Urine Volume Excretion Research Articles

High dose of liraglutide impairs renal function in female hypertensive rats.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists exhibit beneficial cardiovascular effects. However, the renal effects of different doses of liraglutide in an essential hypertension model have not yet been investigated. SHR female rats were treated for 30 days, twice a day, with saline (control) or liraglutide at low (0.06 mg/kg, LL) and high (0.6 mg/kg, LH) doses. Volume intake and excretion were monitored for a period of 24h. In renal tissue, nitrite-NO2-, nitrate-NO3-, advanced protein oxidation products-AOPP, collagen deposition, creatinine (Cr), urea (U), sodium, and potassium were analyzed. liraglutide reduced body weight gain in both groups. However, in the high dose, it increased urinary volume excretion and sodium/potassium ratio. Both doses reduced the urinary U/Cr ratio and LH increased the serum U/Cr ratio. AOPP was reduced only in LL. LH augmented collagen and early markers of kidney injury (blood urea nitrogen-BUN, BUN/Cr). LH increased NO3-, reduced NO2-, and caused an aberrant increase in GFR. Both doses' effects were independent of blood pressure and glycemic control. liraglutide appears to have distinct effects on the hypertensive female kidney depending on the dose, with higher doses impairing kidney function.

Efficacy and Safety of Lemborexant for Insomnia Patients With Nocturia-A Prospective Study.

Nocturia is considered a clinical problem when nocturnal urinary frequency is two or more times. For affected patients, development of depression, falling, and increased mortality rate are matters of concern. The present study investigated the efficacy and safety of lemborexant for insomnia patients with nocturia. Insomnia patients (Athens Insomnia Scale [AIS] ≥ 6) who typically awoke twice or more during the night to urinate and were examined at our institutions from June 2021 to December 2022 were enrolled. Each was administrated 5 mg of lemborexant, one tablet, daily for 4 weeks. Total AIS score, nocturia frequency, individual frequency-volume chart findings, and N-QOL score were examined before and after administration. Of the 37 patients recruited, 5 were excluded, thus 32 were enrolled and subjected to analyses. Following lemborexant therapy, the mean AIS total score was significantly decreased from 11.4 to 7.8 (p < 0.01) as was mean number of nocturia episodes from 3.4 to 2.3 (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the mean single voided urine volume at night was significantly increased from 182.5 to 225.3 mL (p < 0.001)and mean period of undisturbed sleep was significantly extended from 105.3 to 174.8 min (p < 0.001), while mean total N-QOL score was significantly improved from 49.6% to 64.8% (p < 0.001). As for adverse events, mild somnolence was observed in three cases. Lemborexant may be effective and safe for use in insomniac patients with nocturia.

Protocolo diagnóstico de la poliuria

Polyuria is defined as a urinary excretion volume > 3 l/24h or > 40-50ml/kg/24h. It is essential to differentiate it from symptoms such as nocturia and pollakiuria that are related to urologic pathology. To guide the diagnosis it is important to differentiate whether it is an osmotic or aqueous polyuria. The most frequent cause of osmotic diuresis is decompensated diabetes mellitus. The main causes of aqueous polyuria are primary polydipsia (PP), vasopressin deficiency (AVP-D) and vasopressin resistance (AVP-R). Making an accurate diagnosis of the different causes of polyuria is essential because the therapeutic plan varies. Once aqueous polyuria is confirmed, the cause of the polyuria-polydipsia syndrome must be established. Currently, it is recommended to start the study with a basal copeptin measurement to differentiate AVP-D from AVP-R and to differentiate AVP-D from PP to measure stimulated copeptin after infusion of arginine or hypertonic saline.

Diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy of urinary bladder hydrodistension in patients with bladder pain syndrome

Background/Aim. Interstitial cystitis (IC)/bladder pain syndrome (BPS) is a condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the urinary bladder and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. The aim of this study was to assess hydrodistension as a diagnostic and treatment procedure in patients with BPS. Methods. This prospective study included 45 patients who underwent cystoscopy with hydrodistension. The mean values for 24-hr voiding frequency, maximal voided urine volume, average voided urine volume, and minimal voided urine volume originated from the frequency volume chart. The values were compared between the time before hydrodistension and one, three, and six months after that. Results. By comparing the initial data and data in all three follow-up periods (after 1, 3,and 6 months),the statistical significance (p &lt; 0.046) was found, and that: for 24-hr voiding frequency, it was 19.64 ? 3.56, 9.42 ? 1.71,9.58 ? 1.45,and 12.2 ? 2.79, respectively; then, for the minimal voided urine volume(p &lt; 0.03),it was59.11 ? 23.72 mL, 114.89 ? 4.09 mL, 112.44 ? 100.86 mL,and89.00 ? 29.45 mL, respectively; for an average voided volume(p &lt; 0.04),it was105.33 ? 18.29 mL, 186.89 ? 23.14 mL, 186.44 ? 21.44 mL, and 155.78 ? 30.78 mL, respectively. There was no significant statistical difference (p&lt;0.1) regarding the maximal voided urine volume between initial and follow-up intervaldata:196.89 ? 43.68mL, 312.89 ?54.59 mL, 316.00 ? 49.47 mL, 266.67 ? 53.17 mL, respectively. Conclusion. Our results demonstrate that hydrodistension is a reliable diagnostic and therapeutic procedure.

Effect of photobiomodulation on lower urinary tract dysfunction in rat cystitis model.

Photobiomodulation selectively controls the activity of the sensory nervous system associated with A-delta and C fibers. Hypersensitivity involving the afferent A-delta and C fibers occurs in cystitis and decreases urinary function. This study aimed to investigate the effect of photobiomodulation on urinary storage dysfunction and voiding functions in cystitis model rats. We prepared the rat cystitis model. Under anesthesia, a cannula was connected to the bladder via a ventral incision. 0.3% acetic acid or saline was injected into the bladder. Continuous cystometry was performed, measuring bladder pressure and voiding urine volume with rats freely mobile. Laser irradiation was applied to the L6 lumbosacral intervertebral foramen using an 830 nm laser. Residual urine was extracted post-cystometry. In the rat cystitis model groups, there was a significant decrease in the voiding interval and volume compared to the group receiving normal saline infusion. After sham or laser irradiation, only the group with laser irradiation showed a significant increase in voiding interval (217%, p = 0.0002) and voiding volume (192%, p = 0.0012) in the parameters of storage dysfunction. The basal pressure, intravesical pressure, and residual urine volume remained unchanged in all groups before and after irradiation. This study indicates that photobiomodulation may improve urine storage dysfunction without exacerbating voiding function in a rat model of cystitis. Thus, photobiomodulation may be a new treatment option for the hypersensitivity and detrusor overactivity caused by cystitis.

Diuretic Potential of Fenchyl Acetate with Its Mechanism of Action: Toxicity Study.

