Performance Of Visual Inspection Research Articles

Performance of visual inspection, partial genotyping, and their combination for the triage of women living with HIV who are screen positive for human papillomavirus: Results from the AIMA-CC ANRS 12375 multicentric screening study.

The WHO recommends the use of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing for primary cervical cancer (CC) screening because of its high sensitivity. However, triage is desirable to correctly identify HPV+ women who have high-grade lesions (CIN2+) and require treatment. The ANRS-12375 study was conducted in Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso and Cambodia to assess the performance, feasibility and benefits of different triage options for detecting CIN2+ lesions: partial (HPV16 and HPV16/18/45) and extended genotyping, visual inspection (VIA) alone and VIA combined with partial genotyping. VIA was performed by gynecologists. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic likelihood ratio (DLR) of each triage option for detecting CIN2+ lesions with histology as a reference standard were calculated. Of the 2253 women living with HIV (WLHIV) included, 932 (41%) were HPV+. A CIN2+ lesion was identified in 105 (13%) of the 777 participants with histopathology results. The sensitivity of VIA as a triage test for CIN2+ patients was 89%, while that for extended genotyping was 89%, that for HPV16/18/45 partial genotyping was 51%, and that for HPV16 partial genotyping was 36%. The specificities for these tests were 45%, 29%, 72%., and 85%, respectively. Combining VIA and/or partial genotyping positivity slightly increased the sensitivity (94%) at the cost of lower specificity (28%). There was significant intersite heterogeneity (p = .04). Among the three triage tests with a sensitivity ≥85%, the VIA had the highest specificity and positive likelihood ratio (p < .001). VIA and extended genotyping, whether independent or combined, are good triage options with high sensitivity for identifying WLHIV needing treatment for CIN2+.

End-to-end solution for automatic beverage stock detection in supermarkets based on image processing and convolutional neural networks

This study addresses the challenge of detecting and identifying stock shortages in large warehouses through an advanced algorithm that integrates image processing and artificial intelligence techniques. Presently, many companies contend with the limitations of manual inventory management, such as susceptibility to errors, slow inventory actualizations, and consequent adverse economic effects. In contrast to solutions based on robotics, the proposed approach continuously monitors shelves throughout warehouse aisles using several fixed cameras, each connected to a single-board computer that processes the acquired images, identifies stock levels using deep learning, and updates a centralized database with stock analysis results. The algorithmic process begins with an image validation step based on a convolutional neural network to ensure obstacle-free images of the shelves. Subsequently, an application-specific YOLOv2 detector trained via transfer learning identifies product types captured in the images and estimates their stock levels. The proposed solution not only reduces the need for manual intervention and operational costs but also drastically enhances inventory supervision efficiency. The fully implemented system achieves an average accuracy of over 98 %, surpassing the human visual inspection performance. The proposed solution also incorporates the aspect of user-friendliness through a developed mobile application. This application connects to the centralized database, allowing inventory supervisors to receive alerts when the stock of a product falls below a user-configured threshold. This technological integration within a centralized system signifies a substantial advancement in inventory management, offering prompt responses to product scarcity situations and optimizing warehouse operational efficiency.

Time on task and task load in visual inspection: A four-month field study with X-ray baggage screeners

Previous studies suggest that performance in visual inspection and typical vigilance tasks depend on time on task and task load. European regulation mandates that security officers (screeners) take a break or change tasks after 20 min of X-ray baggage screening. However, longer screening durations could reduce staffing challenges. We investigated the effects of time on task and task load on visual inspection performance in a four-month field study with screeners. At an international airport, 22 screeners inspected X-ray images of cabin baggage for up to 60 min, while a control group (N = 19) screened for 20 min. Hit rate remained stable for low and average task loads. However, when the task load was high, the screeners compensated by speeding up X-ray image inspection at the expense of the hit rate over time on task. Our results support the dynamic-allocation resource theory. Moreover, extending the permitted screening duration to 30 or 40 min should be considered.

