Vulnerable Segments Of Population Research Articles

Do climate adaptation programmes potentially exacerbate rural inequality? Identifying beneficiaries of a drought mitigation scheme in Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT The adverse implications of climate change can exacerbate socially uneven distributions of vulnerability. Therefore, climate adaptation programs are maladaptive if benefits are captured by privileged social groups, contributing to heightened socio-economic inequality and leaving the plight of highly vulnerable population segments unaddressed. This paper examines this potential using the case of Birsa Munda Krishi Kranti Yojana, an irrigation subsidy program for Scheduled Tribe farmers administered by the Government of Maharashtra, India. We investigated this scheme in Talasari block, an impoverished rural sub-administrative area 135 km north of Mumbai. The research shows that benefits from the scheme tended to flow towards more well-off agricultural households, notwithstanding checks-and-balances within the program that sought to prioritise the needs of poorer farmers. In turn, these distributional effects contributed to intensified agrarian class stratification by providing more well-off farmers with enhanced capabilities to respond to climate stresses, shedding important conceptual insights into the interplay of climate change and government policy for class mobility within smallholder and tribal populations. The evidence from this paper highlights the imperative for inclusive agricultural development and raises questions about agricultural subsidy programs as policy levers to address climate adaptation.

Equity of the HIV epidemic response in 13 African countries

For over 25 years, new programs to attempt to stem the HIV epidemic have been developed in Africa by country governments as well as external donors. These programs and activities have built and operated facilities, trained clinicians, financed drugs and commodities, supported and helped finance government health planning and operations, and contributed in other ways. Who has benefited from this massive mobilization? While some single country and narrowly focused studies have been done, the issue of equity of HIV programs for vulnerable populations has not been examined in a large set of countries. Using Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (PHIA) data, we examine equity of the HIV programs in 13 African countries to determine if vulnerable groups (such as those with low wealth, rural populations, young adults, and females) have achieved comparable levels of access to HIV program services. In contrast, we also compare the equity of the HIV response to rural and low-wealth populations with the equity of corresponding domestic health systems using Demographic and Health Survey data. This study found that in over half of the countries, the HIV response indicators were equitable for vulnerable population segments including the low-wealth population (in seven countries) and rural population segment (in nine countries). In no country was the domestic health system equitable for these two groups. However, HIV programming does show some clear patterns of inequity for low-wealth and rural populations in some countries. For gender and young adults, the HIV response indicators show that in all 13 countries men and young adults are consistently underserved relative to their counterparts.

Challenges in handling a civilian mass pediatric disaster during flood relief in a partially inundated armed forces medical facility.

Armed forces hospitals are often called upon to provide medical aid to civilians during natural calamities. Though children are often the most vulnerable segment of population in these events, research that addresses their unique needs and the role of armed forces hospitals remains sparse. We examined pediatric morbidity and mortality at a flooded armed forces hospital. Factors that affected outcomes were identified. 158 patients were evacuated en masse from a children's hospital in northern India that was submerged by flood to an adjacent partially inundated armed forces hospital specializing in military medicine and adult trauma. The children were provided case-based clinical care as per existing disaster management protocol. Geoclimatic vulnerability factors, morbidity/mortality, and medical and logistical challenges for future intervention were investigated. One pediatrician who provided initial triage was joined by two others after 48 hours. A limited load of adult patients permitted more resources for the children, majority (49 percent) of whom were neonates. Intensive care was necessitated for 32 (20.2 percent) cases, with half managed in adult ICU. Overall in-hospital mortality was 5.7 percent. Experienced staff, cross-specialty multitasking, and innovative and noncensorious leadership were identified as assets amidst resources compromised by flooding. Clear delineation of primary caregiver role of pediatrician at outset, pediatric emergency care training, pediatric triage, resource allocation for thermoregulation, oxygen therapy and ventilation, earmarking centers for transfer of cases, and safe transportation to the centers were identified as areas meriting further attention. Armed forces hospitals in vulnerable geoclimatic zones must address pediatric concerns in disaster management plans.