Hypertension has become a global threat and is one of the greatest risk factors for chronic kidney disease. Fenchyl acetate is a monoterpene that has been assessed for its various pharmacological activities in the past, but no study has evaluated its diuretic potential and the mechanism involved in the diuretic activity after prolonged administration in rats. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the safety and diuretic profile of fenchyl acetate in rats. For evaluating the acute toxicity, a single dose of 2000 mg/kg was administered as per the OECD guideline no. 425, and the rats were observed for 14 days. After 14 days, blood samples were assessed for biochemical, hematological, and oxidative stress parameters. For the acute diuretic study, fenchyl acetate was given in doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, and urine samples after 8 h were assessed for sodium, potassium, creatinine, uric acid excretion, and urinary output. A single dose of fenchyl acetate (F.A) was selected for prolonged diuretic activity, and furosemide was taken as the standard drug in a repeated dose administration for 7 days. Rats' urine was assessed for pH, sodium, potassium, creatinine, and uric acid excretion along with urinary volume excretion. Furthermore, blood was withdrawn by cardiac puncture, and selected organs like the heart, liver, kidney, and spleen were analyzed for oxidative stress biomarkers. Using pharmacological antagonists or inhibitors, the involvement of L-NAME, acetylcholine, or prostaglandin in F.A.-induced diuresis was determined. Mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme complexes were also assessed in the kidney homogenates. The acute toxicity results showed F.A to be safe as its LD50 was greater than 2000 mg/kg and there were no signs of mortality or toxicity. The acute diuretic study showed that F.A resulted in a significant and dose-dependent increase in sodium, potassium, creatinine, and uric acid excretion along with urinary output, and these results were comparable to the standard drug furosemide. Prolonged administration with F.A (400 mg/kg) resulted in a comparable excretion of sodium, potassium, creatinine, uric acid, and urine output with furosemide (15 mg/kg). The oxidative stress parameters revealed that F.A (400 mg/kg) resulted in reducing the formation of free radicals. The results from the mechanism-based studies showed the involvement of NO in inducing diuresis. Furthermore, F.A (400 mg/kg) significantly increased the mitochondrial complexes I, II, III, IV, I + III, and II + III in the kidney homogenates, thus restoring the mitochondrial enzymes and improving the renal function. The current study suggests that F.A is safe with a significant diuretic potential with the involvement of NO in its mechanism of action.

Diuretic activity of Sambucus nigraL. ssp. palmensis(Link) R. Bolli, an endemic Canary Islands species

o determine the diuretic activity of Sambucus nigraL. ssp. palmensis(Link) R. Bolli (SP). SP was evaluated in adult female Swiss mice. Urinary excretion volume was measured and the concentration of sodium, potassium, chloride, pH and specific conductance of 3 doses of aqueous extract (35.0, 52.2 and 70.0 mg kg-1) were determined. SP (70.0 mg kg-1) produced ahigher urinary excretion (6.41 mL) and diuretic index (15%) than hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) (6.27 mLand 12%, respectively). The saluretic index indicates a lower sodium excretion than HCTZ (13%) and inversely proportional to the dose (8% -5%). The same is observed for potassium excretion (0.0172-0.0162 mEq.K+/100 g/6 h), which achieves a lower value than the control group (0.0166 mEq.K+/100 g/6 h), suggesting potassium retention. These results support the use of this plant species as a diuretic in Canarian folk medicine.

Activating Blood Circulation, Anti-Inflammatory and Diuretic Effects of Leonurus japonicus Extract on a Rat Model of Trauma Blood Stasis and Its Phytochemical Profiling.

Leonurus japonicus Houtt. has been traditionally used to treat many ailments. This study evaluated the activating blood circulation, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic effects of L. japonicus extract (LJ) and identified its phytochemicals. In this work, the phytochemicals in LJ were identified using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Rats were randomly assigned to three groups (n=8): Control group was treated with saline, while the Model group (saline) and LJ group (426 mg/kg) had induced traumatic injury. All rats were treated with once by daily oral gavage for one week. The biochemical indices and protein expression were measured. Herein, 79 constituents were identified in LJ, which were effective in elevating body weight, food consumption, water intake, and urinary excretion volume, as well as in ameliorating traumatic muscle tissues in model rats. In addition, LJ prominently decreased the contents of plasma viscosity, platelet aggregation rate, thrombin time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, thromboxane B2 (TXB2), TXB2/6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), PAI-1/tissue-type PA (t-PA), and PAI-1/u-PA, while significantly increasing antithrombin III, 6-keto-PGF1α, and t-PA contents. Furthermore, LJ notably inhibited tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, angiotensin II, antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, aquaporin 1 (AQP1), AQP2, and AQP3 levels, and markedly elevating IL-10 and natriuretic peptide levels. Finally, LJ markedly reduced the protein expression of AQP1, AQP2, and AQP3 compared to the model group. Collectively, LJ possessed prominent activating blood circulation, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic effects, thus supporting the clinical application of L. japonicus.