Performance of screening tools for cervical neoplasia among women in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

To evaluate the performance of visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) testing, visual inspection with Lugol's iodine (VILI), primary HPV testing, and conventional Pap smear in detecting CIN2+ among non-pregnant women aged 30-65 in LMICs between 1990 and 2020. Systematic review and meta-analysis. Low- and middle-income countries, non-pregnant women aged 30-65. CENTRAL (Cochrane Library), CINAHL, Embase, Global Health, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched to identify studies evaluating the performance of cervical cancer screening methods in LMICs. A diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the performance of 4 screening methods in detecting CIN2+ relative to biopsy or cytology reference standards. Pooled statistics for sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratios, and summary receiver operating characteristic curves were determined for each method. Subgroup analyses were performed to examine whether there was variation in performance based on different reference standards for defining CIN2+, specifically: colposcopy-directed biopsy, biopsy alone, colposcopy alone, or liquid-based cytology. Eighteen studies were identified through systematic review. Twelve studies were included in meta-analysis; 11 were cross-sectional and 1 was a randomized controlled clinical trial. The remaining six of the eighteen studies were inclided in a narrative syntehsis. Pooled estimates for sensitivity for VIA, VILI, primary HPV testing, and conventional Pap smear were 72.3%, 64.5%, 79.5%, and 60.2%, respectively; pooled estimates for specificity were 74.5%, 68.5%, 72.6%, and 97.4%, respectively; the diagnostic odds ratios were 7.31, 3.73, 10.42, 69.48, respectively; and the area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.766, 0.647, 0.959, and 0.818, respectively. Performance of the screening method varied based on the reference standard used; pooled estimates using either colposcopy-directed biopsy or biopsy alone as the reference standard generally reported lower estimates; pooled estimates using either colposcopy alone or liquid-based cytology as references reported higher estimates. This meta-analysis found primary HPV testing to be the highest performing cervical cancer screening method in accurately identifying or excluding CIN2+. Further evaluation of performance at different CIN thresholds is warranted.

Real-World Experience of AI-Assisted Endocytoscopy Using EndoBRAIN—An Observational Study from a Tertiary Care Center

Abstract Background and Aims Precise optical diagnosis of colorectal polyps could improve the cost-effectiveness of colonoscopy and reduce polypectomy-related complications. We conducted this study to estimate the diagnostic performance of visual inspection alone (WLI + NBI) and of EndoBRAIN (endocytoscopy-computer-aided diagnosis [EC-CAD]) in identifying a lesion as neoplastic or nonneoplastic using EC in real-world scenario. Methods In this observational, prospective, pilot study, a total of 55 polyps were studied in the patients aged more than or equal to 18 years. EndoBRAIN is an artificial intelligence (AI)-based system that analyzes cell nuclei, crypt structure, and vessel pattern in differentiating neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesion in real-time. Endoscopist assessed polyps using white light imaging (WLI), narrow band imaging (NBI) initially followed by assessment using EC with NBI and EC with methylene blue staining. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of endoscopist and EndoBRAIN in identifying the neoplastic from nonneoplastic polyp was compared using histopathology as gold-standard. Results A total of 55 polyps were studied, in which most of them were diminutive (36/55) and located in rectum (21/55). The image acquisition rate was 78% (43/55) and histopathology of the majority was identified to be hyperplastic (20/43) and low-grade adenoma (16/43). EndoBRAIN identified colonic polyps with 100% sensitivity, 81.82% specificity (95% confidence interval [CI], 59.7–94.8%), 90.7% accuracy (95% CI, 77.86–97.41%), 84% positive predictive value (95% CI, 68.4–92.72%), and 100% negative predictive value. The sensitivity and negative predictive value were significantly greater than visual inspection of endoscopist. The diagnostic accuracy seems to be superior; however, it did not reach statistical significance. Specificity and positive predictive value were similar in both groups. Conclusion Optical diagnosis using EC and EC-CAD has a potential role in predicting the histopathological diagnosis. The diagnostic performance of CAD seems to be better than endoscopist using EC for predicting neoplastic lesions.

Performance of visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid (VIA) for triage of HPV screen-positive women: results from the ESTAMPA study.

