Events Of War Research Articles

Vassal Mamluk rulers of Egypt and Syria in the service of the Ottomans

The fall of the Mamluk Sultanate under the onslaught of the Ottoman invasion in 1516-1517 turned the entire course of events both in Egypt and throughout the Muslim world. However, the establishment of direct Turkish rule on the territory of the former Mamluk possessions was preceded by a short transitional period of vassalage. The Ottoman Sultan Selim I Yavuz (1512-1520) appointed in Egypt and Syria two devoted to him Mamluk emirs Khair-bek and Janbirdi al-Ghazali, whose actions infl the further strengthening of the power of the Turks in the Middle Eastern provinces. The main purpose of the study is to identify the reasons for such an abrupt change in the policy of the Ottomans in Egypt and Syria. The author examines in detail the period of rule of the vassal Mamluk emirs and tries to determine how their actions infl the decision of the High Porte to appoint their own governors and remove the Mamluks from power. Using the historical and genealogical method, the author begins with a description of the events of the Ottoman-Mamluk war of 1516-1517. During the confl both emirs showed far-sightedness and went over to the side of the Ottomans. Therefore, they earned the special favor of Sultan Selim. However, later, while in power, both Khair-bek and Janbirdi al-Ghazali showed a tendency to arbitrariness, which served as an alarm signal for the Ottomans. Moreover, after the death of Selim, Janbirdi openly opposed the Ottomans. The result of the reign of both commanders, therefore, was an even greater strengthening of the Turks and the further weakening of the Mamluks in the Islamic world.

Re] Mapping of Being – Landscape/Cavescape/Humanscape

This exposition opens up the memory space of a landscape that carries a collective knowledge of the events of the Second World War in Sørøya, an isolated region far in northern Norway. Inside its landscape voids, the island conceals places that once became a refuge for half of the region’s inhabitants. In this research project, artists ask themselves what collective memory is and how the landscape opens up an alternative public space in its own depths. How do the caves of the island of Sørøya carefully hide and preserve the memory of the events of the Second World War, and how do these events fade into the shadows of Norway’s inhabitants’ social memory? This exposition shows one chapter of our ongoing research project Dunke-Dunk, where the landscape is becoming the cavescape and the cavescape is becoming the humanscape through the artists’ long field trips to the region, their bodily immersion in caves, and an endless evagation searching for what preserves the memory of the touch of the Second World War through the [re]reading of archives, all the while collecting stories from the inhabitants and the terrain from an architectural and artistic perspective.

Analytical properties in Purananuru

Purananaru is a Tamil text that consists of four hundred hymns in praise of the object. All events that take place overtly are objective. The text describes well about Politics, Commerce, Histories, Philosophies, War Events and so on. The text beautifully depicts Pari's love for Kapil and the friendship between Pisiranthaiyar and Kopperuncholan. Purananuru is the best text that describes the song of Kapila in the loss of Pari and the bravery in the song of Auvai in the loss of Athiyaman. This article summarizes and examines the characteristics of the text Purananuru.

The Soviet position on political developments in South Yemen 1980-1990

This study came to shed light on the nature of Soviet relations and their position on political developments in South Yemen during the eighties of the twentieth century, which represented the last stage of the Cold War, and the resulting collapse of the Soviet Union and the countries of the socialist system in the world, and during that period 1980-1990, the Soviet foreign policy towards South Yemen witnessed a remarkable development in the political relations between the two parties. This study focused on the nature of the diverse support of political, economic and military aid provided by the Soviet Union to South Yemen, all of that support is in order to establish a fertile ground for it in the part The southwestern part of the peninsula and the Arabian Gulf, to establish its position within the framework of the Soviet-American competition for spheres of influence in the world, as well as the mutual visits that initiated the responsibility of two countries in the Soviet Union and South Yemen between them, through which the Soviet Union succeeded in establishing its position in South Yemen. Especially his supportive stance on the events of the civil war that erupted between the wings of power in South Yemen in January 1986, Despite all the various support provided by the Soviet government to South Yemen, the country continued to suffer from poverty, backwardness and division. As soon as the countries of the socialist system collapsed, led by the Soviet Union,

The reasons and consequences of cooperation between the worshippers movement of Bishop Nikolai Velimirovich and the organization of Dimitri Letich "Zbor" in the history of the Serbian Orthodox Church.

