Von Mises Stress Criterion Research Articles

Drying stress analysis and cracking prediction of the component of maize based on viscoelastic stress-strain model

To study the drying stress and predict cracking of the components of the maize kernel during drying, the viscoelastic stress-strain model of the maize kernel was developed considering the differences in viscoelastic properties of the components. The results showed that at the preheating and main drying stages, the stress was mainly caused by the uneven distribution of the moisture content and gradually increased with drying. At the cooling stage, the stress significantly increased in a short time due to the decrease in temperature. The stress of the hard endosperm was higher, the pericarp had the highest stress value, and the stress of the soft endosperm and germ was low. The crack volume percentage of the germ and pericarp was zero, which was consistent with the fact that there was no crack in the pericarp and germ, the cracks were mainly in the endosperm. The crack volume percentage of the endosperm gradually increased as drying progressed and significantly increased during the cooling stage, which was similar to the increasing trend in the crack degree of the endosperm at different drying stages. The viscoelastic stress-strain model combined with the von Mises stress criterion could be used to predict the stress crack formation of components at different drying stages.

Progressive damage analysis of double-layer variable thickness 3D woven composite scaled engine casing

Due to the excellent mechanical properties and strong design flexibility, the 3D woven composite engine casing shows great potential in high performance fields. This article adopted the method of double-layer weaving and adding yarn to achieve the variable thickness of the 3D woven composite engine casing. The purpose of this article is to study the compression performance and failure mechanism of this variable thickness casing in different thickness zones through experiments and numerical simulations to lay a foundation for future optimization and inclusiveness research on this casing with complex thickness changes. Three types of representative volume cells are established for progressive damage analysis. 3D-Hashin criteria and von-Mises stress criterion are used as damage criteria for yarns and matrix. The progressive damage process and the proportion of damage in the inner and outer layers of three types of 3D woven tubes under axial compression load are analyzed. Results show that the main failure modes of the three types of tubes are yarn-matrix compressive cracking along direction 3 and matrix failure. The damages are mostly concentrated in the warp bending area. The proportions of warp yarn damage in the inner and outer layers of three tubes are different.

Investigation on interfacial bonding strength between aluminum hub and CFRP bonded joints exposed to accelerated aging conditions

Marine propellers are frequently exposed to the corrosive effects of seawater, which can significantly reduce their performance and durability. As a result, high corrosion-resistant materials are used in the fabrication of the propellers. Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) have recently taken over as the material of choice when it comes to creating corrosion-resistant structure. To get the desired mechanical properties and performance, it is necessary to combine FRP composites with other materials, such as steel or aluminum. The present work deals with evaluating the bond strength between Aluminum hub and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) propeller blade profile. Araldite 2011 adhesive was used to establish the bond between the aluminum hub and CFRP propeller blade profile. A universal testing machine(UTM) was used to evaluate the bond strength of CFRP propeller blade profile-Al hub bonded joint specimens. The Al hub and CFRP propeller blade profile were subjected to axial thrust conditions. The surface interaction values obtained from the experiments were given as input data in Finite Element (FE)-model for complex geometry. The von-Mises stress criterion was used to assess the bond strength between Al hub and CFRP blade profile. In addition, bonded joint specimens were also subjected to cyclic aging at intervals of 0, 30, 60, and 90 days, respectively. The cyclic aged specimens were mechanically characterized using UTM. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)spectrum was used to analyze the aging behavior of adhesive (Araldite 2011), and the surface of the fractured specimens was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The extended aging period affects the Al hub/adhesive interface in bonded joints, leading to lower load joint failure.

Full-scale test and numerical modeling on deformation and damage behavior of segmental joints under ultimate compression-bending load

Investigating the deformation and damage behavior of segmental joints is of great significance for design optimization safety evaluation of shield tunnel. In this study, the full-scale tests of segmental joint under compression-bending load were carried out. A three-dimensional numerical calculation model with concrete damaged plasticity (CDP) constitutive was developed, of which the accuracy was validated by the full-scale test. The mechanical behavior and damage evolution process of the segmental joint, the strain of the bolt and the reinforcement are investigated. The experimental and numerical results revealed that the bending moment-rotational angle curves of segmental joint can be divided into four stages under positive bending moment and three stages under negative bending moment. The difference is mainly due to that the waterproof structure is only set outside the segmental joint. The maximum stress of the bolt occurred in the front of the thread rather than the corresponding location of the joint surface. Compared with Von Mises stress criterion, the method of judging the yield of bolt by the ultimate elastic strain usually adopted in the full-scale test is conservative. The bolt yields under negative bending moment later than that under positive bending moment, and the difference is about 49.8%. The maximum strain of the reinforcement is located at the first stirrup near the joint surface. The strain of the reinforcement at the sleeve side is obviously larger than that at the hand hole side under positive bending, while the opposite is true under negative bending.

