Awake State Research Articles

Commentary] When ‘Ignorance is Bliss’ in Medicine

Treatment of diseases can be simple as well as effective with only limited medical knowledge, provided the physician is connected with the ‘pure consciousness’ within oneself, which is also the basis of everything in the universe. The ‘inner self’ or ‘pure consciousness’ has refreshing and healing qualities. This healing ‘inner self’ is within the conscious reach of every individual in the waking state, through the practice of meditation. The physician connected to his ‘inner self’ can help the patient to reach a more blissful state of consciousness, thus facilitating healing of all types of diseases. While mind-body therapies are patient-dependent self-help strategies, the physician who is connected with the ‘inner self’, can directly help to initiate the healing process. Positivity is manifested by the physician regardless of whether the medical knowledge he utilizes is ‘simple’ or the more complex ‘scientific’. There may be ‘ignorance’ of complex ‘scientific knowledge’, but there is ‘wisdom’ of being connected with the source of all healing.

Sleep-stage-dependent alterations in cerebral oxygen metabolism quantified by magnetic resonance.

A key function of sleep is to provide a regular period of reduced brain metabolism, which is critical for maintenance of healthy brain function. The purpose of this work was to quantify the sleep-stage-dependent changes in brain energetics in terms of cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2 ) as a function of sleep stage using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with concurrent electroencephalography (EEG) during sleep in the scanner. Twenty-two young and older subjects with regular sleep hygiene and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) in the normal range were recruited for the study. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and venous oxygen saturation (SvO2 ) were obtained simultaneously at 3 Tesla field strength and 2.7-s temporal resolution during an 80-min time series using OxFlow, an in-house developed imaging sequence. The method yields whole-brain CMRO2 in absolute physiologic units via Fick's Principle. Nineteen subjects yielded evaluable data free of subject motion artifacts. Among these subjects, 10 achieved slow-wave (N3) sleep, 16 achieved N2 sleep, and 19 achieved N1 sleep while undergoing the MRI protocol during scanning. Mean CMRO2 was 98 ± 7(μmol min-1 )/100 g awake, declining progressively toward deepest sleep stage: 94 ± 10.8 (N1), 91 ± 11.4 (N2), and 76 ± 9.0 μmol min-1 /100 g (N3), with each level differing significantly from the wake state. The technology described is able to quantify cerebral oxygen metabolism in absolute physiologic units along with non-REM sleep stage, indicating brain oxygen consumption to be closely associated with depth of sleep, with deeper sleep stages exhibiting progressively lower CMRO2 levels.

Orexinergic neurons contribute to autonomic cardiovascular regulation for locomotor exercise.

While the hypothalamic orexinergic nervous system is established as having a pivotal role in the long-term regulation of various organismic functions, including wakefulness, metabolism and hypertensive states, whether this system contributes to the rapid autonomic cardiovascular regulation during physical activity remains elusive. This study aimed to elucidate the role of the orexinergic nervous system in transmitting volitional motor signals, i.e. central command, to drive somatomotor and sympathetic cardiovascular responses. We first found that this system is activated by voluntary locomotor exercise as evidenced by an increased expression of Fos, a marker of neural activation, in the orexinergic neurons of Sprague-Dawley rats engaged in spontaneous wheel running. Next, using transgenic Orexin-Cre rats for optogenetic manipulation of orexinergic neurons, we found that optogenetic excitation of orexinergic neurons caused sympathoexcitation on a subsecond timescale under anaesthesia. In freely moving conscious rats, this excitatory stimulation rapidly elicited exploration-like behaviours, predominantly locomotor activity, along with pressor and tachycardiac responses. Meanwhile, optogenetic inhibition of orexinergic neurons during spontaneous wheel running immediately suppressed locomotor activities and blood pressure elevation without affecting basal cardiovascular homeostasis. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the essential role of the orexinergic nervous system in the central circuitry that transmits central command signals for locomotor exercise. This study not only offers insights into the brain circuit mechanisms precisely regulating autonomic cardiovascular systems during voluntary exercise but also likely contributes to our understanding of brain mechanisms underlying abnormal cardiovascular adjustments to exercise in pathological conditions, such as hypertension. KEY POINTS: The hypothalamic orexinergic nervous system plays various roles in the long-term regulation of autonomic and endocrine functions, as well as motivated behaviours. We present a novel, rapid role of the orexinergic nervous system, revealing its significance as a crucial substrate in the brain circuit mechanisms that coordinate somatomotor and autonomic cardiovascular controls for locomotor exercise. Our data demonstrate that orexinergic neurons relay volitional motor signals, playing a necessary and sufficient role in the autonomic cardiovascular regulation required for locomotor exercise in rats. The findings contribute to our understanding of how the brain precisely regulates autonomic cardiovascular systems during voluntary exercise, providing insights into the central neural mechanisms that enhance physical performance moment-by-moment during exercise.