Effects of &lt;i&gt;Ficus exasperata&lt;/i&gt; Root Bark Aqueous and Ethanolic 70 % Extracts on Urinary Excretion in Wistar Rat

The roots of Ficus exasperata Valh (Moraceae) are commonly used in traditional medicine to treat various pathologies including edema and arterial hypertension. Also, this study was conducted to assess the effects of two extracts of the root bark of this medicinal plant on urinary excretion in rats. To do this, 12 groups of 6 water-overloaded rats (50 ml/kg) were treated separately with 0.9% NaCl solution, FURO 5 mg/kg, FEae (15-100 mg/kg) and FEee (15-100 mg/kg). Excreted urine was collected at regular intervals of 2 h for 8 h to determine urinary excretion volume (UEV). Like furosemide, the two plant extracts (FEae and FEee) caused significant urinary excretion in water-overloaded rats. The most marked effect in terms of UEV was observed after the administration of FEae 15 mg/kg. At this dose, an EUV of 76 ± 0.21% and higher than that of FURO 5 mg/kg (59 ± 0.01%) was obtained 6 h after the treatment of the animals. These recorded EUV values were significantly higher at p than that of 0.9 % NaCl saline solution. Ficus exasperata root bark extracts induced significant increases in urinary excretion in Wistar rats. These results could justify the empirical use of this plant as a diuretic in the treatment of edema and hypertension. However, in order to better understand the physiological mechanisms underlying this action, additional studies must be carried out.

Diuretic Activities of Root Bark Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Parquetina nigrescens: I-Effects on Urinary Excretion in Wistar Rat

Background and objective: The root bark of Parquetina nigrescens is used in traditional medicine in the treatment of hypertension and edema for its diuretic properties. This study was conducted to examine the effects of this medicinal plant on the excreted urinary volume and contribute to scientific knowledge on its diuretic action. Methods: Water-overloaded rats were treated separately with increasing doses (5-70 mg/kg) of Parquetina nigrescens root bark aqueous and ethanolic 70 % extracts of and furosemide (FURO) at 5 mg/kg. Excreted urine was collected and measured. Results: Plant extracts caused increased urine excretion in rats. PNea 15 mg/kg and PNee 25 mg/kg were the most active doses. They caused an increase of volume of urine comparable to that induced by FURO 5 mg/kg. A very significant elimination of water overload at p &lt; 0.001 was observed. And the recorded values were 42.73 ± 0.26% (PNea 15 mg/kg), 45.39 ± 0.190% (PNee 25 mg/kg) and 73.6 ± 0.24% (FURO 5 mg/kg) against 29.73 ± 0.24% (Saline solution NaCl 0.9%). Conclusion and perspectives: Increase of urine volume excreted induced by the extracts partly confirms the diuretic virtue of Parquetina nigrescens justifying its empirical use to treat hypertension and edema. However, these results, on their own, do not make it possible to elucidate the mechanism underlying diuretic activity of this plant. Additional studies should be carried out for this purpose.&#x0D; Keywords: Diuretic activity, urinary excretion volume, Parquetina nigrescens, Furosemide

OVLT Lesion attenuates hypertension and polydipsia in 2‐kidney, 1‐clip hypertensive Rats