Thermoplastic composite pipe failure envelopes under axisymmetric and thermomechanical loading

Thermoplastic composite pipes are considered to be the next riser design generation for deep and ultra-deep water offshore oil field development. They typically consist of polymeric (e.g. PEEK or PVDF for high temperature applications) and composite laminate (e.g. carbon/glass fibers) layers. Theoretical and finite element (FE) analyses of thermoplastic composite pipes under axisymmetric loadings with thermal gradient due to internal surface temperature and external convection to the seawater are presented in this work. The pipe consists of an inner and outer isotropic homogeneous polymeric layers and intermediate transversely isotropic perfectly bonded laminate ply layers. The through-thickness failure indexes related to the von Mises and Maximum Stress criteria are respectively evaluated for polymer and laminate layers. The pipe is assumed to fail when one of the failure indexes across the pipe thickness reaches 1. In the case study, the pipe through-thickness temperature profiles and stress states obtained from analytical and FE models agree well. The linearity response behavior of thermoplastic composite pipe under isolated mechanical and thermal loadings is investigated. Based on the failure analyses, the pipe maximum load envelopes under axisymmetric loading condition and the related failure layer illustration are given. The pipe axial stiffness is invariable regardless of the internal and external pressures, but slightly decreases as the prescribed temperature increases.

Multifactorial Analysis of Endodontic Microsurgery Using Finite Element Models.

Background: The present study aimed to classify the relative contributions of four biomechanical factors—the root-end filling material, the apical preparation, the root resection length, and the bone height—on the root stresses of the resected premolar. Methods: A design of experiments approach based on a defined subset of factor combinations was conducted to calculate the influence of each factor and their interactions. Sixteen finite element models were created and analyzed using the von Mises stress criterion. The robustness of the design of experiments was evaluated with nine supplementary models. Results: The current study showed that the factors preparation and bone height had a high influence on root stresses. However, it also revealed that nearly half of the biomechanical impact was missed without considering interactions between factors, particularly between resection and preparation. Conclusions: Design of experiments appears to be a valuable strategy to classify the contributions of biomechanical factors related to endodontics. Imagining all possible interactions and their clinical impact is difficult and can require relying on one’s own experience. This study proposed a statistical method to quantify the mechanical risk when planning apicoectomy. A perspective could be to integrate the equation defined herein in future software to support decision-making.

Structural reliability analysis of in-service API X65 natural gas pipeline using statistical data

The failure probability of the pipeline in the structural reliability assessment was evaluated by the relationship between the resistance of the pipe material to an external load or stress. The stress acting on the natural gas pipeline is affected by the circumferential stress and the longitudinal stress generated by the internal pressure, the thermal stress caused by the temperature difference during installation and operation, the bending stress caused by the buried depth, the embankment height, and vehicle load. The failure probabilities of the API X65 pipes were evaluated by the Von-Mises stress criterion as the maximum allowable stress criterion under the combined stresses. First-order reliability method as approximate analytical methods was used to perform the failure probability analysis on the natural gas pipelines. The failure probabilities of the pipelines were evaluated with buried depth in a range of 1.5–30 m and wheel load in the range of 2.5–20 ton. The failure probabilities were evaluated under the conditions that internal pressure of 7 MPa, temperature difference of −45 °C, soil density of 18.9 kN/m3.

