Introduction The environmental quality and sustainable development of mountain-type scenic spots are profoundly influenced by the behaviors of visitors. Tourists’ environmentally responsible behavior is crucial for maintaining this quality, yet the mechanisms linking it to restorative environmental perception, particularly within the context of sports tourism, require further exploration. This study, grounded in Attention Restoration Theory, investigates how tourists’ sports and environmental experiences in a mountain setting influence their environmentally responsible behavior, with a focus on the mediation effect of restorative environmental perception and satisfaction. Methods This study adopted a quantitative research approach, utilizing an on-site survey questionnaire to empirically investigate the proposed model. It evaluated tourists’ exercise experience, environmental experience, the four dimensions of restorative environmental perception (being away, extent, fascination, compatibility), satisfaction, and environmentally responsible behavior. Data were collected via on-site interviews from 233 tourists who had completed their hiking visit. The data analysis employed structural equation modeling using Amos 24.0 to test the hypothesized relationships and the SPSS PROCESS macro for mediation analysis, using bootstrapping to confirm indirect effects. Results The findings indicate that both exercise experience and environmental experience positively influenced tourists’ perceived restorativeness, with environmental experience demonstrating a stronger overall effect. Specifically, environmental experience significantly and positively affected all four dimensions (being away: β = 0.553, extent: β = 0.854, fascination: β = 0.919, compatibility: β = 0.809), while exercise experience only positively influenced the “being away” dimension (β = 0.351). Furthermore, the “extent” (β = 0.372) and “compatibility” (β = 0.449) dimensions of perceived restorativeness, along with both experience types, significantly enhanced tourist satisfaction. Satisfaction, in turn, was a strong positive predictor of environmentally responsible behavior (β = 0.728). Mediation analysis confirmed that satisfaction fully mediated the relationship between “being away” and environmentally responsible behavior, and partially mediated the relationships for the other three dimensions. A significant chain mediation effect was also supported, revealing that perceived restorativeness and satisfaction sequentially transmit the influence of exercise experience onto environmentally responsible behavior. Conclusion For mountain-type scenic spots aiming to promote environmentally responsible behavior, enhancing both the sports and environmental experiences for tourists is paramount. By improving these experiences, destinations can foster a stronger sense of restorative perception and increase visitor satisfaction, which subsequently encourages pro-environmental actions. This study provides a validated theoretical model and practical insights for the sustainable management and market-specific strategy development of mountain tourism destinations. Moreover, the study reveals differential effects among restorative dimensions, providing nuanced insights into their distinct roles in the psychological restoration–behavior chain.

Effective communication is a key instrument for managing visitor impacts in natural areas. This study examines how passive (pamphlets) and active (face-to-face) communication strategies influence campfire behavior, with a focus on reducing the use of ancient trees for firewood. While campfires are a cherished activity worldwide, they can cause severe ecological damage. Using a multi-methods approach that integrates social and natural sciences, we conducted a quasi-experimental field study combining visitor interviews, surveys, observations, and environmental assessments. Our main analysis used a multiple regression model that reflects how communication operates under real-world conditions by accounting for visitor volume, visitor characteristics, and weather. Based on registered tree damage incidents, our results show that both communication types effectively reduced the number of tree damage incidents by 57% compared to days without communication. During communication periods, visitors more often refrained from making campfires or relied on provided firewood. The two communication strategies were similarly effective, challenging the common assumption in the literature that direct interaction works best. This suggests that simple, low-cost approaches to influencing visitor behavior can be powerful tools for environmental management, particularly in settings where staff capacity is limited.

In the field of immersive media and user experience, museums are increasingly understood as hybrid media environments in which physical space, narrative structures, and interactive interfaces jointly shape the visitor’s experience. Gamification has emerged as a key tool in this process; however, its immersive function—particularly in non-digital forms—remains insufficiently theorized. This article analyzes the stamp-based gamification model (“passport with stamps”) as a form of low-tech immersive media that structures visitor movement, attention, and motivation across different museum contexts. The study employs a qualitative cross-case analysis combined with a research through design (RtD) approach, examining multiple institutions, including natural history, archaeological, historical, and literary museums, as well as educational observatories. Empirical material consists of project documentation and systematic observations of visitor behavior, interpreted through predefined UX criteria. Immersion is operationalized through three user experience modes—cognitive, aesthetic, and narrative—captured via indicators such as route completion, dwell time, and interaction style. Findings indicate that stamp-based gamification mediates immersion in a context-dependent manner. Route completion rates range from 78% among adult visitors in narratively structured museums to 42% among children in visually fragmented natural history settings, revealing significant variation in how the same mechanic supports different immersive outcomes. The results show that materiality, bodily action, and temporal sequencing play a central role in sustaining engagement, even in the absence of digital technologies. The study contributes to immersive media and UX theory by arguing that low-tech, embodied, and temporally structured interactions can function as immersive media when they are coherently integrated into spatial and narrative scenarios. Based on the comparative analysis, the article proposes theoretically grounded design principles for low-tech immersive media, emphasizing alignment with spatial logic, bodily engagement, and control over experiential rhythm.