Hypertension (HTN) is a multifaceted condition that affects one‐third of the population of western countries. It is well established that renal ischemia results in secondary renovascular HTN. Experimental renovascular HTN is induced in rats by creating stenosis of the left renal artery, thereby decreasing perfusion pressure (2K1C‐HTN), leading to increased renin‐angiotensin system activity which may act centrally to increase arterial pressure, sympathetic nerve activity, and thirst. The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) is a circumventricular organ which is responsive to blood borne substances such as angiotensin II and has been implicated in the regulation of arterial pressure, sympathetic activity, and thirst. Previous studies have shown that OVLT lesion attenuates development of the DOCA‐model of hypertension, but does not modify the water intake (Collister et al., 2018). In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the OVLT is required for the development of 2K1C‐HTN as polydipsia is observed in this model. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats (n=3‐5/group) were randomly selected to receive either electrolytic lesion of the OVLT (OVLTx) or sham operation. After one week, they were instrumented with telemeters to measure mean arterial pressure (MAP). Two weeks after OVLTx, the left renal artery was stenosed by application of a silver clip. MAP was measured continuously for 6 weeks and, once a week, rats were housed in metabolic cages for 24 hours to measure water intake and urine volume. At the end of the protocol, MAP was significantly (p&lt;0.001) lower in OVLTx‐2K1C (134±8 mmHg) compared to sham lesion‐2K1C (163±6 mmHg) rats. In addition, water intake was significantly (p&lt;0.001) lower in OVLTx‐2K1C (42±2 ml/day) compared to sham lesion‐2K1C (73±2 ml/day) rats. Similarly, urinary volume excretion was reduced in OVLTx‐2K1C (25±2 ml/day) compared to sham lesion‐2K1C (52±5 ml/day) rats. We conclude that the integrity of OVLT is required for the development of 2K1C hypertension as well the polydipsia observed following renal artery stenosis.

Diuresis Activity of A Combination of Alang-Alang Rhyme Extract (Imperata cylindrical L.) and Cat's Whistle Leaves (Orthosiphon stamineus L.) in Male Mice (Mus musculus).

Diuretics are substances that can increase the rate of excretion of urine volume and indicate the amount of expenditure (loss) of solutes and water. The Alang-Alang rhizome and the Cat's Whiskers plant are one of the many plants that have many advantages and have been used for a long time in an effort to maintain health. This study aims to determine the combined activity of Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrical L.) Rhizome Extract and Kumis Leaf Extract. Cat (Orthosiphon stamineus L.) as a diuretic in mice (Mus musculus). The test animals were divided into 5 groups, each group consisted of 3 test animals. Group I was given a 1% w/v Na-CMC colloidal solution as a control. Groups II, III and IV were given a suspension of a combination of Alang-Alang rhizome extract and Kumis Kucing Leaf extract with each dose of 100 mg/Kg BW ratio (1 : 1), (1 : 2) and (2 : 1) as the treatment group. The highest to lowest diuretic activity sequentially with the average value being furosemide (3.67), combination (Alang-Alang rhizome: Daun Kumis Kucing) 2 : 1 (2.67), combination (Rimpang Alang-Alang: Daun Kumis Kucing) ) 1 : 2 (1,33), and a combination (Alang-Alang Rhizome: Cat's Whisker Leaf) 1 : 1 (1,33). The largest combination dose that gave an increase in urinary frequency was at a combination dose of 2: 1 (Rhimpang Alang-Alang: Daun Kumis Kucing) with an average value of 2.67.

DIURETICS EFFECT OF SALAK (Salacca zalacca) SEED EXTRACT TO KIDNEY HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE WISTAR MALE RATS (Rattus norvegicus)

Salak seed are used as natural diuretics, it's contain secondary metabolites i.e alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. Diuretics are compounds that can increase the rate of excretion of urine volume and increase the excretion of mineral salts in the urine. The study was to determine the diuretic effect of salak seed extract on the histopathological structure of the kidney. Salak seed extract was made by maceration method using 70% ethanol and then evaporated. Rats were divided into 4 treatment groups, negative control and 3 treatment groups with the administration of salak seed extract for 7 days orally at a dose of 0.28g/kg body weight, 0.56g/kg body weight and 1.12g/kg body weight. The results showed that the treatment of salak seed extract orally for 7 days could increase urine volume. The treatment of dose 1.12g/kg body weight had highest diuretic effect as indicated by the volume of urine produced 5.00 ml. The treatment salak seed extract had no effect on creatinine and urea levels. The all treatment doses of salak seed extract had no effect on the kidney histopathological structure, i.e it was not effect on glomerular diameter or did not cause atrophy of kidney glomerular.

Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Promotes Bladder Regeneration and Improves Overactive Bladder Induced by Ovarian Hormone Deficiency from Rat Animal Model to Human Clinical Trial.

