Vyatka Province Research Articles

Creation of churches-schools in Vyatka province at the beginning of the XX century

The article examines the process of development of the parish school in the late XIX – early XX century in the Vyatka province. The modernization of Russian society in that era required an increase in the level of education among all segments of the population. The primary level of education was a parish school. In this area, the authorities decided to introduce innovations that would combine education and upbringing. The church-school has become such a form. In Soviet and post-Soviet historiography, this form of education was not given much attention, since it was not widely used. The church-school, according to the creators, made it possible to optimize the resources of the state by organizing both a new parish and a school. Another goal of the state in the construction of churches and schools was the mission among the Old Believers and the non-Russian population of the province. This experiment aroused great interest among the peasants. The desire to have a temple and a school near the house was great. The State supported the establishment of school churches by allocating resources, but despite all efforts, the number of school churches was not significant. The article discusses various options for the organization of church schools, the main problems that arise when they arise. The most interesting examples of the emergence of churches-schools, characteristic of the entire Vyatka province, are given. The main problem of the small number of educational institutions of this type was the poverty of the peasant population, insufficient financial support from the state and the divergence of interests of the actors in the process of their creation. The research is based on: a concrete historical method that allowed us to describe the facts of the creation of church schools in the province; a comparative historical method, with the help of which the process of formation of school churches is reconstructed; a historical and genetic method, which made it possible to study the peculiarities of the process of creating school churches in the Vyatka province. В статье рассматривается процесс развития церковноприходской школы в конце XIX – начале XX в. в Вятской губернии. Модернизация российского общества в ту эпоху требовала повышения уровня образования среди всех слоев населения. Начальным уровнем образования была церковноприходская школа. В этой области власти решились на внедрение новаций, которые соединяли бы в себе образование и воспитание. Такой формой стала церковь-школа. В советской и постсоветской историографии этой форме образования внимания не уделялось, так как она не получила широкого распространения. Церковь-школа, по мысли создателей, позволяла оптимизировать ресурсы государства, организуя и новый приход, и школу. Еще одной целью государства при сооружении церквей-школ была миссия среди старообрядцев и нерусского населения губернии. Этот эксперимент вызвал большой интерес в крестьянской среде. Желание иметь храм и школу рядом с домом было велико. Государство поддерживало создание церквей-школ, выделяя ресурсы, но, несмотря на все усилия, число церквей-школ не было значительным. В статье рассматриваются различные варианты организации церквей-школ, основные проблемы, появляющиеся при их возникновении. Приводятся наиболее интересные примеры возникновения церквей-школ, характерные для всей Вятской губернии. Главной проблемой малого количества учебных заведений подобного вида была бедность крестьянского населения, недостаточная финансовая поддержка со стороны государства и разнонаправленность интересов акторов процесса их создания. В основе исследования лежат: конкретно-исторический метод, позволивший дать описание фактов создания церквей-школ в губернии; сравнительно-исторический метод, с помощью которого реконструируется процесс образования церквей-школ; историко-генетический метод, давший возможность исследовать особенности процесса создания церквей-школ в Вятской губернии.

A. M. von-Wilken – the first director of the Vyatka Teachers' Institute

Introduction. Russian education at all stages of its development has always relied on the dedicated efforts of numerous educators: teachers, organizers of public schools and other educational institutions, as well as textbook authors. One of these workers of enlightenment was a prominent figure in Russian education in the first third of the twentieth century Alexander Modestovich von Wilken (1874-1934). The example of his life and practical pedagogical activity represent an enduring value over the years and a kind of example for modern teachers. Materials and methods. The author uses as research methods: analysis of historical and pedagogical, local history and memoir literature, biographical and historical methods, axiological (value) approach to the study of historical and pedagogical material. Results. The need to open a teachers' institute in the provincial town of Vyatka at the beginning of the XX century was explained by the lack of an educational institution for the training of teachers in this region. The tireless, selfless work of the first director of the Institute von Wilken contributed to the emergence of the first qualified specialists in the field of primary school education, served as an incentive for the development of general and special education in the Vyatka province. Despite the difficulties of wartime and the accompanying shortage of funds and equipment, the Vyatka Teachers' Institute, headed by von Wilken, coped with tasks assigned to it; in addition to the graduation of teachers, the Institute became the center of education in the region. The teaching staff of the Institute included the best teachers of the time. Director was forced to leave it in 1917, and his further fruitful educational and organizational work was carried out in Kazan. His activity has received recognition, which was evidenced by the assignment of the title "Hero of Labor" to him. Conclusion. The activity of von Wilken has left a bright mark in the history of Russian education. He went down in the history of Vyatka province as one of the most outstanding representatives of local education. The history of his life and work, as well as the history of the Vyatka Teachers' Institute deserves further comprehensive study