Clinical efficacy and mechanism study of mid-frequency anti-snoring device in treating moderate obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome.

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is primarily caused by airway obstruction due to narrowing and blockage in the nasal and nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, soft palate, and tongue base areas. The mid-frequency anti-snoring device is a new technology based on sublingual nerve stimulation. Its principle is to improve the degree of oropharyngeal airway stenosis in OSAHS patients under mid-frequency wave stimulation. Nevertheless, there is a lack of clinical application and imaging evidence. To investigate the clinical efficacy and mechanisms of a mid-frequency anti-snoring device in treating moderate OSAHS. We selected 50 patients diagnosed with moderate OSAHS in our hospital between July 2022 and August 2023. They underwent a 4-wk treatment regimen involving the mid-frequency anti-snoring device during nighttime sleep. Following the treatment, we monitored and assessed the sleep apnea quality of life index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores. Additionally, we performed computed tomography scans of the oropharynx in the awake state, during snoring, and while using the mid-frequency anti-snoring device. Cross-sectional area measurements in different states were taken at the narrowest airway point in the soft palate posterior and retrolingual areas. Compared to pretreatment measurements, patients exhibited a significant reduction in the apnea-hypopnea index, the percentage of time with oxygen saturation below 90%, snoring frequency, and the duration of the most prolonged apnea event. The lowest oxygen saturation showed a notable increase, and both sleep apnea quality of life index and Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores improved. Oropharyngeal computed tomography scans revealed that in OSAHS patients cross-sectional areas of the oropharyngeal airway in the soft palate posterior area and retrolingual area decreased during snoring compared to the awake state. Conversely, during mid-frequency anti-snoring device treatment, these areas increased compared to snoring. The mid-frequency anti-snoring device demonstrates the potential to enhance various sleep parameters in patients with moderate OSAHS, thereby improving their quality of life and reducing daytime sleepiness. These therapeutic effects are attributed to the device's ability to ameliorate the narrowing of the oropharynx in OSAHS patients.

Thermal preference effects on physiological responses and bedding system insulation selection during good quality sleep in the transitional season

Studies have proven that thermal preference significantly affects physiological parameters and thermal sensation. However, most of these studies were performed in the waking state and only a few were conducted in the sleeping state. In addition, skin temperature differed between the good and poor quality sleep. This study analysed the effects of thermal preference on physiological responses (skin temperature, human-bed interface temperature, bed microenvironment temperature, and heart rate) and bedding system insulation selection during good quality sleep at moderate temperatures in the transitional season. The results showed that the warm-preference subjects had higher skin temperature, human-bed interface temperature, bed microenvironment temperature, and bedding system insulation, but lower heart rate than the cold-preference subjects. Meanwhile, gender differences were apparent between subjects who had the same preference (warm/neutral/cold): the skin temperature, human-bed interface temperature, and bed microenvironment temperature of females were higher than those of males. Furthermore, the effects of body geometry parameters (height, weight, body mass index, body surface area, and specific surface area) on thermal preferences were not statistically significant. These results can provide research guidelines for designing thermal environments and personalised cooling/heating system for sleeping based on thermal preference difference, which can help improve the satisfaction rate of sleep thermal comfort and optimise building energy use strategies.

Simulating the differences in directional cardiorespiratory coupling in the awake state and different stages of sleep using a comprehensive mathematical model

Simulating the differences in directional cardiorespiratory coupling in the awake state and different stages of sleep using a comprehensive mathematical model

Effect of cognitive load on time spent offline during wakefulness.

