Use Of Volatile Solvents Research Articles

Inhalant use and suicidality among incarcerated youth

Studies consistently indicate that inhalant use is associated with increased mental health problems in adolescents, but few investigations have focused on the potential relationship of inhalant use to suicidality (ideation or attempt). This study examined how different levels of volatile solvent use relate to suicidal ideation and attempted suicide among 723 incarcerated youth (mean age = 15.5, S.D. = 1.2; 87% male) in Missouri, and whether any associations between solvent use and suicidality differ by gender. In bivariate analyses, severity of inhalant use was positively associated with histories of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt for both boys and girls. In multivariate analyses, inhalant use disorders remained significantly associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempt histories even after adjusting for general level of psychiatric symptoms, prior trauma, other substance use, gender, and additional potential confounders. Inhalant use without abuse or dependence also significantly related to suicidal ideation in multivariate analyses, but an interaction between gender and inhalant use signified this relationship was stronger for girls. Inhalant use disorders in incarcerated youth, as well as inhalant use without abuse or dependence (particularly in girls), may signal elevated suicide risk. Suicide risk assessments should, therefore, include questions about inhalation of volatile solvents such as paint, gasoline, and household cleaners.

Liquid polymers as solvents for catalytic reductions

Nonvolatile solvents eliminate the health and environmental risks associated with volatile solvent use, but may pose their own risks and separation problems. Several liquid polymers are compared in terms of environmental risk, solvent polarity, and performance as solvents for homogeneously-catalyzed and whole-cell-catalyzed reductions. Asymmetric catalyst use and recycling was demonstrated using a combination of liquid polymer and supercritical CO2. A polymeric solvent was also found to protect air-sensitive catalysts from inactivation due to exposure to air.

Factors associated with volatile solvent use among junior high school students in Kanto, Japan.

To estimate the relative association between life-time volatile solvent use and risk factors for usage. Cross-sectional anonymous questionnaire survey. Junior high schools in Kanto, Japan. Junior high school students (n = 7744). Data on life-time and past-year solvent use, demographic variables, urbanization, regularity of waking patterns, school life, family life, peer relationships, prior alcohol and cigarette use and knowledge on harmful effects of solvent use. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios for each index. The primary findings were (1) 'smoking cigarettes nearly every day' (adjusted OR = 9.88, 95% Cl = 3.74, 26.12) and peer pressure measured by 'been tempted to use solvents' (adjusted OR = 9.53, 95% Cl = 4.84, 18.74) demonstrated the highest adjusted odds ratios; (2) being male (adjusted OR = 2.56, 95% Cl = 1.37, 4.76), seeing school life as 'not at all enjoyable' (adjusted OR = 2.69, 95% Cl = 1.03, 7.01) and family environment as 'neither good nor bad' (adjusted OR = 2.15, 95% Cl = 1.19, 3.88) also showed significant association; (3) life-time alcohol use did not show a significant association in the multivariate model (adjusted OR = 0.80, 95% Cl = 0.30, 2.12); and (4) solvent use appeared independent of knowledge regarding its effects ('death by acute intoxication', 'psychotic symptoms', 'amotivational syndrome', 'flashbacks' adjusted ORs all non-significant). Alcohol use may not function as a gateway to solvent use in Japan. The reasons may be culture-bound. A longitudinal study is required to test this hypothesis.

Procedure for provisional prosthesis characterization

J Prosthet Dent 2001;86:665.

Solvent-free, two-step synthesis of some unsymmetrical 4-aryl-1,4-dihydropyridines

4-Aryl-1,4-dihydropyridines are efficiently synthesised under solvent-free conditions in high yield. The use of volatile solvents is restricted to recrystallisation of the product, which, due to the high degree of conversion, is kept to a minimum. Optimisation of reaction conditions by careful consideration of the reaction rate and extent of conversion is demonstrated. This is yet another example of how readily solvent-free reactions may be implemented in the highly reproducible and efficient preparation of pure therapeutic agents with minimal production of waste and optimised use of energy.

Volatile Solvent Use: Patterns by Gender and Ethnicity Among School Attenders and Dropouts

SUMMARY Differences in patterns of volatile solvent use were explored with special emphasis on use as related to school enrollment status. The sample included American Indian, Mexican-American and White American youth. Furthermore, three enrollment status categories were identified: dropout, academically at-risk (enrolled), and control. A self report survey was used to assess both level and intensity of volatile solvent use. Findings indicated that a higher proportion of the dropout cohort have used volatile solvents, used volatile solvents regularly, and used volatile solvents with more intensity than either the academically at-risk group or the control group. An interaction between gender and ethnicity was also revealed; American Indian females reported higher lifetime prevalence and thirty-day prevalence than did American Indian males, whereas for both the Mexican-American and White American samples, males report higher rates than females. Findings are discussed in terms of the influence of volatile so...