VIA is recommended for triage of HPV-positive women attending cervical screening. In the multicentric ESTAMPA study, VIA performance for detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse (CIN3+) among HPV-positive women was evaluated. Women aged 30-64 years were screened with HPV testing and cytology and referred to colposcopy if either test was positive. At colposcopy visit, study-trained midwives/nurses/GPs performed VIA ahead of colposcopy. VIA was considered positive if acetowhite lesions were observed in or close to the transformation zone. Ablative treatment eligibility was assessed for VIA positives. Performance indicators were estimated. Three thousand one hundred and forty-two HPV-positive women were included. Sensitivity for CIN3+ was 85.9% (95% CI 81.2-89.5) among women <50 years and, although not significant, slightly lower in women 50+ (78.0%, 95% CI 65.9-86.6). Overall specificity was 58.6% (95% CI 56.7-60.5) and was significantly higher among women 50+ (70.3%, 95% CI 66.8-73.5) compared to women <50 (54.3%, 95% CI 52.1-56.5). VIA positivity was lower among women 50+ (35.2%, 95% CI 31.9-38.6) compared to women <50 (53.2, 95% CI 51.1-55.2). Overall eligibility for ablative treatment was 74.5% and did not differ by age. VIA sensitivity, specificity, and positivity, and ablative treatment eligibility varied highly by provider (ranges: 25%-95.4%, 44.9%-94.4%, 8.2%-65.3%, 0%-98.7%, respectively). VIA sensitivity for cervical precancer detection among HPV-positive women performed by trained providers was high with an important reduction in referral rates. However, scaling-up HPV screening triaged by VIA will be challenging due to the high variability of VIA performance and providers' need for training and supervision.

Evaluation of a Fully Automatic Deep Learning-Based Method for the Measurement of Psoas Muscle Area.

BackgroundManual muscle mass assessment based on Computed Tomography (CT) scans is recognized as a good marker for malnutrition, sarcopenia, and adverse outcomes. However, manual muscle mass analysis is cumbersome and time consuming. An accurate fully automated method is needed. In this study, we evaluate if manual psoas annotation can be substituted by a fully automatic deep learning-based method.MethodsThis study included a cohort of 583 patients with severe aortic valve stenosis planned to undergo Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR). Psoas muscle area was annotated manually on the CT scan at the height of lumbar vertebra 3 (L3). The deep learning-based method mimics this approach by first determining the L3 level and subsequently segmenting the psoas at that level. The fully automatic approach was evaluated as well as segmentation and slice selection, using average bias 95% limits of agreement, Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and within-subject Coefficient of Variation (CV). To evaluate performance of the slice selection visual inspection was performed. To evaluate segmentation Dice index was computed between the manual and automatic segmentations (0 = no overlap, 1 = perfect overlap).ResultsIncluded patients had a mean age of 81 ± 6 and 45% was female. The fully automatic method showed a bias and limits of agreement of −0.69 [−6.60 to 5.23] cm2, an ICC of 0.78 [95% CI: 0.74–0.82] and a within-subject CV of 11.2% [95% CI: 10.2–12.2]. For slice selection, 84% of the selections were on the same vertebra between methods, bias and limits of agreement was 3.4 [−24.5 to 31.4] mm. The Dice index for segmentation was 0.93 ± 0.04, bias and limits of agreement was −0.55 [1.71–2.80] cm2.ConclusionFully automatic assessment of psoas muscle area demonstrates accurate performance at the L3 level in CT images. It is a reliable tool that offers great opportunities for analysis in large scale studies and in clinical applications.

Screening for Early Detection of Cervical Cancer in Women Living with HIV in Mumbai, India - Retrospective Cohort Study from a Tertiary Cancer Center

Abstract Introduction Women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of persistent human papillomavirus infection (HPV) of developing cervical cancer precursors and are, therefore, considered at higher risk for cervical cancer. Despite the higher risk, screening for cervical cancer is extremely low among HIV-positive women in India. Objectives Given the limited usefulness of cytology-based screening programs, the current study retrospectively evaluated the comparative performance of visual inspection with 5% acetic acid (VIA), conventional cytology, and human papillomavirus (HPV) testing among HIV-positive women attending the cancer screening clinic at the tertiary cancer center. Materials and Methods Retrospective analysis of 291 HIV-positive women attending cervical cancer screening services in a tertiary cancer center in Mumbai was undertaken. All underwent simultaneous screening with VIA, Pap cytology, and HPV DNA testing, followed by diagnostic colposcopy and histopathology. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) to detect cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2/3 on histology were estimated. Results The screen positivity rate for cervical cancer screening by VIA, high-risk HPV DNA, and Pap cytology was 35.7, 34.4, and 6.2% respectively. At the CIN2+ disease threshold, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV estimates were 80.00% (59.30–93.17), 68.42% (62.46–73.96), 19.23% (15.46–23.67), 97.33% (94.30–98.77) for VIA; 80.00% (68.78–97.45), 70.68% (64.81–76.08), 22.00% (18.22–26.32), 98.43% (95.58–99.45) for HPV DNA; and 64.00% (42.52–82.03), 98.12% (95.67–99.39), 76.19% (56.13–88.89), 96.67% (94.50–98.00) for cytology (HSIL cutoff). Conclusion The diagnostic performance of VIA and HPV DNA was comparable and better than cytology indicating that VIA as a cost-effective cervical cancer screening test can be incorporated within the services under sexually transmitted diseases /HIV testing and counseling centers within the country.