Domestic/Intimate Partner Violence, Abuse, and Trauma During COVID-19 Lockdown: Gaslighting, Non-consensual Condom Removal, Grooming, Coercive Control, Power Dynamic, and Sexual Entitlement in Emotional and Psychological Abuse

The COVID-19 outbreak has amplified psychosocial and emotional stressors for the more vulnerable segments of population. This article explored the drastic increase in emotional/psychological forms of abuse in intimate partner violence during COVID-19 lockdown period. Additionally, predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors of gaslighting abuse, including non-consensual condom removal, grooming, love bombing, coercion, and power dynamics in controlling relationship, are discussed. Published articles on PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Elsevier about psychological aspects of abuse in intimate partner violence during COVID-19 have been considered and reviewed. This article facilitates a solution-focused response for mental healthcare practitioners to support sustainable well-being through collective solidarity, empowerment, and resilience for survivors. This article introduced personal-collective growth process through humanistic-centered approaches for individuals to share their experiences, realign meaningfulness, create hope, and develop coping strategies.

The constitutional guarantee of access to higher education and the principle of equality: a legal analysis based on the example of the protection of the rights of socially vulnerable population groups

The Constitution of Ukraine guarantees the availability and free of charge of higher education, however, it further specifies that citizens have the right to obtain higher education free of charge on a competitive basis. Taking into account the fact that obtaining higher education on a fee-based basis is expensive, the state, by legislative acts, undertakes to ensure equal access to higher education for socially vulnerable sections of the population. There is no further clarification in the legislation about what is meant by equal access to higher education for socially vulnerable segments of the population, as well as the very concept of "socially vulnerable segments of the population. Scientists have given a definition of the concept of socially vulnerable strata of the population, as well as defined the circle of persons who are classified as socially vulnerable strata of the population. In view of the fact that the socially vulnerable population includes a wide range of persons with a special administrative-legal status of the subject of administrative guardianship and from the analysis of benefits in the field of higher education, which are not addressed to everyone who can be attributed to them, we consider it reasonable to exist such a concept as: "subjects of administrative guardianship in the field of higher education", which will include persons from socially vulnerable strata of the population, who are granted the right to free higher education and special conditions for participation in competitive selection upon admission to a higher education institution. The article provides examples that, in our opinion, can be interpreted as ensuring equal access to higher education for socially vulnerable segments of the population. Changes in the legal provision of equal access to higher education for socially vulnerable sections of the population are also analyzed, and the opinions of scientists on this topic are given. In this work, we try to answer whether equal access to higher education for socially vulnerable population segments does not violate the constitutional principle of equality of all citizens to obtain higher education for free on a competitive basis.Higher education is certainly not the final stage in a person's education, because now everyone is talking about "lifelong education", but higher education is an important component in the formation of an individual, as a professional and as a person. Ensuring equal access to higher education for socially vulnerable sections of the population is a manifestation of the social state that Ukraine is.

Rerouting urban construction transport flows to avoid air pollution hotspots

Currently, over 96% of the urban population is exposed to exceeding air pollution concentrations. Freight transport daily engenders €61,604 of air pollution health costs in the Brussels-Capital Region (BCR), of which 60% is incurred by vulnerable population segments. The construction sector is responsible for 26.40% of truck traffic in the BCR. This paper examines the exposure effects when off-site construction logistics flows are redirected around air pollution hotspots. Consequently, alternative routing scenarios are computed, and its emission dispersed assuming a Gaussian relation. Concentrations are then associated to spatiotemporal receptor densities. The health impact is monetized using hospital exposure-response functions. While overall emissions increase across all scenarios, health costs are mitigated up to 25.53% by rerouting existing flows. This study suggests to decouple policies from absolute transport emissions and focus on its health impact, considering spatiotemporal dynamics of both emissions and receptors.