Humans continuously alternate between online attention to the current environment and offline attention to internally generated thought and imagery. This may be a fundamental feature of the waking brain, but remains poorly understood. Here, we took a data-driven approach to defining online and offline states of wakefulness, using machine learning methods applied to measures of sensory responsiveness, subjective report, electroencephalogram (EEG), and pupil diameter. We tested the effect of cognitive load on the structure and prevalence of online and offline states, hypothesizing that time spent offline would increase as cognitive load of an ongoing task decreased. We also expected that alternation between online and offline states would persist even in the absence of a cognitive task. As in prior studies, we arrived at a three-state model comprised of one online state and two offline states. As predicted, when cognitive load was high, more time was spent online. Also as predicted, the same three states were present even when participants were not performing a task. These observations confirm our method is successful at isolating seconds-long periods of offline time. Varying cognitive load may be a useful way to manipulate time spent in at least one of these offline states in future experimental studies.

Revisiting the Role of Serotonin in Sleep-Disordered Breathing.

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a ubiquitous neuro-modulator-transmitter that acts in the central nervous system, playing a major role in the control of breathing and other physiological functions. The midbrain, pons, and medulla regions contain several serotonergic nuclei with distinct physiological roles, including regulating the hypercapnic ventilatory response, upper airway patency, and sleep-wake states. Obesity is a major risk factor in the development of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), recurrent closure of the upper airway during sleep, and obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS), a condition characterized by daytime hypercapnia and hypoventilation during sleep. Approximately 936 million adults have OSA, and 32 million have OHS worldwide. 5-HT acts on 5-HT receptor subtypes that modulate neural control of breathing and upper airway patency. This article reviews the role of 5-HT in SDB and the current advances in 5-HT-targeted treatments for SDB.

Concentration-effect relationships of plasma caffeine on EEG delta power and cardiac autonomic activity during human sleep.

Acute caffeine intake affects brain and cardiovascular physiology, yet the concentration-effect relationships on the electroencephalogram and cardiac autonomic activity during sleep are poorly understood. To tackle this question, we simultaneously quantified the plasma caffeine concentration with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, as well as the electroencephalogram, heart rate and high-frequency (0.15-0.4 Hz) spectral power in heart rate variability, representing parasympathetic activity, with standard polysomnography during undisturbed human sleep. Twenty-one healthy young men in randomized, double-blind, crossover fashion, ingested 160 mg caffeine or placebo in a delayed, pulsatile-release caffeine formula at their habitual bedtime, and initiated a 4-hr sleep opportunity 4.5 hr later. The mean caffeine levels during sleep exhibited high individual variability between 0.2 and 18.4 μmol L-1. Across the first two non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM)-rapid-eye-movement sleep cycles, electroencephalogram delta (0.75-2.5 Hz) activity and heart rate were reliably modulated by waking and sleep states. Caffeine dose-dependently reduced delta activity and heart rate, and increased high-frequency heart rate variability in NREM sleep when compared with placebo. The average reduction in heart rate equalled 3.24 ± 0.77 beats per minute. Non-linear statistical models suggest that caffeine levels above ~7.4 μmol L-1 decreased electroencephalogram delta activity, whereas concentrations above ~4.3 μmol L-1 and ~ 4.9 μmol L-1, respectively, reduced heart rate and increased high-frequency heart rate variability. These findings provide quantitative concentration-effect relationships of caffeine, electroencephalogram delta power and cardiac autonomic activity, and suggest increased parasympathetic activity during sleep after intake of caffeine.

Differential Effect of Global Signal Regression Between Awake and Anesthetized Conditions in Mice.

Introduction: In resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) studies, global signal regression (GSR) is a controversial preprocessing strategy. It effectively eliminates global noise driven by motion and respiration but also can introduce artifacts and remove functionally relevant metabolic information. Most preclinical rs-fMRI studies are performed in anesthetized animals, and anesthesia will alter both metabolic and neuronal activity. Methods: In this study, we explored the effect of GSR on rs-fMRI data collected under anesthetized and awake state in mice (n = 12). We measured global signal amplitude, and also functional connectivity (FC), functional connectivity density (FCD) maps, and brain modularity, all commonly used data-driven analysis methods to quantify connectivity patterns. Results: We found that global signal amplitude was similar between the awake and anesthetized states. However, GSR had a different impact on connectivity networks and brain modularity changes between states. We demonstrated that GSR had a more prominent impact on the anesthetized state, with a greater decrease in functional connectivity and increased brain modularity. We classified mice using the change in amplitude of brain modularity coefficient (ΔQ) before and after GSR processing. The results revealed that, when compared with the largest ΔQ group, the smallest ΔQ group had increased FCD in the cortex region in both the awake and anesthetized states. This suggests differences in individual mice may affect how GSR differentially affects awake versus anesthetized functional connectivity. Discussion: This study suggests that, for rs-fMRI studies which compare different physiological states, researchers should use GSR processing with caution.