The article is devoted to the relations between the worshippers movement led by Bishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church Nikolai Velimirovich and the nationalist organization "Zbor" of the Yugoslav politician Dimitri Letich. The central problem of the article is the influence of these organizations on each other based on differences and similarities in understanding the connection between Orthodoxy and Serbian nationalism. The article provides an analysis of the reasons for mutually beneficial cooperation between these social movements in the period of the 20 – 30s of the twentieth century. It is worth emphasizing that the consequence of the interaction between them was the deterioration of the situation of the Serbian Orthodox Church under the new communist government, which was expressed in increased repression and reputational damage inflicted on the clergy and religious organizations in general as a result of their participation in the events of World War II.

Family correspondence of veterans of the Great Patriotic War in the archives of Siberia: source value, prospects for use.

The object of the study is the personal correspondence of Siberians who participated in the Great Patriotic War. The purpose of the work is to characterize the regional archival and museum collections of epistolary ego documents of the war period and to assess their information potential. The need to consider the problem in all its diversity has led to the use of such general scientific research methods as analysis and synthesis, logical method, descriptive method, classification method. Special research methods were also used: source studies, textual, problem-chronological, content analysis. Frontline letters are classified as a historical source. By means of textual analysis of epistolary documents of 1941-1945, the informational component of the letters of the Siberian soldiers was revealed. The problem-chronological method made it possible to identify the specifics of letters depending on the time of their writing. An array of epistolary sources of the period of the Great Patriotic War, not previously studied and not introduced into scientific circulation, consisting of 400 front-line letters of Siberian soldiers, is analyzed. As a result of the analysis of front-line correspondence, valuable information was revealed about various aspects of military everyday life: about living conditions in the rear, about front-line life, about the combat path of Siberian military units. The signs of the mental transformation of Siberian soldiers in military conditions are recorded and considered: a change in the perception of the enemy, a rethinking of the pre-war lifestyle, increased awareness of the value of the family, the formation of elements of religious consciousness. Conclusions are drawn about the significant informational value of the epistolary heritage for a comprehensive understanding of the events of the Great Patriotic Wars, about the need to intensify work on the introduction of ego documents into scientific circulation.

Память о предательстве: образ коллаборациониста в послевоенном советском кинематографе

Introduction. Researchers have studied manifestations of collaborationism of Soviet citizens during the Great Patriotic War quite well, however, the problem of the perception of collaborators in the postwar period needs additional coverage. Of particular interest is the reflection of this topic in art cinema, which was one of the most important means of propaganda. Methods and materials. The basis of the study was a systematic approach. Historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods were applied, in addition, content analysis was used to identify characteristic characters, images, ideas in films. The study was carried out on the basis of published materials, as well as archival files, which make it possible to compare the motivation of collaborators during the Great Patriotic War with its representation in Soviet cinema. Analysis. The study of the evolution of the coverage of the Great Patriotic War and related events in cinema made it possible to identify the main genre and stylistic devices used to demonstrate the place and role of collaborators. Through the analysis of the motivation of collaborators based on the protocols of their interrogations and investigative cases, as well as the consideration of their behavior in feature films, the functions of this topic in the Soviet propaganda discourse were determined. Results. The study of the methods and forms of demonstration of collaborationism showed this problem was reflected in Soviet cinema throughout the entire post-war period. Cooperation with the Germans was explained by several reasons: nationalist motives, hatred of the Soviet regime, cowardice or a desire to save one’s own life, or pathological manifestations up to mental illness. Authors’ contribution. O.V. Romanko proposed the concept of the article, supervised the research, studied the sources and historiography of the problem, and edited the final text of the paper. E.V. Prosolova carried out analytical work on the analysis of sources, systematization and classification of the image of a collaborator in Soviet cinema, designed the text of the article.