Performance of visual Inspection With Acetic Acid for Cervical Cancer Screening as Compared to Human papillomavirus Deoxyribonucleic acid Testing Among Women With HIV in Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-sectional Study.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of visual inspection with acetic acid compared with Human papillomavirus Deoxyribonucleic acid (HPV DNA) testing among women with HIV in Ethiopia.MethodsA comparative cross-sectional study was conducted to address the aforementioned objective. Data were collected from January to October 2021, to compare the performance of these two screening modalities. Trained clinicians collected cervical specimens and immediately applied acetic acid for visual inspection. The HPV DNA testing was done using Abbott m2000rt/SP by trained laboratory professionals in accredited laboratories. A total of 578 women with HIV aged 25-49 years were included.ResultsTest positivity was 8.9% using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and 23.3% using HPV DNA test. The sensitivity and specificity of the VIA test were 19.2% and 95.1%, respectively. The strength of agreement between the two screening methods was poor (k = .184). The burden of genetic distribution of high risk HPV16 was 6.1%, and HPV18 was 1.1%. Other high risk HPV types (ie non-HPV 16/18 high risk HPV genotypes) were predominant in this study (18.6%).ConclusionThe higher positivity result using HPV DNA testing compared with VIA, and low sensitivity of VIA are indicating that the implementation of HPV DNA testing as the primary screening strategy is likely to reduce cervical cancer cases and deaths of women in the country.

Detection improvement of gliomas in hyperspectral imaging of protoporphyrin IX fluorescence – in vitro comparison of visual identification and machine thresholds

Background5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) – precursor of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) – is utilized in fluorescence guided surgery (FGS) of high-grade gliomas. PpIX is used to identify traces of glioma during resection. Visual inspection of the fluorescence seems inaccurate in comparison to optic techniques such as hyperspectral imaging (HSI). AimTo characterize the limits of PpIX fluorescence detection of (i) visual evaluation and (ii) HSI analysis and to (iii) develop a classification system for visible and non-visible PpIX fluorescence. MethodsSamples with increasing concentrations (C) of PpIX and non-fluorescent controls were evaluated using a surgical microscope under blue light illumination. Similar samples were imaged with a HSI system tuned to PpIX fluorescence peak wavelength (635 nm) and control (RGB) channels. Samples’ intensities were defined, leading to 96 analysed pixels after batching. ResultsThree expert neurosurgeons assessed the PpIX samples (n = 16) and controls (n = 8) with unanimous decisions (ICC = 0.704), resulting in 63% recognition rate, 48% sensitivity, 92% specificity, 92% positive predictive value (PPV) and 47% negative predictive value (NPV). HSI image analysis, comparing mean relative values, resulted in 96%, 100%, 86%, 94%, 100%, respectively. Minimum PpIX concentration detection for experts was 0.6–1.8 μmol/l and HSI's 0.03–0.15 μmol/l. ConclusionsPpIX concentrations of low-grade gliomas, and those reported on glioblastoma infiltration zones, are below experts’ detection threshold. HSI analysis exceeds the performance of expert's visual inspection nearly by 20-fold. Hybrid FGS-HSI systems should be investigated in parallel to long-term outcomes. Described methods are applicable as a standard for calibration, testing and development of subvisual FGS techniques.