Postmenopausal women with ovary hormone deficiency (OHD) are subject to overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms. The present study attempted to elucidate whether low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (LiESWT) alters bladder angiogenesis, decreases inflammatory response, and ameliorates bladder hyperactivity to influence bladder function in OHD-induced OAB in human clinical trial and rat model. The ovariectomized (OVX) for 12 months Sprague–Dawley rat model mimicking the physiological condition of menopause was utilized to induce OAB and assess the potential therapeutic mechanism of LiESWT (0.12 mJ/mm2, 300 pulses, and 3 pulses/second). The randomized, single-blinded clinical trial was enrolled 58 participants to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of LiESWT (0.25 mJ/mm2, 3000 pulses, 3 pulses/second) on postmenopausal women with OAB. The results revealed that 8 weeks’ LiESWT inhibited interstitial fibrosis, promoted cell proliferation, enhanced angiogenesis protein expression, and elevated the protein phosphorylation of ErK1/2, P38, and Akt, leading to decreased urinary frequency, nocturia, urgency, urgency incontinence, and post-voided residual urine volume, but increased voided urine volume and the maximal flow rate of postmenopausal participants. In conclusion, LiESWT attenuated inflammatory responses, increased angiogenesis, and promoted proliferation and differentiation, thereby improved OAB symptoms, thereafter promoting social activity and the quality of life of postmenopausal participants.

Effect of oxybutynin patch versus mirabegron on nocturia-related quality of life in female overactive bladder patients: A multicenter randomized trial.

To investigate the effect of oxybutynin patch versus β3-adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron on nocturia-related quality of life in female overactive bladder patients. In the present study, female overactive bladder patients were enrolled. The patients were randomly allocated into two groups: the oxybutynin patch group and the mirabegron group. Each of the drugs was given for 8weeks. The changes in the total Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire score were evaluated. Parameters on a frequency volume chart were also evaluated. In total, 100 patients (51 oxybutynin patch, 49 mirabegron) were treated with oxybutynin patch or mirabegron. The changes in the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire score 4weeks after administration were 3.8±18.6 and 8.7±13.1 with the oxybutynin patch group and the mirabegron group, respectively, which were significantly higher than those at the baseline. Furthermore, the changes in the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire score 8weeks after administration were 4.3±16.5 and 7.7±12.3, respectively. A statistical difference was seen only in the mirabegron group. Regarding the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire subscores, oxybutynin patch and mirabegron significantly improved the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire bother/concern subscore 4 and 8weeks after administration, whereas the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire sleep/energy subscore was not significantly improved in each period. Eight weeks after administration, 24-h frequency, 24-h urinary urgency and mean voided urine volume were improved in both groups statistically. The oxybutynin patch improves quality of life, focusing mainly on nocturia by improving the bother/concern subscores of the Nocturia Quality of Life Questionnaire in the short term.

The voiding pattern of aterm neonates

Introduction: The concept of voiding patterns in neonates had not been completely understood. The voiding pattern in neonates was physiologically different from that in older children. The brain's development affects voiding patterns in frequency, bladder volume, and post-void residual bladder volume, as the child keeps growing. This study aims to understand the physiological neonates' voiding system in Indonesian newborns.Materials and methods: We evaluate ten normal-born and 12 perinatology-hospitalized aterm neonates without anatomical or physiological urologic abnormalities at RSUP Haji Adam Malik from October to November 2019. We used an observational study, assessing the voiding physiology in newborns, including voiding frequency and urine volume. Infants with a history of urinary tract infection or present bacteriuria confirmed by urine culture were excluded. Voiding volume, frequency, bladder capacity, and residual volume were measured. Results: We collected a total of 22 patients, with 12 patients were perinatology-hospitalized and ten patients were healthy neonates with ten subjects were male, and 12 subjects were female. There was no correlation between voiding frequency and total voiding volume with perinatology-hospitalized, healthy neonates, and sex. (p&gt;0.05). Independent T-test was performed with a p-value for volume, frequency, bladder capacity, and residual volume of 0.225, 0.112, 0.031, and 0.663. We got a significant difference in bladder capacity between healthy neonates and perinatology-hospitalized. No significant differences were noted in other variables. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to determine the correlation between total voiding volume and age of gestation, body weight, length, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and chest circumference. The correlation coefficients were 0.772, 0.869, 0.623, 0.698, 0.079, 0.523 in order, with significant p-value in the age of gestation, body weight, length, head circumference, and chest circumference. There were correlations between total voiding volume and age of gestation, body weight, length, head circumference, and chest circumference. Conclusion: In conclusion, we found there was a significant difference in bladder capacity between healthy neonates and perinatology-hospitalized.