BERTOLT BRECHT AND SLOBODAN SCHNEIDER: WAR. RELIGION. WOMAN. THEATER

Global issues fixed in the diachrony of world culture by the concept of "war", as well as modern methods of its aesthetic interpretation, are seen today as extremely promising for Ukrainian literary studies, which is now actively rethinking how and through which models the artistic representation of modern military events should take place and their reflection in experience/living.
 The article offers a comparative literary analysis of B. Brecht's plays "Mother Courage and Her Children" and S. Schneider's "Snake Skin", in which, in the setting of the Thirty Years' War in Europe of the 17th century. contains deep ethical and philosophical reflections on the war as such and aesthetic reflections of two outstanding European playwrights on the war events of which they became contemporaries.
 If B. Brecht’s play has many literary interpretations, including in Ukraine, S.Schneider’s play is being interpreted by Ukrainian literary studies for the first time. The intentions and artistic resources of both texts are compared through the conceptual series War – Religion – Woman – Theatre. In interpretation B. Brecht’s war is horizontal-processual and geographically dispersed, in S. Schneider’s she is cyclical and permanent, localized in a closed topographical and mythological space.
 It is illustrated how playwrights conduct a dialogue with the world cultural tradition regarding religion/faith as a factor in modern war, the peculiarities of female figurative potential and female (not)subjectivity in aesthetic interpretations of war belonging to the 20th century are revealed, B. Brecht’s "epic theater" is compared and S. Schneider’s symbolic and allegorical theater. The study complements the problematic field of modern humanitarian reflections, activated by Russia’s full-scale attack on Ukraine in February 2022.

SOURCES OF TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCE & CROSS-CONTOUR MENTAL HEALTH RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY

The article highlights the sources of psycho-emotional patterns of traumatic experience and outlines a cross-contour technology for overcoming their prolonged impact on human mental health. The mechanisms of semantic coding and decoding of events in the world by a person are defined. Three hierarchical contours of human consciousness are objectified, each of which contains both principles of mental health protection and risks of its violation. Using methods of bodynamic, transpersonal and projective approaches it is proved that the person's reaction to traumatic events is determined by his pre-biographical and early biographical experience. The presented cross-contour technology allows to increase resilience to crisis events of war, to reduce uncertainty and to activate personal dimensions of freedom and responsibility. The corrective component of the technology focuses on the reorganization of the person's semantic system in response to the crisis events of the world. The purpose of the technology is to reduce uncertainty and hesitation and activate the dimensions of freedom and responsibility. The subjective specificity of the world creation by a human is revealed, that is, reflection, generation and understanding of reality

«Носович и Ковалевский – люди политически ненадежные»: воспоминания С.С. Иоффе о работе высшей военной инспекции на Юге России в 1918 году

The material presents the first publication of the memoir of Bolshevik S.S. Ioffe (1895–1938) about the work of the Supreme Military Inspectorate during the Civil War in South Russia in 1918. Ioffe served as deputy chairman of the inspectorate’s political section and was well aware of the situation in Tsaritsyn, which at that time was being defended from the Whites. The memoirist pays special attention to the activities of a White underground organization headed by former General A.L. Nosovich at the headquarters of the North Caucasus Military District. Ioffe wrote his memoir in May 1922 due to the fact that the Special Department of the State Political Administration, in the course of the preparation of the trial of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, was at that time investigating the case of conspiracies in Tsaritsyn in the summer of 1918. Almost four years passed between the events of the Civil War described and the writing of the memoir. According to him, Ioffe did not have any documents at hand and wrote from memory. Because of this, some facts and their sequence were stated inaccurately. Nevertheless, the memoir seems to be an important and interesting historical source containing new data on the events in and around Tsaritsyn during the first defence of the city in 1918. Moreover, the reliability of Ioffe’s testimony in a number of cases is confirmed by the recently published memoir of General A.L. Nosovich, a White Guard agent in the Red Army. The document is kept in the Archives of the Federal Security Service of Russia in the Volgograd Region and was declassified in 2022.