Comparison of Visual and Visual–Tactile Inspection of Aircraft Engine Blades

Background—In aircraft engine maintenance, the majority of parts, including engine blades, are inspected visually for any damage to ensure a safe operation. While this process is called visual inspection, there are other human senses encompassed in this process such as tactile perception. Thus, there is a need to better understand the effect of the tactile component on visual inspection performance and whether this effect is consistent for different defect types and expertise groups. Method—This study comprised three experiments, each designed to test different levels of visual and tactile abilities. In each experiment, six industry practitioners of three expertise groups inspected the same sample of N = 26 blades. A two-week interval was allowed between the experiments. Inspection performance was measured in terms of inspection accuracy, inspection time, and defect classification accuracy. Results—The results showed that unrestrained vision and the addition of tactile perception led to higher inspection accuracies of 76.9% and 84.0%, respectively, compared to screen-based inspection with 70.5% accuracy. An improvement was also noted in classification accuracy, as 39.1%, 67.5%, and 79.4% of defects were correctly classified in screen-based, full vision and visual–tactile inspection, respectively. The shortest inspection time was measured for screen-based inspection (18.134 s) followed by visual–tactile (22.140 s) and full vision (25.064 s). Dents benefited the most from the tactile sense, while the false positive rate remained unchanged across all experiments. Nicks and dents were the most difficult to detect and classify and were often confused by operators. Conclusions—Visual inspection in combination with tactile perception led to better performance in inspecting engine blades than visual inspection alone. This has implications for industrial training programmes for fault detection.

What diagnostic strategy performs better for caries lesion detection on proximal surfaces of adolescents?

To evaluate the performance of visual inspection alone and associated to radiographic and laser fluorescence (LF) methods in detecting non-evident caries lesions at adolescents' proximal surfaces. Adolescents (12 to 17years old) were assessed for the presence of caries lesions through visual inspection, radiographic examination, and LF method (DIAGNOdent pen), at non-cavitated (NC) and cavitated lesion (CAV) thresholds. Temporary separation with orthodontic rubbers followed by direct visual inspection was the reference standard method. Two examiners conducted the examinations, and the first examiner reassessed around 20% of the sample, to evaluate inter- and intra-examiner reproducibility, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and utility values were calculated for the methods alone and combined with visual inspection using two different strategies: simultaneous and sequential combination. A total of 834 proximal surfaces (51 adolescents) were included. Visual inspection presented higher reproducibility values (higher than 0.98). Moreover, visual inspection presented higher sensitivity (around 0.51) than those obtained with other diagnostic strategies (varying from 0.09 to 0.20) at the NC threshold. For CAV, visual inspection presented higher specificity (0.996) than the sequential association with adjunct methods (around 0.97), but with lower sensitivity. Accuracy and utility values for combined strategies were similar or lower than those achieved with the visual inspection performed alone. Visual inspection alone performs better for detecting caries lesions in premolars and molars of adolescents than other diagnostic strategies. The best diagnostic strategy for caries detection of proximal caries lesions in adolescents is the visual inspection alone.

Performance of Dental Undergraduate Students using International Caries Detection and Assessment system (ICDAS)

Objectives: This study aimed to assess intra- and inter-examiner reliability of International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and modified epidemiology ICDAS (MOD) code by undergraduate dental students with different clinical experiences. Methods: A total of 150 dental undergraduate students with varying clinical experiences (0, 1 and 2 years of clinical experience) were recruited. Participants received training through a theoretical lecture on ICDAS criteria by an experienced National Benchmark Group (NBG) examiner and underwent e-learning program prior to ICDAS calibration. Visual examination on extracted permanent teeth (N= 45) with different location and stages of caries progression ranging from ICDAS scores 0 to 6, was performed using the ICDAS criteria. The assessments were repeated after one hour. The data were analysed to evaluate inter-examiner and intra-examiner reliability in the form of kappa scores using SPSS 23 Software. Results: Mean kappa values for intra- and inter-examiner reliability for ICDAS code, were between 0.41 to 0.60, and 0.61 to 0.80 respectively. For MOD code, mean kappa values for intra- and inter-examiner reliability were between 0.61 to 0.80. Good intra-examiner agreement (&gt;0.61) was observed in both ICDAS and MOD code for all groups. Conclusion: All students performed similar agreement, therefore, clinical experience within 2 years does not influence the performance of visual inspection in detecting caries using ICDAS. The results of the study shows that ICDAS and modified epidemiology ICDAS codes has good reproducibility and is feasible to be used as a tool in clinical practice as well as patient education.

Clinical Performance of Human Papillomavirus Testing and Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid in Primary, Combination, and Sequential Cervical Cancer Screening in China.