Diuretic Effect and Metabolomics Analysis of Crude and Salt-Processed Plantaginis Semen.

Plantaginis Semen (PS) is well recognized in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and health products. Crude PS (CPS) and salt-processed CPS (SPS) are the two most commonly used decoction pieces of PS, and are included in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Although they all have multiple effects, the mechanisms for treating diseases are different and remain unclear, the processing mechanism of SPS is also indeterminate, which hinders their clinical application to a certain extent. In order to solve these problems and further develop PS in the clinical application. Here, we used saline-loaded model rats for experiments, and utilized an integrated approach consisting of pharmacological methods and metabolomics, which could assess the diuretic impact of CPS and SPS ethanol extracts on saline-loaded rats and elucidate the underlying mechanism. The results showed that CPS and SPS both produced increased urine volume excretion and urine electrolyte excretion, but the levels of aldosterone (ALD) and aquaporin 2 (AQP2) were decreased. And 30 differential metabolites such as linoleic acid, lysoPC(O-18:0), sphingosine-1-phosphate, lysoPC(18:0) were found, mainly involving three metabolic pathways. In conclusion, CPS and SPS both have a diuretic effect, and that of SPS is better. This work investigated the possible diuretic mechanisms of CPS and SPS which may also be the mechanism of PS for anti-hypertension. In addition, a holistic approach provided novel and helpful insights into the underlying processing mechanisms of TCM.

Short Term Outcome of Dorsal Onlay Buccal Mucosa Graft for the Management of Bulbar Urethral Stricture

Objective: To assess the success of buccal mucosal graft (BMG) urethroplasty by the dorsal onlay technique in long anterior urethral stricture (&gt; 2 cm long). Method: This prospective interventional study was conducted in the Department of Urology, National Institute of Kidney Diseases and Urology, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka from January 2016 to December 2017 over a period of two years. Thirty three patients with primary and recurrent stricture of anterior urethra involving the bulbar urethra scheduled for single buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty were included in this study. Written consent was taken from each patient. Patients with stricture at posterior urethra or at distal penile urethra or stricture length &lt;2 cm or above 6 cm were excluded from this study. Urethral malignancy cases were also excluded. All the patients were treated with dorsal onlay BMG urethroplasty. Results: Maximum patients were more than 40 years old. Mean age was 44.42 ± 7.43 years. Maximum patients had stricture more than 3 cm long. Mean length of stricture was 3.14 ± 0.65 cm. Cause of stricture was inflammatory (42.4%), idiopathic (27.3%), traumatic (21.2%) and iatrogenic (9.1%). Regarding clinical presentation, Poor urinary stream was found in 30 (90.9%) patients, urethral discharge in 12 (36.4%) patients, LUTS in 25 (75.8) patients and acute urinary retention in 9 (27.3) patients. Baseline peak urinary flow rate was 9.59 ± 1.68 ml/s. Peak urinary flow rate after 3 months of operation was 16.50 ± 2.19 ml/s and after 6 months of operation was 18.33 ± 4.40 ml/s. Post operative voided urine volume after 3 months of operation was 253.21 ± 41.22 ml and after 6 months of operation was 301.21 ± 50.38 ml. UTI was 3 (9.09) after 3 months and 5 (15.15) after 6 months of operation. Recurrence of stricture was 3 (9.09) after 3 months and 4 (12.12) after 6 months of operation. Urethra was seen narrow in 4 (12.12%) cases after 3 months and 6 (18.18%) cases after 6 months of operation. Regarding complications, Bleeding was in 4 (12.12%) cases, dribbling of urine in 5 (15.15%) cases, wound infection in 2 (6.06%) cases and 3 (9.09%) cases. Conclusion: Dorsal onlay BMG urethroplasty seems as an effective method for the management of long anterior urethral strictures. Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 22, No. 1, January 2019 p.15-19