The health impact of freight transport-related air pollution on vulnerable population groups

Every year, over 364,200 people in Europe die prematurely due to the effects of air pollution, in which the transportation sector plays an important role. In Brussels, freight transport generates €61,604 of air pollution health costs daily. Research has shown that dynamic spatiotemporal modeling of both emission sources and exposed people (using mobile phone data) renders more accurate impact results when analyzed in microenvironments. However, mobile data underrepresent population segments that are more sensitive to the effects of air pollution, such as toddlers, children and elderly individuals. This paper examined the link between vulnerable people aged 0–3, 3–18 and >65 years and freight transport-related air pollution concentrations in the Brussels-Capital Region (BCR). To this end, dynamic tailpipe emissions and their spatiotemporal dispersion were calculated using output from the Transport Agent-Based Model (TRABAM) on a daily basis. Population densities were calculated as a function of the residences’ occupancy rate and school/class size and opening hours. The effects of exposure were then evaluated using age- and sex-differentiated exposure-response functions and monetized using local hospital cost factors. Data were compiled for 2021. A strong overlap between people’s presence at the institutions’ locations was noticed with a peak in (freight) transportation movements in the city. The results showed that €37,000 [€34,517.47–€40,047.13] of freight transport-related air pollution health costs were incurred daily by vulnerable population segments. While these vulnerable groups made up 25.34% of the total BCR population, they incurred 60% [56.03%–65.01%] of the engendered transportation air pollution costs. The results were then geographically analyzed to identify 465 traffic-related air pollution hotspots across the territory, which accounted for €36,000 [€33,677.85–€39,101.31] of total costs. The latter can be used in future studies to assess sector-specific freight transportation policies, which should take into consideration spatiotemporal population densities on the local level.

SOCIOCULTURAL PATTERNS: PARENTING EXPERIENCES IN A NATIVE COMMUNITY

The upbringing of infants in native communities in various latitudes of the world has generated concern by governments, politicians and researchers, because in many cases they are vulnerable population segments. In this sense, the research was oriented to analyze experiences of raising infants of a native community within the framework of social and cultural patterns. Phenomenological design was used with a qualitative approach and a sample that was integrated by mothers of infants from the native Yanesha community of Tsachopen, province of Oxapampa, Pasco region, Peru. The data were collected with individual interviews, which allowed to process the discourses related to the reality lived and felt by the informants. It was found that parenting experiences respond to certain sociocultural patterns such as the identity and heritage culture of the community, which is threatened by the progressive loss of language and the presence of foreign elements, as well as there is a gradual eradication of 'punishment' for persuasive practices in the line of correcting behaviors; Likewise, there is the claim for the apathy of the State in terms of education and the implementation of the vast regulations issued to protect members of vulnerable populations, such as children from native communities, such as the Yanesha.

Four ways blue foods can help achieve food system ambitions across nations

Blue foods, sourced in aquatic environments, are important for the economies, livelihoods, nutritional security and cultures of people in many nations. They are often nutrient rich1, generate lower emissions and impacts on land and water than many terrestrial meats2, and contribute to the health3, wellbeing and livelihoods of many rural communities4. The Blue Food Assessment recently evaluated nutritional, environmental, economic and justice dimensions of blue foods globally. Here we integrate these findings and translate them into four policy objectives to help realize the contributions that blue foods can make to national food systems around the world: ensuring supplies of critical nutrients, providing healthy alternatives to terrestrial meat, reducing dietary environmental footprints and safeguarding blue food contributions to nutrition, just economies and livelihoods under a changing climate. To account for how context-specific environmental, socio-economic and cultural aspects affect this contribution, we assess the relevance of each policy objective for individual countries, and examine associated co-benefits and trade-offs at national and international scales. We find that in many African and South American nations, facilitating consumption of culturally relevant blue food, especially among nutritionally vulnerable population segments, could address vitamin B12 and omega-3 deficiencies. Meanwhile, in many global North nations, cardiovascular disease rates and large greenhouse gas footprints from ruminant meat intake could be lowered through moderate consumption of seafood with low environmental impact. The analytical framework we provide also identifies countries with high future risk, for whom climate adaptation of blue food systems will be particularly important. Overall the framework helps decision makers to assess the blue food policy objectives most relevant to their geographies, and to compare and contrast the benefits and trade-offs associated with pursuing these objectives.