World Health Organization guidelines recommend screening with human papillomavirus (HPV) testing followed by either treatment of all HPV-positives, or by visual inspection (VIA) for triage to treatment, citing insufficient evidence to recommend either strategy over the other. We assessed VIA and HPV testing individually, in combination (HPV-VIA cotesting), and as triage models. Three thousand women were screened in Inner Mongolia, China, concurrently with HPV testing and VIA in a real population setting. Screen-positive women underwent colposcopy, and biopsy, if indicated. Accuracy of screening algorithms for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or higher (CIN-2+) was calculated after controlling for verification bias. HPV testing followed by VIA triage for CIN-2+ detection was compared with Hybrid Capture 2 viral loads triage, measured in relative light units/cutoff. CIN-2+ prevalence was 1.0%. Corrected sensitivity, false negative rate, and specificity for CIN-2+, respectively, for primary HPV testing were 89.7%, 10.3%, and 83.3%; 44.8%, 55.2%, and 92·3% for VIA; 93.1%, 6.9%, and 80.2% for HPV-VIA cotesting; and 41.4%, 58.6, and 95.4% for HPV with VIA triage scenarios. Using relative light units/cutoff of 5 or greater to triage HPV-positive women had twice the sensitivity as VIA triage, with comparable specificity for CIN-2+. When VIA performs relatively poorly and HPV testing is available, adding VIA to sequential (ie, HPV followed by VIA triage) or primary (HPV-VIA cotesting) screening does not significantly improve CIN-2+ detection beyond primary HPV screening alone. Sequential screening (ie, HPV followed by VIA triage) reduces sensitivity too low for population-based screening programs. The HPV viral loads could offer an alternative low-resource country triage strategy.

Occlusal Caries Detection and Diagnosis Using Visual ICDAS Criteria, Laser Fluorescence Measurements, and Near-Infrared Light Transillumination Images

Objective: Current diagnostic tools for non-cavitated occlusal caries are not very reliable. For this reason, newer systems need to be developed. The aim of this study was to compare the performance of visual inspection (ICDAS-II), laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent pen), and the near-infrared transillumination technique (DIAGNOcam) in the detection of non-cavitated occlusal caries lesions under clinical and laboratory conditions in 90 third molar teeth planned for extraction. Materials and Methods:Ninety third molar teeth were firstly examined in clinical conditions, scored according to ICDAS-II criteria, and examined with DIAGNOdent pen and DIAGNOcam devices. After finishing the clinical examination, the teeth were re-evaluated shortly after the extractions with the same methods. Then, the teeth were sectioned for histological validation according to Downer’s criteria. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated based on the histological results. Results: For the D₀–D_1–4 threshold, the area under the ROC curve values ranged between 0.754 and 0.881 for all systems. Sensitivity values ranged between 80.5 and 96.1%, and specificity values ranged between 61.5 and 84.6% for the three caries detection methods. DIAGNOcam had the best correlation value (0.616) according to histological observations and demonstrated a sensitivity rate of 96.1%, a specificity rate of 61.5%, and an accuracy rate of 91.1%. Conclusions: DIAGNOcam was found to be the most effective method for the diagnosis of occlusal caries without cavitation in permanent molar teeth.

Hippocampal volumetric integrity in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: A fast novel method for analysis of structural MRI

ObjectiveWe investigate whether a rapid and novel automated MRI processing technique for assessing hippocampal volumetric integrity (HVI) can be used to identify hippocampal sclerosis (HS) in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) and determine its performance relative to hippocampal volumetry (HV) and visual inspection. MethodsWe applied the HVI technique to T1-weighted brain images from healthy control (n = 35), mTLE (n = 29), non-HS temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE, n = 44), and extratemporal focal epilepsy (EXTLE, n = 25) subjects imaged using a standardized epilepsy research imaging protocol and on non-standardized clinically acquired images from mTLE subjects (n = 40) to investigate if the technique is translatable to clinical practice. Performance of HVI, HV, and visual inspection was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. ResultsmTLE patients from both research and clinical groups had significantly reduced ipsilateral HVI relative to controls (effect size: -0.053, 5.62%, p = 0.002 using a standardized research imaging protocol). For lateralizing mTLE, HVI had a sensitivity of 88% compared with a HV sensitivity of 92% when using specificity equal to 70%. ConclusionsThe novel HVI approach can effectively detect HS in clinical populations, with an average image processing time of less than a minute. The fast processing speed suggests this technique could have utility as a quantitative tool to assist with imaging-based diagnosis and lateralization of HS in a clinical setting.

Effects of magnification modes and location cues on visual inspection performance.