Biomechanical stress analysis of ceramic and indirect hybrid composite endocrowns: A three-dimensional finite element analysis

Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare equivalent stresses in mandibular first molar restored with endocrowns made of ceramic and indirect composites using three-dimensional (3D)-finite element analysis (FEA).Materials and Methods: Two 3D finite element models of mandibular first molar were designed. One model of intact tooth without any restoration was uses as a control. Another mandibular molar model with endocrown as postendodontic restoration was generated where the tooth was simulated with extensive coronal loss and divided into five groups with different materials such as lithium disilicate, zirconia, feldspathic, resin nanoceramic, and polymer infiltrated ceramic network (PICN). An axial loading force of 300 N at five diverse contacts areas was applied on the occlusal surface. Stress distribution at various regions of tooth, concentrating mainly on root dentin and alveolar bone, was measured using the Von Mises stress criteria by FEA software.Results: The lowest stress concentration in root dentin was seen in the cervical root region of resin nanoceramic endocrown group followed by PICN endocrown, feldspathic ceramic endocrown, intact tooth, zirconia endocrown, and lithium disilicate endocrown. In alveolar bone, the result showed that the lowest stress value was seen in resin nanoceramic endocrown, followed by PICN endocrown, zirconia endocrown, feldspathic endocrown, intact tooth, and lithium disilicate endocrown.Conclusion: Endocrown materials with the modulus of elasticity similar to that of dentin showed better stress distribution than the materials with high modulus of elasticity.

Methodology to Evaluate the Mechanical Stress in High-Speed Electric Machines With Buried Magnets

High-speed electric machines are gaining importance due to their high power density. The evaluation of the mechanical stress in the rotor is a crucial part of the design process for this type of machines. It is insufficient to evaluate just the static mechanical stress at maximum speed. The dynamic mechanical stress between the state of standstill and maximum speed needs to be considered as well to ensure the high fatigue strength of the rotor. One criterion that is commonly used to analyze the dynamic load in a material is the Smith diagram. In this work, a new methodology is introduced to consider both, the dynamic and the static mechanical stress, in the rotor of a high-speed electric machine. First, the von Mises stress criterion is used to examine the static mechanical stress in the rotor core. Second, the Smith diagram is used to evaluate the dynamic mechanical stress and the high fatigue resistant of the rotor. The methodology is, then, applied to a high-speed electric machine with two different types of buried magnets: 1) a rotor with buried magnets in v-shape and 2) a rotor with a buried bar magnet. Both rotors are analyzed concerning their state of stress. It can be seen that high dynamic stress occurs at the bridges in the rotor. The stress alternates with an amplitude up to σ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">alt </sub> = 290 MPa. The designs are though limited due to the high static stress at the bridges of the magnet slot.

Stress and failure analyses of thermoplastic composite pipes subjected to torsion and thermomechanical loading

The interest of using thermoplastic composite pipes has increased in offshore deepwater oil fields. Thermoplastic composite pipes consist of several carbon/glass fiber reinforced laminate layers to confer stiffness and strength located between inner and outer homogeneous thermoplastic layers for fluid containment and protection. This paper presents a theoretical analysis for thermoplastic composite pipes under combined pure torsion and thermomechanical loading from operational thermal gradients, considering the inner and outer isotropic homogeneous layers and intermediate transversely isotropic laminate ply layers. Perfect bond between adjacent layers and interfaces continuities are assumed. Based on the obtained stresses in the principal material directions, through-thickness failure indexes related to the von Mises and Maximum Stress or Tsai-Hill criteria are respectively evaluated for homogeneous and laminate layers. For each thermal gradient, the limit torque (i.e. when the failure index is equal to 1) is calculated. From the case study, it is observed that without thermal loading or for small operational temperature, failure occurs in the laminate, otherwise it is observed in the inner homogeneous layer. The thickness of the homogeneous layer significantly affects the limit torque and the absolute values of the limit clockwise and anticlockwise torque slightly differ when the operational temperature is included.

Predicting phonon scattering and tunable thermal conductivity of 3D pillared graphene and boron nitride heterostructure

In this work, we have studied the transfer of phonon energy in hybrid structure of pillared graphene and boron nitride film. The obtained results showed that, due to the occurrence of ballistic transfer with the elongation of heterostructure, thermal conductivity was increased. We also found that the amount of interfacial thermal conductivity was changed by changing the direction of thermal flux and the application of thermal flux along the direction of pillared graphene nanostructure was more favorable. We observed that increase of temperature from 100 to 700 K increased the amounts of interfacial thermal conductance (ITC) in C-N and C-B models by 19 and 10%, respectively. Since defects are inevitable during the fabrication and growth of these structures, in this work, we investigated the concentration and arrangement of these defects at joint interface and found that increase of defect concentration decreased thermal flux and ITC and also type of defects had a significant effect on thermal rectification. Also, the detection of these defects in a controlled manner can help making thermal conductivity tunable. We evaluated the effect of tensile from 0 to 10% in heterostructure with and without vacancy defects and found that ITC was decreased by 45% and 30% and temperature jump was increased by 80% and 45% at interface, respectively. In addition, to further analyze the obtained results, phonon vibration power spectra were also examined. Finally, by using Von Mises stress criterion, stress distribution and concentration through sheets and interface in the presence of mechanical strains and various defects were investigated.