It never rains but it pours: COVID-19 pandemic impact on mental health in older adults

Abstract Italy was the first country to be hit by the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Europe holding one of the highest clinical burdens. Older adults are those paying the highest price for the COVID-19 emergency. Within the Lost in Lombardy project, a web-based cross-sectional study assessing the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms, hopelessness and insomnia before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, was conducted on a representative sample of 4,400 older adults aged 65 years or more from the Lombardy region recruited between November 17th and 30th 2020. The prevalence of depressive symptoms increased by + 112% during the pandemic, anxiety symptoms by + 136%, insufficient sleep by + 12%, unsatisfactory sleep by + 15%. Feelings of hopelessness were more frequent among women compared to men (15.1% vs. 10.4%) and increased with increasing age. A worsening in each of the four specific mental health outcomes was more frequently observed in women (OR = 1.50, depression; OR = 1.31, anxiety; OR = 1.57, sleep quality; OR = 1.38, sleep quantity), in subjects who decreased their physical activity during the pandemic (OR = 1.64, depression; OR = 1.48, anxiety; OR = 2.05, sleep quality; OR = 1.28, sleep quantity), and with increasing number of pre-existing chronic diseases (p for trend<0.001 for depression and anxiety; p for trend=0.010 for sleep quality; p for trend=0.012 for sleep quantity). A worsening in depressive symptoms was more frequently observed in more educated subjects (p for trend=0.008), while a worsening in anxiety symptoms in subjects living in main towns compared to outskirt with an economic status below the mean. The use of at least one psychotropic drug - mostly antidepressants/anxiolytics - increased by + 26% compared to pre-pandemic. The protection of the mental health status of this vulnerable segment of population needs to be recognized as a real public health priority.

Analysis of the “Third mission of universities” in the aspect of educational risks of digital divide

The article analyses the “Third mission of universities”, which is understood as a set of socially significant functions aimed at the individual and society development in a local (regional) focus. The relevance of the study is caused by the digital divide – a social phenomenon that manifests itself in the uneven development and digital technologies use by the population, depending on territorial and socio-demographic characteristics. Digital divide in the context of Russian reality is viewed as one of the types of educational risk, especially in relation to socially vulnerable population segments. It has been noted that universities can become “conductors” of digital transformations, they can contribute to the inclusion of people from “risk groups” into the digital society. The results of the study using the method of qualitative and quantitative documents analysis – Internet sites of Russian universities, their legal and regulatory documentation addressing the “third mission” have allowed us to conclude that Russian universities are focused on online education, massive open educational courses and training in digital professions. This circumstance is confirmed by the ratings analysis “Three University Missions” (MosIUR) in 2020–2021. Educational programs aimed at mastering digital professions for socially vulnerable population groups are becoming widespread – they cover people of retirement and pre-retirement age, the unemployed, mothers with “small” children. Such programs provide for a budgetary financing system and co-financing. However, the regional factor that affects the digitalisation level of the population, as well as its material well-being, is not taken into account. Hence, it has been concluded that it is necessary to expand the citizens list eligible for preferential training in digital professions. They should include poor people, small settlements residents in the periphery, crisis regions.

Supply chain capacity to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario: Challenges faced by a health system in transition.

This provincial case study, one of seven conducted as part of a national research program on healthcare supply chain management during COVID-19, focuses on Ontario. The context of significant restructuring of health organizations and regions in Ontario challenged the province’s capacity to respond to COVID-19. A complex leadership structure, led by political leaders, with limited healthcare supply chain expertise at decision-making tables and a prioritization of “hospitals first” early in the first wave were described as challenges Ontario faced in managing the pandemic. A lack of supply chain digital infrastructure—and consequently, lack of available data—meant informed decision-making regarding supply utilization and demand forecasting was not possible. The Ontario case presents key lessons learned regarding the unintended consequences of lack of supply chain coordination across organizations, and the prioritization of hospitals and allocation strategies on Canada’s most vulnerable population segments.