Development of the sleep-wake switch in rats during the P2-P21 early infancy period.

In early infancy, rats randomly alternate between the sleeping and waking states-from postnatal day 2-10 (P2-P10), sleep and wake bouts are both exponentially distributed with increasing means, while from P10-P21 sleep and wake bout means continue to increase, though there is a striking qualitative shift in the distribution of wake bouts from exponential to power law. The behavioral states of sleep and wakefulness correspond to the activity of sleep-active and wake-active neuronal brainstem populations, with reciprocal inhibition between the two ensuring that only one population is active at a time. The locus coeruleus (LC) forms a third component of this circuit that rises in prominence during the P10-P21 period, as experimental evidence shows that an as-of-yet undeciphered interaction of the LC with sleep-active and wake-active populations is responsible for the transformation of the wake bout distribution from exponential to power law. Interestingly, the LC undergoes remarkable physiological changes during the P10-P21 period-gap junctions within the LC are pruned and network-wide oscillatory synchrony declines and vanishes. In this work, we discuss a series of models of sleep-active, wake-active, and the LC populations, and we use these models to postulate the nature of the interaction between these three populations and how these interactions explain empirical observations of sleep and wake bout dynamics. We hypothesize a circuit in which there is reciprocal excitation between the LC and wake-active population with inhibition from the sleep-active population to the LC that suppresses the LC during sleep bouts. During the P2-P10 period, we argue that a noise-based switching mechanism between the sleep-active and wake-active populations provides a simple and natural way to account for exponential bout distributions, and that the locked oscillatory state of the LC prevents it from impacting bout distributions. From P10-P21, we use our models to postulate that, as the LC gradually shifts from a state of synchronized oscillations to a state of continuous firing, reciprocal excitation between the LC and the wake-active population is able to gradually transform the wake bout distribution from exponential to power law.

Brain Tissue Oxygen Dynamics Under Localised Hypoxia in the Awake State and the Physical Neuroprotective Effects of General Anaesthesia.

Brain health directly depends on maintaining a level of tissue oxygen that is high enough to avoid global hypoxia and local brain ischaemia. It is well documented that general anaesthesia has an anti-hypoxic neuroprotective effect. Previous studies of this effect primarily assessed the biochemical actions of anaesthetics. Physical actions were not well studied because the quantification of oxygen dynamics has only recently been described. Based on known oxygen, blood, and neuronal measurements, under various anaesthesia protocols and in the awake state, we mathematically analysed physical anaesthesia effects on oxygen distribution for localised hypoxia. From this, we built a universal equation of oxygen dynamics which can be applied to both animal and human subjects in awake and anaesthetised states, under normoxia, hyperoxia, and hypoxia. Using this equation, we determined that a proper anaesthesia protocol can protect up to 167 mm3 of local hypoxic cortical brain tissue via oxygen diffusion from healthy neighbouring areas.

Comparison of Removal of Laryngeal Mask Airway in Deeply Anaesthetised and Awake Paediatric Patients and their Associated Complications: A Randomised Clinical Study