Pilgrimage to Holy Places in History of Vyatka Province (Second Half of 19th — Early 20th Centuries)

The article analyzes the reasons for the growing interest in holy places, primarily Palestine, associated with Russia’s state policy, based on published sources. It also examines the forms and methods of educational work. In 1894, the Vyatka department of the Imperial Orthodox Palestinian Society was established in the Vyatka province to disseminate information about the Holy Land and support Russia’s activities in the Middle East. The department raised funds for the society’s work in the Holy Land and organized lectures on the history and activities of the society. Significant results were achieved through this educational work, including an increase in the number of members in the Vyatka department, particularly at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and a growing interest in the Holy Land. Additionally, in the second half of the 19th century, some representatives of secular and spiritual society in the Vyatka province visited Orthodox holy sites, primarily the Holy Land and Mount Athos, and left memoirs about their pilgrimage experiences. Thus, the remote Vyatka province became spiritually closer to the Holy Land in the second half of the 19th century.

Старообрядчество Ижевского завода в контексте взаимоотношений с заводской администрацией и духовенством в дореформенный период

The author analyzes the Old Believers of the Izhevsk factory of the Vyatka province. The focus of this study is the interaction between the factory administration, clergy and Old Believers. The author studied the situation of the plant's Old Believers in the context of the confessional policy of the Russian Empire and made several conclusions. Firstly, the Old Believers appeared in the factory district probably at the end of the 18th - early 19th century, when workers were recruited for weapons industry. Secondly, the laws of the Russian Empire regarding the Old Believers also applied in the factory district. The legislation was tightened during the reign of Nicholas I, especially since the 1840s, when the harm of sects to society was determined. The purpose of the legislation was to protect the monarchy, the Orthodox Church and the family. The measures of influence on the Old Believers were conversations, sermons, prohibitions of public prayers, closure of prayer houses, confiscation of objects of worship, initiation of court cases. The clergy of the Izhevsk churches cooperated with the factory administration. As a result, the number of Old Believers decreased in the Izhevsk factory by the end of the studied period. In turn, the Old Believer communities preserved the specifics of social and family life and rituals, polemicized with the clergy, submitted petitions, cited as an argument the importance of factory work as a civil service.

Генеральная карта Вятской губернии с планами и видами губернского, уездных и безуездных городов 1806 г.

Publication of the General Map of the Vyatka province introduces a unique cartographic source on the history of Russian urban planning into scientific circulation. The peculiarity of the map is that, in addition to having a general map of the province and plans of its thirteen towns, there are drawn general views of the towns. Most of the views represent the first illustrative images of the towns of the Vyatka province. The general map was compiled by the provincial surveyor, collegiate assessor Evstafy Rodionov in 1806. The scientific value of his work lies in particular in the fact that the images of Vyatka towns on the General Map are imprinted at the time of their restructuring began at the end of the 18th century. At the same time, town plans show both the parts planned for development in the future and the districts built up in the 17th — first half of the 18th centuries. The map shows the views of the provincial, 9 uezd and 3 uezd-less (supernumerary) towns of the Vyatka province.

Вятские церковно-певческие курсы А. Н.Карасева 1903-1904 гг. как пример региональной музыкально-педагогической инициативы

This article is devoted to the church singing courses held in the city of Vyatka in 1903 and 1904. Short–term singing courses are one of the forms of musical and pedagogical education, which was widespread in Russia in late XIX - early XX century. The organizers of the courses and teachers at them were famous musical figures. The purpose of this article is to expand information about church singing courses in Russia and the musical and pedagogical activities of A.N.Karasev. Karasev, an outstanding music teacher, regent and author of numerous manuals on church singing, was invited to Vyatka to organize folk singing activities. During 1903 and 1904, he organized three streams of singing courses in the city. The main objectives of the courses were to train the leaders of folk choirs for the Vyatka province and to train teachers to teach church singing in schools. Teachers and regents from different counties of the Vyatka province came to the courses. There were no professional musicians among them. During the courses, students studied music theory, learned to sing by notes, trained to manage a choir, studied spiritual and secular chants, and learned to play the violin. Theoretical classes were closely connected with practice. In total, about 300 people were trained at the courses. Students of the courses have achieved great success in a relatively short time. Their achievements are confirmed by the results of final exams, surveys about their subsequent activities, testimonies of clergy and people who checked schools. The article discusses in detail the circumstances of the emergence of courses, as well as some organizational and pedagogical features. Vyatka singing courses are an example of a regional musical and pedagogical initiative, the successful implementation of which became possible thanks to the support of representatives of state, church and educational institutions, the pedagogical system and the work of the course leader, the motivation of the listeners.