Doenças crônicas não transmissíveis considerando determinantes sociodemográficos em coorte de idosos

Abstract Objective To analyze the differences between the proportions of chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) at two time periods, in a cohort of older adults, based on sociodemographic determinants. Method This is a retrospective longitudinal study with baseline data obtained in 2008-2009 and follow-up in 2016-2017, from the FIBRA Study. The McNemar test was used to compare the frequencies of CNCDs according to sex, age, and education, with a significance level of 5% (p<0.05). Results The sample consisted of 453 older adults (mean age 72±5.2 years old; 69.4% women). There was an increase in the proportions of arterial hypertension (64.4% versus 71.1%) and diabetes mellitus (21.9% versus 27.5%) in the periods studied, and a reduction in rheumatologic disease (43.6% versus 35.8%) and depression (21.7% versus 15.7%). Hypertension increased in older women, in those aged 65-74 years old and those with low education levels. Diabetes increased in older men, in those over 65 years of age and those with low education levels. A reduction in the proportions of rheumatologic diseases and depression was observed in women, in those aged 65-74 years old and those with low education levels. Conclusion The data reflect the need to understand the sociodemographic health determinants involved in the health-disease-care process to reduce social inequities and the burden of CNCDs in the most vulnerable population segments, especially in the older adult population with multimorbidity.

\u2018When will the doctor be around so that I come by?!\u2019 Geo-socio effects on health care supply, access and utilisation: experiences from Kalangala Islands, Uganda

BackgroundThe study set out to give an in-depth intersection of geo, eco-socio exposition of the factors relating to geography, healthcare supply and utilization in an island setting. This analysis is informed by what has emerged to be known as social epidemiology. We provide in-depth explanation of context to health care access, utilization and outcomes. We argue that health care delivery has multiple intersections that are experientially complex, multi-layered and multi-dimensional to the disadvantage of vulnerable population segments of society in the study area.MethodsWe used a cross-sectional qualitative exploratory design. Qualitative methods facilitated an in-depth exploration and understanding of this island dispersed and peripheral setting. Data sources included a review of relevant literature and an ethnographic exploration of the lived experiences of community members while seeking and accessing health care. Data collection methods included in-depth interviews (IDI) from selected respondents, observation, focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KII).ResultsWe report based on the health care systems model which posits that, health care activities are diverse but interconnected in a complex way. The identified themes are; the role of geography, access (geographical and financial) to health services, demand and utilization, Supplies, staffing and logistical barriers and a permissive and transient society. When and how to travel for care was beyond a matter of having a health need/ being sick and need arising. A motivated workforce is as critical as health facilities themselves in determining healthcare outcomes.ConclusionGeography doesn’t work and affect health outcomes in isolation. Measures that target only individuals will not be adequate to tackle health inequalities because aspects of the collective social group and physical environment may also need to be changed in order to reduce health variations.

Distributional effects of carbon pricing when considering household heterogeneity: An EASI application for Austria

This paper studies the distributional impacts of a carbon tax in Austria and explores compensating measures to mitigate negative side effects. We extend previous studies by focussing on household heterogeneity, i.e. how housing attributes and socio-demographics govern a household's vulnerability to energy price increases. We apply the EASI demand system, which captures non-linear Engel curves and heterogeneous preferences; both crucial to estimate energy consumption. By simulating stylised, separate price increases we identify how seemingly overall similar welfare effects differ, depending on the energy good taxed, the region a household lives in, year of construction and household composition. These impact channels, with the severity of impacts differing according to various household characteristics are also reflected by the carbon tax scenario and reveal the importance of targeted support schemes. Although, each of the tested transfer schemes is able to enhance equality and cushion negative welfare effects, transfer schemes focussing on household size or on particular vulnerable population segments show the strongest effects in terms of equality, proportionality of the tax burden and welfare. Consequently, in order to yield a socially fair energy or carbon tax regime, taking household heterogeneity into account is essential.

