at Nihon University argues that acute care hospitals in Japan need to restructure their management strategies – to which, these hospitals have been stratified according to hospitalisation fees based on nurse staffing levels. As the medical functions provided by hospitals are no longer viewed as a hierarchy, but as a segregation of functions in the region, a policy of segregation as a fee system for inpatient acute care can desegregate medical functions and can be expected to promote efficiency in the provision of medical care and contribute to reducing costs. This study by Nihon University reviewed the fee system for hospitals and described its impact on thyroid cancer treatment by analysing three policy directions: 1. The "basic" nurse staffing level of acute care hospitals should be 10:1. 2. Although the fee levels for wards of regional packaged care and wards of chronic care are relatively high at present, once the number of wards has been filled, their fees will be reduced and will mainly be based on a graduated contingency fee. 3. Patients admitted to wards of chronic care will be limited to those requiring higher medical treatments, while those requiring lower medical treatments will be transferred to a Nursing Care Medical Clinic.

Impacts of forest fire on people living in suburban Kathmandu in the buffer zone of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park

The research study mainly intends to gauge the impact of forest fire in the buffer zone community of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, mainly in the area of Chapali Bhadrakali (ward number 2) adjacent to the sprawling Kathmandu metropolitan city. The study reflects the frequent occurrence of forest fire events happening in the area and its effects, both physical and psychological, on the local communities in the buffer zone. The locals have their work cut out due to the repetition of the incident every year leaving them no alternative than to ready themselves to face the challenges. Thus, the research paper includes both the threats caused by forest fires to people’s livelihoods as well as the local’s perception regarding the fire incidents. Ergo, this study analyzes the impact status of the buffer zone community of Chapali Bhadrakali with regard to seasonal forest fire events.

Causes and Consequences of Emigration in Chagunarayan Municipality of Bhaktapur District

Large proportion of the Nepalese citizens are emigrating from own country in search of better employment opportunities and prosperity. The study aims to assess causes and consequences of emigration particularly in Changunarayan Municipality of Bhaktapur district. The study employed case study research design followed by quantitative and qualitative approaches of data collection. The required data are collected from randomly selected 50 HHs residing in four settlements (i.e. Chagunarayan, Jhaukhel, Duwakot and Chhaling) of the municipality ward number four. This study found that unemployment, difficulties in transportation, attraction towards foreign countries, perverting other people from neighbor, disrespect to owns' occupation, wanting to earn more are the major causes of emigration. The emigrants are enjoying in the destinations with various facilities and they are able to improve the living standard of their family members and prosperity. The emigrants' household members get an opportunity to spend a considerable portion of their family income in child education, health treatment and also for buying land property. The availability of communication facilities, adjustments in native people's way of life and achieving better social status have been noted as other positive outcomes of the emigration. However, emigration of youth people also has negatively affected social and cultural structures in the study area. The festivals are compelled to celebrating by less active group member in the community with less enjoyment and excitement. Even the returned migrate people are not giving interest in the social and cultural and religious festivals. This might be reason that most people have feeling that one should develop the own area rather than migrating to other areas. Therefore, local government need to become responsive and responsible in addressing the negative consequences of emigration as far as possible.

Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence and health Seeking Behaviors among Middle-Age women

Introduction: Urinary incontinence is one of the most common problems of middle-age. It is one of the inconvenient experiences that have adverse physical, psychological and social effects. The shame, taboos and associated knowledge deficit have interfered with its health seeking approaches that further lower the quality of life. This study was designed to assess the prevalence and health seeking behaviour on urinary incontinence among middle aged women.Methods: The community-based descriptive cross sectional study was conducted to find out the prevalence and health seeking behaviours on urinary incontinence among middle aged women. A total number of 175 women of age group 40-60 years were purposively selected from the Kathmandu metropolitan city ward number 31 from among the voters. Face to face interview was conducted using structured interview schedule. Data were analysed using descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation range) statistics.Results: The study showed that 56% of the women had urinary incontinence. Among them 59.18% had stress urinary incontinence, and 40.82% women had both stress and urge urinary incontinence. Among them, 74.5 % women did not seek medical consultation. Some of the common reasons for not seeking medical advice were perceiving urinary incontinence as a natural process (79.22%), lack of knowledge(55.84%) and embarrassment (33.77%). The study findings also showed that urinary incontinence was statistically significant with the age of women, parity, place of delivery and mode of delivery.Conclusions: Urinary incontinence is prevalent in more than half of the women and stress urinary incontinence was common among them. Most of the women had not sought any medical advice. embarrassment, lack of knowledge and perceiving the condition as natural were some of the reasons for not approaching for medical consultation.

Mothers’ Awareness on Prevention of Home Accidents among Children in a Community

Children are at risk for injury because of their normal curiosity, impulsiveness, andesine to master new skills and imitate adult behavior from an early age. Injuries are the first leading but predictable, avoidable and preventable cause of morbidity and mortality among under-five-year-old children worldwide. The objective of the study was to find out the Mothers’ awareness on prevention of home accidents among children in a community. A descriptive cross sectional research design was applied. Study was conducted in community of ward number 8 at Mahalaxmi municipality in Lalitpur district. No probability, purposive sampling technique was used to select 92 mothers of under than five children. Semi structured interview schedule was used to collect the data. The data was entered in SPSS 16 version and was analyzed by both descriptive statistics like frequency, percentage, mean, median, standard deviation and inferential statistics i.e. Chi-Square test. The finding of the study revealed that more than half (58.7%) respondents had good awareness and nearly half (41.3 %) had average awareness on home accidents. This study also showed that the type of family of respondents was significantly associated with level of awareness of respondents (p =0.020). Most of the respondents (83.7%) knew about prevention of home accidents from radio. This study concluded that about half of the mothers had average awareness on prevention of home accidents among children. So, education programmes to mothers of under five children to enhance their knowledge and increase awareness on accident prevention measures through mass media is needful.

Awareness of Rural and Urban Youth Towards Female Foeticide

The present study was conducted in Bikaner district of Rajasthan, India during November 2019–May 2020 to assess the awareness of rural and urban youth towards female foeticide and to find out the relationship of socio-economic characteristics of respondents with their awareness in Bikaner district of Rajasthan, India. Two panchayat samiti were selected based on highest sex ratio i.e., Sridungargarh and lowest sex ratio i.e., Kolayat. Bikaner city was divided into two zone i.e., east, and west. Out of them one ward was selected randomly from each zone i.e., ward number 60 was from east zone and ward number 44 was from west zone. A total of 200 respondents were selected for the study purpose. Questionnaire method was used for collecting data from the respondents. The result showed that all the respondents knew about the meaning of female foeticide, sex of the foetus could be determined before birth, female foeticide affects the society and repetitive abortion was hazardous to health of the female. The 25% respondents knew about overall sex ratio of Rajasthan and father was responsible for the sex of the child, 22% mother was responsible and only 14.5% of the respondents were aware about law related to PC- PNDT and MTP Act. The result showed that the 64% of the respondents had medium awareness level, while 21 and 15% of the respondents had low and high level of awareness about female foeticide.