Features of the inquiry process in the work of provincial gendarmerie departments at the end of the nineteenth century (based on the materials of the Vyatka Province)

Features of the inquiry process in the work of provincial gendarmerie departments at the end of the nineteenth century (based on the materials of the Vyatka Province)

Iconostasis sculpture of the XVIII century churches of the Slobodsky district of the Vyatka province from the collection of the Slobodsky Museum and Exhibition Center

The subject of the study is the peculiarities of carving of the iconostasis wooden sculpture of the XVIII century, made by the masters of Veliky Ustyug, as well as local artisans under their influence. The purpose of the work is to attribute and introduce into scientific circulation - iconostasis wooden sculpture, four figures of angels from the collection of the Slobodsky Museum and Exhibition Center. The paper makes an assumption about the source of receipt and origin of the sculpture, as well as a comparative analysis with Velikoustyuzhsky and Perm iconostasis carvings and wooden plastics. The wooden iconostasis sculpture, while preserving the traditions of Russian Orthodox art, absorbs the features of European art, while at the same time it corresponds to folk art and reflects the features of the Baroque style in local variants. The methodology of the work is based on the principle of stylistic and technological analysis in art history, as well as the principle of historicism in the study of wooden plastics in the context of the development of art in the Russian North. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that four monuments of wooden plastics of the XVIII century from the collection of the Slobodsky Museum are introduced into scientific circulation, their detailed description and stylistic analysis are made. Two paired figures of angels were in the iconostasis and held a frame with a Crucifix, were made by Ustyug craftsmen in the first half of the XVIII century. Two other figures of angels in prayer were made by local craftsmen at the end of the XVIII century, under the influence of Ustyug masters. Further study of the collection of church art of the Slobodsky Museum will allow make reconstructions of the interiors of temples for the museum exposition.

Сraftsmen and Officers of the Votkinsk Plant, Sarapul District in Vyatka Province Ivukovy

Сraftsmen and Officers of the Votkinsk Plant, Sarapul District in Vyatka Province Ivukovy

Министр м.и. хилков в истории российской провинции рубежа XIX-XX веков: по материалам Вятской губернии

The paper examines the biographical aspects and official activities of the Minister of Railways of Russia Mikhail Ivanovich Khilkov (1834-1909). Being a representative of a well-known princely family and having completed military service, he became an active figure in the era of the great reforms of Alexander II - participated in the peasant reform in the Tver Province. Later, he gained experience in railway construction and work in America and Europe, served in the Anglo-American company for the construction of the Transatlantic Railway. After returning to Russia, he held high state positions, was involved in railway construction and finally appointed Minister of Railways in April 1895. In the paper, special attention is paid to the construction of the Perm-Kotlas railway through the Vyatka Province, the arrival of M.I. Khilkov in the Vyatka Province in June 1898. The author concludes that the railway construction associated with the activities of Minister Khilkov was a landmark event in the economic transformations of the Russian Provinces.

Charitable activity of the population of Vyatka province during the Russian-Japanese War of 1904–1905

The relevance of this article is due to the increased interest in the life of the Russian province of the late Imperial period. To date, the life of provincial society during the Russian-Japanese War of 1904– 1905, as well as various aspects of charitable activities and assistance to the army, have been poorly studied. The purpose of the work is to analyze the charitable activities of the Vyatchans during the Russian-Japanese war of 1904–1905. The realization of research tasks was achieved on the basis of the use of materials extracted from the funds of the Central State Archive of the Kirov region and regional periodicals of the early XX century. A special place is occupied by the popular provincial edition of the late XIX – early XX century. "Appendix to the Vyatka provincial Gazette". The main directions of charitable activity of the residents of the Vyatka Region during the RussianJapanese War of 1904–1905 are considered. The public mood of provincial society during the war is highlighted. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the activities of the Vyatka Ladies' Circle, which provided the most significant support to Russian soldiers and their families. The study of the charitable activities of the inhabitants of the region allows us to identify the forms and scale of assistance to the Vyatka active army in 1904–1905. In addition, it makes it possible to trace the evolution of public sentiment during the Russian-Japanese war. Finally, the study of charity helps to identify the mechanisms of formation of civil society in pre-revolutionary Russia. Актуальность данной статьи обусловлена возросшим интересом к жизни российской провинции позднеимперского периода. До настоящего времени слабо изучена жизнь провинциального общества в период русско-японской войны 1904–1905 гг., а также различные аспекты благотворительной деятельности и оказания помощи армии. Цель работы – проанализировать благотворительную деятельность вятчан в период русско-японской войны 1904–1905 гг. Реализация исследовательских задач была достигнута на основе использования материалов, извлеченных из фондов Центрального государственного архива Кировской области и региональных периодических изданий начала XX в. Особое место занимает популярное провинциальное издание конца XIX – начала XX в. «Приложение к Вятским губернским ведомостям». Рассмотрены основные направления благотворительной деятельности жителей Вятского края в период русско-японской войны 1904–1905 гг. Освещены общественные настроения провинциального общества во время войны. Особое внимание уделено анализу деятельности Вятского дамского кружка, который оказывал наиболее существенную поддержку российским солдатам и их семьям. Изучение благотворительной деятельности жителей региона позволяет выявить формы и масштабы помощи вятчан действующей армии в 1904–1905 гг. Кроме того, это дает возможность проследить эволюцию общественных настроений в годы русско-японской войны. Наконец, изучение благотворительности помогает выявить механизмы формирования гражданского общества в дореволюционной России.