A Comprehensive Study on Burst Pressure Performance of Aluminum Liner for Hydrogen Storage Vessels

Abstract This paper presents a comparative study on the burst pressure performance of aluminum (Al) liner for type-III composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs). In the analysis, the vessels were loaded with increasing internal pressure up to the burst pressure level. In the analytical part of the study, the burst pressure of the cylindrical part was predicted based on the modified von Mises, Tresca, and average shear stress criterion (ASSC). In the numerical analysis, a finite element (FE) model was established in order to predict the behavior of the vessel as a function of increasing internal pressure and determine the final burst. The Al pressure vessels made of Al-6061-T6 alloy with a capacity of 5 L were designed. The manufacturing of the metallic vessels was purchased from a metal forming company. The experimental study was conducted by pressurizing the Al vessels until the burst failure occurred. The radial and axial strain behaviors were monitored at various locations on the vessels during loading. The results obtained through analytical, numerical, and experimental work were compared. The average experimental burst pressure of the vessels was found to be 279 bar. The experimental strain data were compared with the results of the FE analysis. The results indicated that the FE analysis and ASSC-based elastoplastic analytical approaches yielded the best predictions which are within 2.2% of the experimental burst failure values. It was also found that the elastic analysis underestimated the burst failure results; however, it was effective for determining the critical regions over the vessel structure. The strain behavior of the vessels obtained through experimental investigations was well correlated with those predicted through FE analysis.

Analysis of plated-hull structure strength against hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads: A case study of 600 TEU container ships

Abstract The assessment of a ship's ability to withstand environmental loads is very crucial. This research focuses on the strength assessment of 600 TEU container ship hulls against hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads using finite element-based software. Parameter changes in the material types, hull thickness, and ship drafts were performed to compare the structural responses using deformation, strain, and von Mises stress criteria. All of the materials tested were acceptable, where the ASTM A131 Grade AH36 and ASTM A131 Grade AH32 materials have the lowest deformation values and strains. The simulation results regarding plate thickness variation, deformation, strain, and von Mises stress values were smaller as the thickness of the ship structure increased. Moreover, from the draft variation, the structural response due to environmental load was better as the draft of the ship increased.

Effects of Root Maturation and Thickness Variation in Coronal Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Plugs Under Traumatic Load on Stress Distribution in Regenerative Endodontic Procedures: A 3-dimensional Finite Element Analysis Study

IntroductionRegenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) are the best biological-based treatment choice for managing necrotic immature permanent teeth. This study aimed to evaluate the stress distribution of immature maxillary permanent incisors and periodontal tissues under a traumatic load after root maturation achieved by REP with thickness variation in coronal mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) plugs. MethodsFive different mathematical 3-dimensional finite element analysis models of an immature permanent maxillary incisor were created. These involved immediate postoperative models after REP with varying coronal MTA plug thickness (model 1: 3-mm MTA and model 2: 5-mm MTA), postoperative models after REP with varying coronal MTA plug thickness with 15% volumetric root maturation (model 3: 3-mm MTA and model 4: 5-mm MTA), and a control model (model 5: a mature, healthy maxillary incisor). After the modeling procedures, a traumatic horizontal force load of 400 N was applied, and 3-dimensional finite element analysis was performed. The minimum principal, maximum principal, and von Mises stress criteria were calculated for evaluation. ResultsRegardless of the coronal MTA plug thickness, tensile stress in cervical root surfaces decreased with root maturation after REP. Using the 5-mm MTA plug reduced all types of stress in the middle third of the root. In bone tissue, the difference in MTA thickness did not affect stress values. However, stress decreased in most of the bony surfaces with root maturation after REP. ConclusionsUsing the 5-mm coronal MTA plug may help in providing biomechanical advantages regarding stress transmission. Also, because root maturation after REP provided a more favorable stress distribution as mentioned, regenerative treatments can be recommended for immature permanent maxillary incisors for a good prognosis.