Challenges in handling a civilian mass pediatric disaster during flood relief in a partially inundated armed forces medical facility.

Armed forces hospitals are often called upon to provide medical aid to civilians during natural calamities. Though children are often the most vulnerable segment of population in these events, research that addresses their unique needs and the role of armed forces hospitals remains sparse. We examined pediatric morbidity and mortality at a flooded armed forces hospital. Factors that affected outcomes were identified. 158 patients were evacuated en masse from a children's hospital in northern India that was submerged by flood to an adjacent partially inundated armed forces hospital specializing in military medicine and adult trauma. The children were provided case-based clinical care as per existing disaster management protocol. Geoclimatic vulnerability factors, morbidity/mortality, and medical and logistical challenges for future intervention were investigated. One pediatrician who provided initial triage was joined by two others after 48 hours. A limited load of adult patients permitted more resources for the children, majority (49 percent) of whom were neonates. Intensive care was necessitated for 32 (20.2 percent) cases, with half managed in adult ICU. Overall in-hospital mortality was 5.7 percent. Experienced staff, cross-specialty multitasking, and innovative and noncensorious leadership were identified as assets amidst resources compromised by flooding. Clear delineation of primary caregiver role of pediatrician at outset, pediatric emergency care training, pediatric triage, resource allocation for thermoregulation, oxygen therapy and ventilation, earmarking centers for transfer of cases, and safe transportation to the centers were identified as areas meriting further attention. Armed forces hospitals in vulnerable geoclimatic zones must address pediatric concerns in disaster management plans.

Beyond the Community: On the Book "Good Economics for Hard Times" by Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo

The review is devoted to the book by 2019 Nobel laureates in Economics Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee, published in Russian by the Gaidar Institute Publishing House in 2021. Building upon the crisis of confidence in economists, the authors in the microeconomic plane reflect upon a set of effective tools for combating poverty in economic science. The book focuses on the following topics: trust, migration, trade, economic growth, technological progress, the role of the state in the economy, and basic income. Duflo and Banerjee consider real situations within the framework of these topics, using the method of natural experiments, in order to show the inconsistency and lack of fundamental basis in numerous stereotypes of economic policy. Technological progress is useful for high-tech industries in terms of creating jobs and saving public funds, but for the rest of the labor market it may destroy jobs and lead to increasing social insecurity of citizens with low incomes. It is the consideration of the program theses of economic science on trust, migration, trade, technological progress and welfare from the perspective of socially vulnerable population segments that determines the uniqueness of the study. Since the work touches on disparate areas, it also has a number of drawbacks, which are mentioned in the review. In particular, the idea of a natural experiment is not followed by a political economy generalization, which is a disadvantage of the work.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ ВРАЗЛИВОСТІ НАСЕЛЕННЯ ЛЬВІВСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

The article studies the number of vulnerable segments of population. It is determined that the highest number of people with disabilities was marked in 2020 – 213.8 thousand people, whereas the smallest – in 2010, i.e. 176.7 thousand people. Increase of the number of people with disabilities consequently causes growth of the number of them per 1000 people of population. In the studied period, an annual growth of the index by 22.9% was marked. The author supplies expected indices of the growth of the number of retired people in Lviv region, forecast of the index of growth of the number of people with disabilities by using a linear model for four future periods; expected indices of increase of the average monthly retirement benefits. The research also examines a change of the number of healthcare establishments in Lviv region in 2013-2020. It is determined that in 2013-2020, hospital accommodation reduced by 24.1%, medical outpatient-polyclinic establishments – by 12.2%, and medical and obstetric centres – by 34.2%. The author of the work studied dynamics of the residential fund of Lviv region in 2013-2020 and determined that the fastest rate of growth of the volume of residential fund was marked in urban territory (by 20.6%). To reduce the negative impact of the factors on the most socially vulnerable categories of population, the state should maximize its efforts to provide conditions for a higher labour payment; to organize an effective system of social and economic defense of employees; to strengthen the targeted social support and primarily support of the vulnerable groups of population; to provide interest-free loans for vulnerable segments of population; to maximum provide housing for orphans after achieving the adulthood age; to educate social responsibility. The goal of the article is to prove the necessity of the social infrastructure development to reduce the social vulnerability of the Carpathian area population. In the process of the article writing, the author used a set of general scientific and specific methods of research. The graphical method was used to make visual presentation and to shape expected indices of growth of the number of retires people in Lviv region, increase of the number of people with disabilities by using a linear model and indices of growth of the average size of monthly retirement benefits. To make theoretical consolidation and conclusions, the abstract and logical method was used.