Religious and Educational Activities in Vyatka Province in Second Half of 19th — Early 20th Centuries: Participation of Female Population in Religious Work

Based on archival materials and published sources, the problem of changing the status of women in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries using the example of the Vyatka province, primarily with the support of the clergy of the Vyatka diocese and as part of the inclusion of women in religious and educational activities is examined in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the interest in the problem of equality of rights and obligations, as well as opportunities for women and men. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the proportional ratio of the female population to the male population in cities and rural areas. The question of the place of a woman in the society of the Vyatka province, of new trends in terms of intensifying the struggle of women for their rights, first of all, the right to receive an education is raised in the article. The question is raised about the participation of the Vyatka clergy in solving the problem of creating educational institutions for women and getting jobs as teachers in schools. Based on the analysis of source materials, it is proved that, despite the patriarchal structure of the Vyatka society and the limited material resources of the Vyatka clergy, the female population of the Vyatka province got the opportunity not only to study, but also to work as teachers, thanks to which women, primarily from the peasant class, were able to receive certain autonomy and independence.

Владимир Короленко и православная традиция

In the summer of 1879 Vladimir Korolenko was sent to the east across the Russian North regions to Vyatka province, into exile. He noted in his diary that on the border of the Kostroma and Vyatka provinces (in the village of Dyukovo, present-day Kostroma oblast) people cheerfully and noisily celebrated a certain holiday. According to Korolenko that day was All Saints’ Sunday and the eve of St. Philip’s (Christmas) Fast. However, a calculation of the chronology shows that it was in fact the beginning of St. Peter’s Fast, not St. Philip’s. It turns out that Korolenko made a mistake in counting the weeks after Easter and mixed up two of the four annual Orthodox fasts, calling the summer fast the winter one. Such a strange oversight is a sign of the young writer’s detachment from folk daily life and Orthodox tradition. For this reason, the paper deals with the question of Korolenko’s religiosity, as well as the time and degree of his familiarization with the traditions and everyday life of the Russian people. The evidence of Korolenko’s mindset during some periods of his life, including autobiographical evidence from his book The History of My Contemporary, is considered. We conclude that apparently even Korolenko’s childish religiosity was not overly simple or oriented towards rituals. Subsequently, in his youth, he developed a kind of a non-church religiosity, for which the calendar and other formalities did not matter.

Prerequisites for the development of rental relations in the second half of the XIX century. (based on archival materials of Vyatka province)

Prerequisites for the development of rental relations in the second half of the XIX century. (based on archival materials of Vyatka province)

MINERAL WEALTH OF THE METALLURGICAL FACTORIES OF THE VYATKA PROVINCE IN THE PRE-REFORM PERIOD

The author studied the specifics of the mineral resource base of the iron and copper smelting factories of the mining department on the territory of the Vyatka province at the end of the XVIII - first half of the XIX centuries. The article pays attention to mining legislation of the mineral resources exploration in the Russian Empire. The dynamics of the mines number is studied on the example of the northern and southern economic districts of the Vyatka province. The percentage of fields put into operation has been determined. The reasons of stopping of mines have been revealed. The dependence of the productivity level on the quality of natural resources, technical and technological conditions (predominance of manual labor, lack of mechanisms), personnel problems (shortage of specialists and workers) has been determined. Conclusions are drawn that, on the one hand, the mining and metallurgical industry of the Vyatka province occupied a significant place in the income structure of the region, and on the other hand, the percentage of iron and copper production was half as much as in the Urals, due to the peculiarities of local ores and a number of other reasons.