A 3D finite element analysis of stress distribution on different thicknesses of mineral trioxide aggregate applied on various sizes of pulp perforation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress distribution on different thicknesses of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) placed on various widths of pulp perforations during the condensation of the composite resin material. The mandibular molar tooth was modeled by COSMOSWorks program (SolidWorks, Waltham, MA). Three finite elemental analysis models representing 3 different dimensions of pulp perforations, 1, 2, and 3mm in diameter, were created. The perforation area was assumed as filled with MTA with different thicknesses, 1, 2, and 3mm for each pulp perforation width, creating a total of 9 different models. Then, a composite resin material was layered on MTA for each model. A 66.7N load was applied and an engineering simulation program (ANSYS, Canonsburg, US) was used for the analysis. Results were presented considering von Mises stress criteria. As MTA thickness increased, the stress values recorded within the area between pulp and MTA decreased. Strain was decreased when the thickness of MTA increased. Stresses at MTA-pulp interface and strain on MTA decreased with the increase in MTA thickness. In clinical practice, when MTA is required for pulp capping, using a thick layer of the material seems to be a better option in order to reduce the stress under forces of hand condensation of overlying restorative materials.

To Evaluate the Influence of Different Implant Thread Designs on Stress Distribution of Osseointegrated Implant: A Three-Dimensional Finite-Element Analysis Study–An In Vitro Study

Abstract Introduction Dental implants are common treatment modality for tooth loss which leads to unaesthetic appearance and may also cause deterioration of mastication and speech. The aim of implant therapy in dentistry is to restore tissue contour, function, comfort, aesthetic, and speech. Dental implant role is to transfer the mechanical force created during chewing to the supporting osseous tissues within the mandible and maxilla. The importance of biomechanical factors such as the bone-implant interface, implant thread design, the length and diameter of implants, type of loading, the quality and quantity of surrounding bone have been strained by various authors. The selection of implant thread design plays an important role in the outcome of the treatment. This study was done to evaluate the influence of different thread designs on stress distribution of osseointegrated implant using three-dimensional (3D) finite-element analysis. Materials and Methods Three implants with different thread designs, namely V-thread, buttress, and reverse buttress thread designs were considered and dimensions were standardized. The site considered was the mandibular molar region with cortical and cancellous bone assuming to be isotropic and homogeneous. The implant modeling was done with the ANSYS 18.1 software. Axial load (100N) and buccolingual load (50N) were applied. The stresses were calculated as Von Mises stress criterion. Results Minimum von mises Stress concentration was seen for tapered implant body with reverse buttress thread design under axial load 100N and tapered implant body with V-thread under buccolingual load of 50N at cortical bone which signifies bone preservation. Stress levels were observed maximum at implant and minimum at the cancellous bone. Conclusion Hence, within the limitations of this study the results obtained can be applied clinically for appropriate selection of implant thread design for a predictable success of implant therapy.

Finite element analysis of immature teeth filled with MTA, Biodentine and Bioaggregate

Background and objectiveFinite element based simulation has emerged as a powerful tool to analyse the tooth strength and its fracture characteristics. The aim of this study is to compare and evaluate the fracture resistance of immature teeth reinforcement with MTA, Biodentine and Bioaggregate as an apical plug and backfill material using Finite Element Method. MethodsA 3D finite element analysis model was generated using a simulated immature maxillary central incisor. Seven different models were developed representing (Model 1): control group having an immature tooth model without any reinforcement material; (Model 2): Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as apical plug 4 mm; (Model 3): Biodentine as apical plug 4 mm; (Model 4): Bioaggregate as apical plug 4 mm; (Model 5): MTA filled in the entire root canal 8.5 mm; (Model 6): Biodentine filled in the entire root canal 8.5 mm; (Model 7): Bioaggregate filled in the entire root canal 8.5 mm. A force of 100 N was applied at an angle of 130° to the palatal surface of the tooth. Stress distribution at cemento‑enamel junction was measured using the Von Mises stress criteria. ResultsIt was found that the 4 mm apical plug using MTA showed higher fracture resistance when compared to 8.5 mm backfill using MTA. When MTA was replaced as backfill material by Biodentine and Bioaggregate, the von mises stress increased by 64% and 94% respectively. ConclusionsIt is not desirable to restore the entire root canal of an immature teeth using same material due to higher stress concentration at the cervical region. Considering the shorter setting time and improved handling characteristics, Biodentine can be preferred over the time‑tested MTA as an apical plug.