Послание Президента Российской Федерации как отражение отношений государства, общества и бизнеса

The article presents an analysis of relations between the state, society and business through the prism of reflecting them in the Message of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin in 2021. The author's expert opinion, based on the results of sociological studies at the all-Russian and regional levels, showed that social support measures for the most vulnerable segments of population, much needed in the conditions of coronavirus pandemic, are widely approved in the society, but at the same time can contribute to the preservation of paternalistic and dependent attitudes of a number of Russians. Sociological analysis of measures of state support for small and medium-sized businesses, reflected in the Message of the President of the Russian Federation and its instructions to the authorities, showed that in the conditions of the ongoing wave nature of coronavirus pandemic, the tasks of preserving and supporting business during the crisis period took priority..

СВІТОВА ІНДУСТРІЯ ТУРИЗМУ В УМОВАХ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ КОНКУРЕНЦІЇ І ПАНДЕМІЇ COVID-19

As a result of our research, we found that the COVID-19 pandemic has caused radical changes in the global tourism market, the consequences of which on its further development are currently impossible to predict. The pandemic has caused an unprecedented decline in the tourism market in most countries. In response to these challenges, travel companies have been forced to substantially revise their marketing plans and programs. The changes to a greater or lesser extent affected all areas of tourism business, including the marketing of tourist destinations. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly reduced the number of international tourist arrivals in all countries. The complexity of the situation in which the tourism industry finds itself requires an adaptation period for tourists and for tourism industry in general. Despite the global scale, tourism has remained regional and national in content. This industry supports national traditions, stimulates the development of folk crafts, revival of recipes for interesting and tasty dishes, requires nature conservation and creating favorable social conditions for its operation, so in many countries international tourism is developing as a system that provides all necessary opportunities to get acquainted with culture, customs, history, religious and spiritual values of the state and its people. The coronavirus pandemic has affected all countries and the capital without exception. One of the sectors most affected is the tourism sector. the situation with the epidemic is developing so unpredictably that tourist facilities do not have time to reformat the work to sanitary requirements, which often change. In addition, not everyone is ready to respond to changes in quarantine zones, and for businesses this creates additional difficulties in organizing work. The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) forecasts that up to 75 million jobs are at risk in the sector. This estimation is even more worrying when we reflect on the fact that tourism is a leading job creator for those vulnerable segments of population: in fact, a far higher share of low-skilled immigrants, women and students are employed in tourism compared to the total non-financial business economy. The contribution of tourism to world GDP by countries that are most popular among tourists is analyzed. The percentage change in international tourist arrivals by region in 2020 and the dynamics of destinations that were most popular among tourists around the world in 2018-2020 are considered. It was found that due to the pandemic tourist flows. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly reduced the number of international tourist arrivals in all countries. At the same time, this pandemic opens up to the industry a rare opportunity for analysis and reorganization what could be done and what could be changed. Governments have the opportunity to recognize the unique ability of tourism not only to provide jobs but also to promote equality and social integration. Because tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the world, it is expected to play a significant role in restoring socio-economic stability after the COVID-19 pandemic. The changes caused by the pandemic situation are forcing the governments of almost all countries without exception especially those in which tourism is leading or sufficient significant direction of national development, in a new way approach to the formation of development strategies and programs tourism industry.