Protein antigen purification by preparative protein blotting

AbstractRecent reports have described procedures for recovering proteins from nitrocellulose membrane blots, either by dissolution of the membrane with acetone or dimethyl‐sulfoxide (DMSO) or by specific desorption of the immobilized proteins with acetonitrile or pyridine. In the current review, various procedures have been evaluated for the recovery of protein antigens from blots on nitrocellulose, Zeta Probe nylon, Immobilon, or glass fiber membranes. The results of this survey indicate that elution with appropriate concentrations of acetonitrile affects equally efficient desorption of proteins bound to nitrocellulose, Zeta Probe, or Immobilon membranes, while formic acid was effective in eluting proteins from glass fiber or Zeta Probe membranes. Although nitrocellulose blots could be dissolved in acetone or DMSO for antigen production, other membrane matrices were resistant to dissolution by organic solvents, except for Immobilon in DMSO. The use of volatile solvents permits the reconstitution of the isolated lyophilized protein into the buffer of choice with retained protein structure or biological activities (e. g. antigenicity). Nitrocellulose appeared to be most versatile for preparative protein blotting because it displays a protein binding capacity equivalent to other membranes, effectively retains a variety of large and small molecular weight proteins, and is compatible with reversible protein staining by Ponceau S.

Concurrent solvent evaporation for on‐line coupled HPLC‐HRGC

AbstractA technique is proposed which allows introduction of very large volumes of liquid (10 ml were tested) into capillary columns equipped with short (1–2 m long) retention gaps. It is based on concurrent solvent evaporation, i.e. evaporation of the solvent during introduction of the sample. The technique presupposes high carrier gas flow rates (at least during sample introduction) and column temperatures near the solvent boiling point. The major limitation of the method is the occurrence of peak broadening for solutes eluted up to 30°, in some cases up to 100°, above the injection temperature. This is due to the absence of solvent trapping and a reduced efficiency of phase soaking. Therefore, use of volatile solvents is often advantageous. Application of the concurrent solvent evaporation technique allows introduction of liquids which do not wet the retention gap surface. However, the method is still not very attractive for analysis of aqueous or water‐containing solutions (reversed phase HPLC).

The constitution of adhesives, and its relationship to solvent abuse.

1 An adhesive, in general, must be a liquid at the time of application, so that the adherends are wetted out, but must then solidify to enable development of adequate bond strength. The use of volatile solvent is only one way in which the solid ingredients can be converted to a liquid for application. 2 Only those adhesives containing solvents are capable of providing the narcotic effect desired by the 'sniffer'. 3 Solvents used in adhesives include highly volatile hydrocarbons, esters, ketones and chlorinated hydrocarbons. 4 Commonly available domestic materials other than solvent-borne adhesives contain such solvents, and are hence capable of misuse by 'sniffers'. Often such materials are of greater potential harm to the mis-user. 5 Aversive additives in solvent-borne adhesives have been found ineffective and also deter the bona fide user. 6 Aqueous substitutes for existing popular and safely-used solvent-borne adhesives have not found sufficient favour with the domestic adhesive user as to enable the manufacturers to replace the solvent-borne type in the market place. 7 Removal of solvent-borne adhesives from the market would not of itself solve the problem of solvent abuse because of the other solvent sources available. The remedy lies in the removal of the causes of such social misbehaviour, rather than in treatment of the symptoms.

More durable make‐up based on pigmented water‐in‐solvent emulsions

Synopsis The ideal make-up would be applied in the morning, stay on for the whole day with no noticeable deterioration in spite of heat, moisture and abrasion, and be removed easily at night with normal cleansers. Make-up items based upon pigmented oil-in-water emulsions have poor durability on the skin because the residual oil film is sensitive to body heat and abrasion, and the hydrophilic emulsifier system is sensitive to moisture. The use of volatile solvents in the oil phase together with the adoption of a water-in-oil emulsion system enables much more durable colour effects to be produced on the skin. Stability of the emulsion system is critical and depends on correct choice of emulsifiers, ratio of water to volatile solvent and pigment level. A significant improvement in emulsion stability and durability on the skin was obtained by the inclusion of a new type of aluminium acylate gel. Examples of this emulsion system which have been successfully developed include cream eyeshadow, and tinted foundation.