ZEMSTVO REFORM IN RUSSIA: HISTORICAL AND LEGAL CONTEXT

The article deals with the issues of legal regulation of zemstvo self-government in the second half of the 19th century on the basis of valid acts of the Russian empire. Urgency of addressing this theme is determined by the next stage of municipal reform in Russia, conditioned by the inclusion of local self-government and state administration into unified system of public power organization by the Constitution of Russian Federation of 1993 and by the necessity of generalization of historical experience for providing legislative bodies of power with recommendations on application of some legal constructions that haven't lost their significance after a century. The author analyzes the guidelines, decrees and regulations, which laid down the order of organization of zemstvo self-government in the Vyatka province. She describes in detail the transformations carried out in the districts that make up the present-day Udmurtia, comparing the laws of 1864 and 1890. The competence of zemstvos, order of formation, functioning and interaction of zemstvo bodies in exercising their powers are revealed in details. Special attention is paid to the legal regulation of electoral rights of different categories of the population. At the end of the article some conclusions are formulated for effective organization of public administration with zemstvo reforms in modern legal conditions.

Храмовая архитектура Вятской губернии эпохи правления Николая I

This publication is part of a comprehensive study addressed to the architectural heritage of the Vyatka province during the reign of Nicholas I. This article highlights the features of temple architecture. Based on the analysis of eleven church projects, the tendencies and trends in the architecture of the Vyatka province of the second quarter and the middle of the 19th century are consistently examined.The study is based on an extensive body of archival sources identified during the work in the Russian State Historical Archive in the period 2019-2022, as well as materials from the periodical press of the 19th - early 20th centuries, photographs and postcards of the early 20th century, published in open sources. The presented archival documents have an undoubted source study potential, primarily for conducting fundamental scientific research in the field of art history, as they present the features of the artistic process in the architecture of the province.The materials are scattered, but they allow creating a complete picture of the evolution of the architecture of the Vyatka province in the first half of the 19th century. Thanks to the introduction of the mentioned documents into scientific circulation, it becomes possible to clarify the actual construction data of some individual objects, stylistic and structural details, the proposed appearance of buildings and evaluate the diversity of the architectural heritage of the Vyatka province. Many documentary materials are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

The Formation of Their Own Intelligentsia in the Village of Votkinsk Plant in Sarapulsky Uyezd of Vyatka Province on the Example of the Glazyrin Family

The Formation of Their Own Intelligentsia in the Village of Votkinsk Plant in Sarapulsky Uyezd of Vyatka Province on the Example of the Glazyrin Family

THEORETICAL AND LEGAL ISSUES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE VYATKA PROVINCE IN THE POST-REFORM PERIOD

The article deals with the organization and functioning of the zemstvo self-government in the post-reform period. The author analyzes the main scientific sources, the normative acts of the Russian Empire adopted in the 19th century, as well as the legalizations of the Governor-General of the Vyatka province. On their basis, he provides comparative data of legal norms and law enforcement practice on authorities, subjects of jurisdiction and some results of transformation, identifying problems of interaction between zemstvos and provinces in solving local economic affairs. Special attention is paid to the formation of zemstvo bodies, their electability and independence. The work reflects the main activities of the zemstvos. The indicators for zemstvo hospitals, schools, insurance, land use, and zemstvo mail are covered in detail and characterized.

HISTORICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL REGIONOLISTICS AND HISTORY OF RUSSIAN EDUCATION (in writings of V.B. Pomelov)

V.B. Pomelov is a well-known scientist, PhD in pedagogical sciences, professor. He has been teaching at the Vyatka State University for more than 40 years, more than a thousand young teachers graduated under his leadership. He is the author of more than 600 scientific publications, including the books "100 Great Teachers", "100 Great Children". Pomelov’s scientific interest is the history of Russian regional education. The scientific and pedagogical community of Russia recognized his major contribution to pedagogical science and local history, primarily the history of Vyatka education. Pedagogical regional studies are set as methodological basis of his author's research. A distinctive feature of Pomelov's publications is reliance on materials from the State Archives of Kirov Region, as well as the author's personal meetings with majority characters of his books. He is distinguished by his tireless work to promote pedagogical knowledge and the history of his native Vyatka region, the desire to acquaint pedagogical community and students - future teachers with the results of his selfless work. The article analyzes Pomelov’s contribution to the development of Russian pedagogical thought in the 19th - early 20th centuries in the works devoted to public education history in Vyatka province (Kirov region), namely ten monographs on education history.