Image magnification often results in disorientation through loss of orientation and location during inspection. This study investigated the effects of three different magnification modes viz. full screen, circular, and fixed-area on visual inspection performance. Also, to improve participants’ global orientation with respect to the original product, location cues in the form of halftone landmarks were introduced as a job aid and their effectiveness on inspection performance was examined. Twenty-eight undergraduates participated in the experiment. Significant magnification mode effect was found, but the location cue effect was found non-significant. The results suggested that the presentation of content/contextual information on one single screen should be considered together with the nature of the visual task and participants’ search behaviors, and that the aid of location cues might be useful when the visual task demanded a high level of search memory and/or an unsystematic search strategy was employed by inspectors.

Influence of semantic cues on hazard-inspection performance: a case in construction safety

Constant improvement in hazard identification is key to personnel safety in the workplace. Semantic cues have been proposed to simplify knowledge retrieval for site inspectors in building construction. However, the effectiveness of this approach and its internal mechanisms remain unexamined. This study assesses the influence of semantic cues on inspection performance from the perspective of visual behavior during elevator installation. Our results indicate that semantic cues drive selective attention toward goal-relevant information more effectively compared with when no such cues are provided. Second, semantic cues can improve performance regarding goal-relevant hazards and not diminish performance for incidental hazards. Third, the improvement of working memory and inspection performance is more pronounced in experienced workers than in novices. This research highlights the influence of semantic cues for hazard identification on visual behavior and inspection performance, and can serve as a foundation for the allocation of resources to aid inspection during construction.

Detecting Bombs in X-Ray Images of Hold Baggage: 2D Versus 3D Imaging.

Objective:This study compared the visual inspection performance of airport security officers (screeners) when screening hold baggage with state-of-the-art 3D versus older 2D imaging.Background:3D imaging based on computer tomography features better automated detection of explosives and higher baggage throughput than older 2D X-ray imaging technology. Nonetheless, some countries and airports hesitate to implement 3D systems due to their lower image quality and the concern that screeners will need extensive and specific training before they can be allowed to work with 3D imaging.Method:Screeners working with 2D imaging (2D screeners) and screeners working with 3D imaging (3D screeners) conducted a simulated hold baggage screening task with both types of imaging. Differences in image quality of the imaging systems were assessed with the standard procedure for 2D imaging.Results:Despite lower image quality, screeners’ detection performance with 3D imaging was similar to that with 2D imaging. 3D screeners revealed higher detection performance with both types of imaging than 2D screeners.Conclusion:Features of 3D imaging systems (3D image rotation and slicing) seem to compensate for lower image quality. Visual inspection competency acquired with one type of imaging seems to transfer to visual inspection with the other type of imaging.Application:Replacing older 2D with newer 3D imaging systems can be recommended. 2D screeners do not need extensive and specific training to achieve comparable detection performance with 3D imaging. Current image quality standards for 2D imaging need revision before they can be applied to 3D imaging.

Visual inspection of cervix with acetic acid as a feasible screening test for cervical neoplasia among women attending at OPD in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital

Background: Visual inspection of cervix after application of 3-5% acetic acid (VIA) is a potential alternative to Pap smear cytology for screening of cervical cancer in resource poor settings.Objectives: This study was to evaluate the performance of visual inspection based screening approach in the detection of precancerous and early cancerous lesions of the cervix.Materials &amp; Methods: VIA was carried out in 540 eligible women attending Gynae OPD. Detection of well-defined, opaque, acetowhite lesion close to squamocolumnar junction or in transitional zone of the cervix constituted positive VIA. All screened women evaluated by colposcopy and biopsy were taken from colposcopically suspected areas. The final diagnosis was based on histology.Results: Out of 540 patients, 328 were VIA negative and 212 were VIA positive. Colposcopy showed normal results in 340 cases, low grade CIN in 138 cases, high grade CIN in 44 cases and cancer in 18 cases. There were biopsy proven chronic cervicitis and metaplastic changes in 423 cases, CIN I in 66 cases, CIN II in 25 cases, CIN III / carcinoma-in-situ in 5 cases. The sensitivity of VIA was 74.36%, specificity 70.45%, positive predictive value 41.04%, &amp; negative predictive value 90.85%.Conclusion: VIA can differentiate a normal cervix from a precancerous cervix with reasonable accuracy. As it is low cost and simple method, it can be set in any hospital or any health care centre of rural or urban areas of poor resource settings.KYAMC Journal Vol. 9, No.-2, July 2018, Page 56-60