The battle on the river Somme and the historical politics in Britain

The article focuses on the commemorative experience of Britain in the context of a systematic study of the policy of memory at the present stage of the country's development. The main purpose of the study is to analyse the forms and ways of representing the Battle of the Somme in modern Britain as a historical reality, highlighting the main features of the British experience of preserving the memory of this event and transmitting it for a mass audience. The author proposes an attempt to trace the development of ideas in scientific and popular science materials concerning the event as a collective trauma, the memory of which has been reflected in British historiography since its formation in 1916. The collective memory of the events of the First World War in Britain is often ambiguous and debatable, especially the Battle of the Somme, which changed people's perception of armed conflicts. As part of the study of the British politics of memory, it was revealed that the "historical narrative" of the battle is to glorify the exploits of the expeditionary forces on the Western Front and at the same time criticise the commanders of the armed forces responsible for massive combat losses.

REFLECTION OF THE MILITARY CONTEXT IN THE STORY OF THE 1980 – 1990s BY RUSSIAN-BELARUSIAN WRITERS-VETERANS AND WITNESSES OF THE WAR WITH GERMAN NAZISM

The article considers new perspectives of understanding the theme of the Great Patriotic war by Russian and Belarusian writers-front-line soldiers, representatives of «lieutenant's prose», as well as Belarusian writers-witnesses of military events in the genre of the story created in the late soviet and post-soviet times. The authors are united by an appeal to the topical issues of the problem of veterans in the era of social transformations of the 1980 – 1990s. The writers reflected the manifestations of the socio-political crisis and its consequences: the processes of rethinking the events of the Great Patriotic war, past ideals and priorities, social and psychological traumas of a veteran soldier in post-soviet society.

Considering the Revolution

Considering the Revolution

Are the European Union stock markets vulnerable to the Russia–Ukraine war?

This study examines the market reaction to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine on the leading European Union stock market indices employing the event study method, cross-sectional and network analysis We find adverse event day impact on the stock market indices. Further, Poland, Denmark, and Portugal exhibit positive cumulative abnormal returns post-event. A few developed nations are insignificant to the war event. The findings are attributable to the geographic proximity to the war zone and the market efficiency. While the developed markets and NATO nations exhibit positive returns, the economic sanctions and the fear of reduced exports negatively drive abnormal returns during the post-event windows. Contrary to previous studies, stronger past returns negatively drive the returns during the post-event windows. Additional analysis on the mapping of financial networks provides relevant insights into systemic integration between EU stock markets, especially during the war.

Introduction to Call for Papers on Ethics of War

Introduction to Call for Papers on Ethics of War

Flottalázadás a globalizáció és a kolonizáció összefüggéseiben. A brazil haditengerészet lázadása

The study aims to explore the history of the naval revolt that broke out in Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Brazil, in 1893, keeping in mind the aspects of globalization, immigration, and colonization. The six-month-long conflict was of international significance, some of its effects (for example, on world trade) could be felt in other parts of the world. The case was widely covered by the world press: the news reached England, France, Germany, Italy, and the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, among others. Immigrants were also involved in the civil war, often unwittingly: they were present at the siege of Rio de Janeiro, they were included in military recruitment, and with the rise of Lusophobia, Portuguese immigrants became victims of violent atrocities. The civil war caused many diplomatic problems. The study aims to point out that in historical studies it is worth paying attention to the elements set in motion by the events of a civil war, because due to globalization we can get a momentary view of a country’s network of interests and relationships by looking at the external reactions.