Deformation behaviour during deep drawing operation under simple loading path: A simulation study

Deep drawing is a significant metal forming process which is used in sheet metal forming operations. By this process complex shapes can be manufactured with significant accuracy. In this study, the prediction of deformation behaviour of aluminium alloy during an axi-symmetric cup drawing operation is studied numerically. For this purpose, 3D Finite Element (FE) simulation of a simple cup drawing process has been conducted using ABAQUS software. The simulation is done by considering the isotropic hardening and von Mises stress criteria. As the deep drawing process commences, the variation of generated von Misses stresses and plastic equivalent strain are observed at different stages of deformation and the change in strain energy generation of aluminium alloy sheet have been analyzed.

Influence of Preparation Depth and Design on Stress Distribution in Maxillary Central Incisors Restored with Ceramic Veneers: A 3D Finite Element Analysis.

To evaluate the influence of different preparation designs and depths on the stress field developed in maxillary central incisors restored with veneers made with different ceramic materials using finite element analysis (FEA). A linear static three-dimensional finite element analysis model was used with the aid of reverse engineering to develop digital models of maxillary central incisors restored with ceramic veneers, according to two different preparation depths (thin vs deep) and two different preparation designs (feather edge vs butt joint). Three ceramic systems were tested: (i) feldspathic porcelain, (ii) heat pressed glass ceramic IPS Empress 2 (Ivoclar Vivadent AG), and (iii) heat pressed glass ceramic IPS e.max-Press (Ivoclar Vivadent AG). Each model was subjected to a compressive force of 200N applied to the palatal surface 2 mm below the incisal edge. The longitudinal axis of the restored tooth formed an angle of 130o with the direction of the force. The biomechanical behavior of the different models was examined according to the von Mises stress criterion. Statistical analysis was performed using nonparametric confidence interval estimation using bootstrapping. The maximum observed stress values were calculated and found to be similar between prepared and intact teeth. The cervical margin of the veneers displayed the highest von Mises stress values. Irrespectively of the depth and preparation design, the biggest von Mises stress values were observed at the veneer structures with the following order: (i) IPS Empress 2, (ii) IPS e.max-Press, (iii) feldspathic (p = 0.001). Preparation depth resulted in statistically significant differences (p = 0.001) in the stress distribution in the majority of tested structures. As the preparation depth was increased, the stresses within the veneer structure and the tooth structures were decreased. No statistically significant differences were detected in the stresses among the different restored models, when the preparation design was considered. This FEA study suggests that ceramic veneers could restore the biomechanical behavior of prepared central incisors and made it similar of that of an intact tooth. Regardless of the preparation depth and design and the ceramic system used, the cervical margin of ceramic veneers presents the highest von Mises stress values. When feldspathic porcelain was compared with lithium disilicate (IPS e.max Press), the latter displayed the lowest transfer of stresses to dental tissues. An increase in preparation depth resulted in a statistically significant stress decrease in both the veneer and the tooth.

Tensile properties of 3D multi-layer wrapping braided composite: Progressive damage analysis

An experimental and numerical study on mechanical properties and damage behavior of 3D multi-layer wrapping braided composite under axial tensile load is presented. The braiding process of this material is introduced and its tensile properties are obtained in tensile tests. Numerical simulations employ periodical boundary conditions, with interface elements between yarns and matrix added to improve the accuracy of prediction. 3D Hashin-type criteria and Von-Mises stress criterion are employed as damage initiation criteria for yarns and matrix, respectively. The obtained numerical results show a good agreement with the experimental data. The load-bearing capacity and failure mechanisms of 3D multi-layer wrapping braided composites under axial tensile loading are also discussed. A stress distribution shows that the axial yarns are the main load-bearing component of the composite. The main failure mode of the yarns is the yarn-matrix tensile cracking in the width direction, followed by the yarn-matrix tensile cracking in the thickness direction and fibre tensile failure. When the fibres in axial yarns begin to break, the material loses its load-bearing capacity.