Correlation of international prostate symptom score and uroflowmetry in evaluation of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Background: Uroflowmetry is a simple non-invasive technique in evaluating patients presenting with Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), to assess voiding patterns, maximum urinary flow (Qmax), average urinary flow (Qave) and voided urine volume. Uroflowmetry is considered mandatory prior to surgical intervention in diagnosis and assessment of men with LUTS. Correlating the International prostrate symptom score (IPSS) with that of uroflowmetry results will allow a better diagnosis and help in determining more appropriate modality of treatment. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to correlate IPSS and the findings of uroflowmetry in evaluation of Benign prostrate hypertrophy (BPH).Methods: This was a prospective study of 50 patients presenting with LUTS diagnosed with BPH. Patient’s symptoms were initially evaluated by administering a pre-treatment IPSS/Quality of Life Score (QoL) and uroflowmetry. All patients underwent Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). A post TURP IPSS/QoL score assessment and uroflowmetry was done. Pre-operative IPSS and uroflowmetry results were correlated using spearman’s correlation coefficient. Outcome of IPSS and uroflowmetry following TURP was assessed in terms of percentage improvement.Results: Statistically significant correlation (p&lt;0.05) was seen between IPSS and uroflowmetry results. No correlation was found between prostate volume and IPSS. Significant improvement in symptom severity (IPSS score) and uroflowmetry results was observed in post TURP patients.Conclusion: IPSS is a valuable tool in the evaluation and grading of LUTS. Correlating both IPSS and uroflowmetry results will help in better diagnosis and management of patients. It can also be concluded that IPSS and uroflowmetry can be used for evaluation and monitoring patients following prostate surgery.

Evaluation of the Short Term Outcome of Unilateral Urethral Mobilization Compared to Circumferential Urethral Mobilization for the Management of Bulbar Urethral Stricture

Objective: To evaluate and compare the outcome of buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty of unilateral and circumferential urethral mobilization for the management of bulbar urethral stricture. Methods: Seventy patients having bulbar urethral strictures admitted in the Department of Urology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka between January 2010 to December 2011. Patients were divided into two groups. Group-I, underwent unilateral urethral mobilization, and Group-II, underwent circumferential urethral mobilization for buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty. All patients were followed up at least six months. The statistics used to analyze the data were descriptive statistics, and p value &lt;0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Mean±SD of age in Group-II and Group-I were 41.1±9.2 and 37.4±8.2 years respectively. All the baseline findings were identically distributed between the groups. Comparison of outcome at month 3 showed that peak urinary flow rate increased from their baseline figures, but the increase was significantly more in the unilateral group than that in the circumferential group (21.2±1.2 vs. 18.9±2.0 Qmax, p =&lt; 0.001). After 6 months, evaluation showed that the peak urinary flow rate significantly higher in Group-I, than that in Group-II, (24.2±2.9 vs. 21.9 ± 3.3, p &lt; 0.001). The voided urine volume was also significantly higher in Group-I, than that in Group-II (330.8±50.1 vs. 294.5±46.1 ml, p = 0.004). Consequently, PVR was lower in the former group than that in the latter group (11.6±3.3 vs. 14.1±2.9 ml, p = 0.002). Complications in unilateral urethral mobilization had a significantly lower (20%) than that of circumferential urethral mobilization(45.71%) (p=0.024). Conclusion: Buccal mucosa grafting is a versatile and effective treatment for the anterior urethral stricture, and the outcome is excellent following unilateral urethral mobilization in experienced hands. Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 19, No. 1, Jan 2016 p.32-37