Introduction: The Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) is frequently used for managing paediatric airways for short surgical procedures. While it is easy to insert, it can lead to several complications if not removed at the appropriate plane of anaesthesia. Aim: To establish better timing for the removal of the LMA in deeply anaesthetised and awake paediatric patients by comparing the complications associated with each approach. Materials and Methods: The present randomised clinical study, enrolled 90 American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) I and II paediatric patients aged 1 to 12 years, posted for elective short surgical procedures under general anaesthesia with airway management by Classical LMA. The patients were allocated into two groups: Group D (LMA removal under a deep plane/surgical plane of anaesthesia) and Group A (LMA removal in a fully awake state). At emergence from anaesthesia and during LMA removal, both groups were studied for complications including cough, desaturation (SpO2 < 95%), excessive salivation, vomiting, and laryngospasm. Descriptive statistics were reported using mean±standard deviation or median (range) for continuous variables. Comparison of continuous variables was done using the Student’s t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results: Demographic data like age, weight, duration of surgery, heart rate, and respiratory rate were comparable in both groups. A significantly higher incidence of cough was found in group A compared to group D (p-value=0.001). The incidences of desaturation (p-value=1.000), excessive salivation (p-value=0.361), vomiting (p-value=1.000), and laryngospasm (p-value=0.142) were comparable between the two groups. Cough was the most frequent complication in group A (16 out of 45 patients), while laryngospasm was the most frequent complication in group D (8 out of 45 patients). The total number of complications (p-value=0.043) was significantly higher in group A compared to group D. Conclusion: The removal of the Classical LMA in paediatric patients can be safely carried out in a deeply anaesthetised state. Based on the results of present study, the removal of the LMA in deeply anaesthetised paediatric patients is associated with fewer complications compared to its removal in the awake state.

Chronic full-band recordings with graphene microtransistors as neural interfaces for discrimination of brain states.

Brain states such as sleep, anesthesia, wakefulness, or coma are characterized by specific patterns of cortical activity dynamics, from local circuits to full-brain emergent properties. We previously demonstrated that full-spectrum signals, including the infraslow component (DC, direct current-coupled), can be recorded acutely in multiple sites using flexible arrays of graphene solution-gated field-effect transistors (gSGFETs). Here, we performed chronic implantation of 16-channel gSGFET arrays over the rat cerebral cortex and recorded full-band neuronal activity with two objectives: (1) to test the long-term stability of implanted devices; and (2) to investigate full-band activity during the transition across different levels of anesthesia. First, we demonstrate it is possible to record full-band signals with stability, fidelity, and spatiotemporal resolution for up to 5.5 months using chronic epicortical gSGFET implants. Second, brain states generated by progressive variation of levels of anesthesia could be identified as traditionally using the high-pass filtered (AC, alternating current-coupled) spectrogram: from synchronous slow oscillations in deep anesthesia through to asynchronous activity in the awake state. However, the DC signal introduced a highly significant improvement for brain-state discrimination: the DC band provided an almost linear information prediction of the depth of anesthesia, with about 85% precision, using a trained algorithm. This prediction rose to about 95% precision when the full-band (AC + DC) spectrogram was taken into account. We conclude that recording infraslow activity using gSGFET interfaces is superior for the identification of brain states, and further supports the preclinical and clinical use of graphene neural interfaces for long-term recordings of cortical activity.

Exploring the Role of a Concretizing Style and Its Manifestations in Nightmare Etiology: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: Previous theory suggested that nightmares may partly result from a concretization process in which vague dysphoric inner states are made more tangible symbolic imagery. However, research has yet to specifically examine this possibility. The aim of the current study was to examine if a concretizing style, a hypothetical propensity to experience concretization in sleep and waking states, and its proposed manifestations (hallucinatory activity, projection, vivid fantasy, and acting out of inner states) related to nightmares. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, a sample of 215 adults drawn from a non-representative sample completed measures of nightmare frequency, hallucinatory activity, projection, vivid fantasy, acting out, neuroticism, sleep length, and a newly devised measure of a concretizing style. Results: After controlling for neuroticism, sleep length, and sociodemographic variables, concretizing style was independently related to hallucinations, projection, vivid fantasy, and acting out of inner states. Hallucinatory experiences, vivid fantasy, and acting out of inner states, but not projection, independently related to nightmares. The concretizing style measure indirectly related to nightmares through hallucinations, vivid fantasy, and acting out inner states, but not projection. Conclusion: The results were consistent with theoretical predictions that a concretizing style and its manifestations may be involved in nightmare production. The data suggests that structures involved in hallucinatory experiences, vivid fantasy, and acting out of inner states may play a role in a concretizing style resulting in nightmares. Patients reporting hallucinatory activity, vivid fantasy, and behavioral issues might need to be evaluated for nightmares as well, and vice versa. The results and future directions for research were discussed.

Variation in Cerebrospinal Fluid Production Rate During Asleep and Awake States

Variation in Cerebrospinal Fluid Production Rate During Asleep and Awake States

Examination of the relationship between masseter muscle activity during sleep and wakefulness measured by using a wearable electromyographic device.