No safe place for war survivors: War memory, event exposure, and migrants' psychological trauma.

The present study explores the concept of reenactment of known and unknown war trauma that may be unfamiliar to the readers while also opening up new discourses of understanding and empathy through the lens of Cathy Caruth's trauma theory by focusing on the novel A Land of Permanent Goodbyes by Atia Abawi. War fiction, such as Abawi's novel, highlights the concept of psychological trauma as a double wound (known as "outsiders" and unknown as "insiders") through the textual analysis and characterization of characters by presenting their haunting pasts, present lives, and losses concerning traumatic events. The present study also recounts what the trauma of the unknown means to war-torn survivors by focusing on "trauma as double wounds" from three aspects: cause, effects, and recuperation. Finally, the study concludes with a new paradigm in which trauma is portrayed as a healer rather than a wound.

Proveana – Eine Datenbank für die Provenienzforschung am Deutschen Zentrum Kulturgutverluste

Abstract The Proveana database for provenance research is a new service of the German Lost Art Foundation in Magdeburg. Complementing the Lost Art database for the documentation of cultural assets which were displaced or relocated as a result of the events of World War II, the centre has released the new database in 2020 to support provenance research through documenting historical information from four different provenance research areas on cultural assets seized due to national socialist persecution (Nazi-looted art), cultural assets displaced during wartime (war booty), cultural assets seized in the Soviet-occupied zone and the GDR, as well as cultural assets and collections from colonial contexts, thereby making it more transparent and contributing to the solution of unresolved cases.

Вспоминая «Великую войну»: сравнительный анализ двух эго-документов

This paper reports on a theoretical study of collective memory, discourse analysis, and comparative historical method of the memories of the two Russian generals who took part in the First World War and the Russian Civil War. They then became emigrants to the United States. The memoirs of General Baron Alexey Pavlovich Budberg (1869–1945) about the First World War were in part published in the 1930s and early 1940s in the journal «Bulletin of Society of Russian veterans of the Great War» (San Francisco). The memories of General Victorin Mikhailovich Molchanov (1886–1975) appeared much later and were recorded on tape in 1970 by the American historian Boris Raymond in the form of oral stories. Budberg had served as General in the headquarters, and was in command of divisions and army corps. His outlook in many respects is a birds’ eye view from the staff officers, while also having didactic instructions. Another author of memoirs, Molchanov, started the war at the rank of Captain and held positions at the secondary level of commanders. He became Lieutenant Colonel by the end of the military campaign. His assessment of the war is a view from the trench, with the description of everyday military routine. In fact, these memories are discourses about the events of the First World War on the «Eastern» (Russian) Front, which construct the identity of their authors, reproduce certain knowledge, and confirm their views on the events of the war

ON THE QUESTION OF THE ORIGIN AND FORMATION OF THE WHITE MOVEMENT IN THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA IN 1917-1918

This article is a review of the fundamental work of Professor of the Institute of History of St. Petersburg State University, a major expert on the problems of the White Movement A. S. Puchenkov. The author, based on a huge amount of previously published and for the first time introduced into scientific circulation source material, as well as the latest achievements of domestic and foreign historiography, seeks to present his own view on the causes of the origin, organizational design, structure, ideology and many other aspects of the White Movement in the south of Russia. Despite the fact that only one year is analyzed chronologically in the monograph, in terms of content it became a time of great hopes and disappointments for the participants of the Volunteer Army, full of drama, the struggle for their ideals against the Bolsheviks and other revolutionary forces. Having his own clear political position regarding the events of the Civil War, A. S. Puchenkov, nevertheless, reserves the reader the right to come to his own conclusions, following the logic of the material presented in the book. This publication, without any doubt, makes a significant contribution to the further study and some revision of the cliches established in previous eras regarding the dramatic events of the Civil War and the White Movement.