Purpose This study aimed to measure masseter muscle activity throughout the day in outpatients suspected of having awake bruxism (AB) and/or sleep bruxism (SB) and examine the relationship between AB and SB by comparing muscle activity during daytime wakefulness and nighttime sleep.Methods Fifty outpatients with suspected SB and/or AB participated in this study. A single-channel wearable electromyogram (EMG) device was used for EMG recording. The selected EMG bursts were divided into bursts during sleep (S-bursts) and bursts during awake state (A-bursts). The number of bursts per hour, average burst duration, and ratio of burst peak value to maximum voluntary contraction were calculated for both the S- and A-bursts. These values of the S- and A-bursts were then compared, and the correlations between them were analyzed. Additionally, the ratios of phasic and tonic bursts in the S- and A-bursts were compared.Results The number of bursts per hour was significantly higher for A-bursts than for S-bursts. No significant correlation was found between the numbers of S- and A-bursts. The ratio of phasic bursts was large and that of tonic bursts was small in both the S- and A-bursts. A comparison of the S- and A-bursts showed that the S-bursts had a significantly lower ratio of phasic bursts and higher ratio of tonic bursts than the A-bursts.Conclusions The number of masseteric EMG bursts during wakefulness did not show any association with that during sleep. It became clear that sustained muscle activity was not dominant in AB.

Construction of ThermoMaze.

Physiological changes during awake immobility-related brain states remain one of the great unexplored behavioral states. Controlling periods of awake immobility is challenging because restraining the animal is stressful and is accompanied by altered physiological states. Here, we describe the ThermoMaze, a behavioral paradigm that allows for the collection of large amounts of physiological data while the animal rests at distinct experimenter-determined locations. We found that the paradigm generated long periods of immobility and did not alter the brain temperature. We combined the ThermoMaze with electrophysiology recordings in the CA1 region of the hippocampus and found a location-specific distribution of sharp-wave ripple events. We describe the construction of the ThermoMaze with the intention that it helps enable large-scale data recordings on immobility-related brain states. Key features • Controlling periods of awake immobility in rodents. • Electronic-friendly analog of the Morris water maze.

Methods for Extended Sleep EEG Recording in Autism: A Sleep Deprivation–Based, Natural Sleep–Recording Protocol and Feasibility Study

Background: Electroencephalography (EEG) has been used to research individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Such individuals are known to have a higher prevalence of EEG abnormalities and seizures. Extended EEG recordings, particularly those including sleep, are known to significantly improve the yield of these abnormalities. However, obtaining extended sleep recordings without sedation in autistic individuals is challenging. This study explores practical and feasible protocols for recording EEG in awake and sleep states in children and adolescents with ASD. Methods: Extended EEG recordings using detailed sleep deprivation and recording protocol were done. Results: 132 children and adolescents with ASD and sleep deprivation completed extended EEG recording in natural sleep. Only nine autistic children required melatonin along with sleep deprivation. Conclusions: Extended EEG recording can be achieved by following a rigorous sleep deprivation protocol that is customized, along with providing an autism-friendly recording room environment. This is important in identifying and increasing the yield of epileptiform discharges. We also propose technical guidelines and considerations for EEG recording in children and adolescents with ASD.

A Novel Brain-Machine Safety System Based on Drowsiness Detection using the PNN and MLP Algorithms

This work aims to develop a safety system capable of detecting drowsiness, in order to reduce the accident rate, the main idea is based on the classification of the cerebral signal captured by the electroencephalograph, after processing to eliminate all noise, the resulting data will then be segmented into two classes, the first category is devoted to the state of wakefulness and the second will be devoted to drowsiness. This categorization is based on the combination of features such as mean and standard deviation, and performed by two neural network algorithms, the probabilistic neural network and the multilayer perceptron, whose performance is evaluated according to machine learning metrics such as accuracy, error, specificity, sensitivity, F1 indicator and ROC curve representation. The binary classification results are highly significant in terms of class discrimination, with both models achieving excellent performance, with the MLP classifier outperforming the PNN model with an accuracy of 96.10% and an accuracy rate of 98.43%. This suggests that the MLP model can be effectively applied to critical tasks where good discrimination is required, such as detecting drowsiness in drivers to avoid accidents.