ABSTRACT This paper demonstrates the value of Behavioural Science to heritage practice and policy relating to mental health and wellbeing. It tests the effectivity of behavioural science as a mechanism to strengthen the equality lens at paid for heritage places,, reducing potential mental distress caused to visitors and contributing to wider mental health policy. The Behaviour Change Wheel, widely applied in public health care settings to design policy-based strategic action plans for improved mental health, is adapted to the heritage context to examine how heritage places can support international mental health policy. Biltmore Estate (U.S.A.) served as a feasibility study to examine if behaviour change methods provide an actionable lens for understanding how participation in heritage affects visitor and community wellbeing. Practitioners and community members helped co-develop and apply interventions to enable diverse communities to be provided with the conditions to engage, connect and feel valued, and improve their wellbeing and mental health. The quasi-experimental research demonstrated the contribution of a Behavioural Science to understanding visitor behaviour and experiences at heritage sites. Highlightng the potential of community-driven frameworks to inform organisational decision-making and policy implementation, supporitng heritage organisations to reduce wellbeing inequities, and contribute to local, national and international mental health objectives.

Cavity limitations and interspecific competition render large macaws valuable models for elucidating the integration of parental care, pair-bond maintenance, and nest defense across reproductive stages. Through continuous video monitoring of a single artificial polyvinyl chloride nest box in the Tambopata National Reserve, Peru, we quantified the complete breeding cycle of a resident green-winged macaw (Ara chloropterus) pair and the visitation behavior of a sympatric scarlet macaw (Ara macao) pair within the same cavity. We constructed daily time budgets for 17 behaviors, categorized into seven functional groups, from motion-triggered video clips; employed multivariate tests; and generalized additive models with beta error distribution to describe the temporal changes across the five reproductive stages. The resident A. chloropterus exhibited a significant reorganization of parental investment, with early courtship behaviors transitioning to peak nest attendance and sentinel vigilance during incubation and early brooding. In later stages, locomotion increased significantly, associated with chick provisioning, whereas the frequency of allopreening remained relatively constant throughout the cycle. The visiting A. macao displayed a brief, behaviorally rich prospecting phase, characterized by nest inspection and locomotion, followed by a sharp decline in minimal activity. These divergent strategies align with owner–intruder asymmetries and floater dynamics, indicating that artificial cavities can support A. chloropterus breeding, while suggesting that additional cavities may redistribute breeding opportunities among competing macaws, a hypothesis necessitating multi-nest and multi-year evaluation.

Determining the factors influencing behavioural intentions and visitor behaviour is significant for predicting sustainable tourism practices. The concept of Willingness to Pay (WTP) is studied as one of the dimensions of behavioural intentions, and it is increasingly researched in sustainable tourism literature. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the WTP for tourism sustainability in nature parks and determinants that can affect it differently. This study aims to determine whether visitors' WTP varies among dimensions of tourism sustainability in nature parks regarding their perception of sustainable tourism importance and satisfaction with nature parks’ attributes. To ensure the robustness and diversity of the data, the research included 690 visitors in three nature parks in Croatia, dominated by domestic visitors (96.81%). Applying the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, the study shows that visitors’ WTP for certain dimensions of tourism sustainability differs regarding their perception of sustainable tourism importance, whereas no such differences were found with regard to satisfaction with nature parks’ attributes. The highest WTP was detected for the dimension of improving the quality of the environment, and the lowest for the quality-of-life improvement of the local community, given visitors' positive perception of sustainable tourism importance. A specific contribution of the study is to deepen understanding of differences in willingness to support tourism sustainability from the perspective of predominantly domestic visitors, who form the foundation of year-round sustainable and resilient tourism.

ABSTRACT The Gowa Public Library is unique and child-friendly in design, highlighting a contemporary architectural style with geometric shapes, minimalist lines and utilization of natural lighting. Library visitors choose to sit at the edge of the room, adjacent to the bookshelves. Adult visitors use Children Reading Room, designed for children to read and study, for their own reading, studying, and do assignment. This study aims to explain visitors’ behavior in choosing seats in the reading room of the Gowa Public Library, employing a qualitative approach grounded in the pragmatism paradigm. The data collection techniques are observation, structured and unstructured interviews and documentation of library visitor activities. The analysis technique used are place-centered mapping, person-centered mapping and physical traces. This method focuses on observing visitors in choosing a seat in the library. The results show that Main Reading Room is a popular room because it has a unique design. The behavior of visitors in choosing where to sit varies based on the time of visit. Three patterns of behavior are found, which are analyzed from the organization of the space and the traces left by library visitors.

ABSTRACT Micro/mesoplastic (M/MP) pollution has become a critical stressor degrading beach quality, particularly in densely urbanized coastal settings. This study quantitatively assesses the impact of M/MP pollution on beach recreation demand and related local income. In metropolitan coastal areas such as Istanbul, increasing M/MP loads diminish perceived hygiene and aesthetic quality, alter visitor behavior, and generate measurable losses in cultural ecosystem services, including recreation and scenic value. Based on this hypothesis, (i) a multi-beach travel cost site-selection model (random utility, mixed logit) to incorporate M/MP density as an environmental quality attribute; and (ii) a discrete choice experiment (DCE) to estimate conditional willingness-to-pay (WTP) for enhanced beach cleanliness and hygiene, were applied. Changes in visitor welfare and reductions in regional expenditures were translated into local income effects using input–output multipliers. Results indicate that higher M/MP concentrations significantly reduce visit probability and per-capita spending. At Florya Beach, characterized by higher M/MP density (1.2 particles/m²), net welfare effects were negative (−0.80), whereas the lower-density Büyükçekmece Beach (0.58 particles/m²) exhibited a positive welfare change (+1.11). Visitors expressed a mean WTP of approximately 40 TL for improved cleanliness. To our knowledge, this is the first study in Turkey to evaluate M/MP-driven recreational losses using advanced econometric modeling. Overall, findings demonstrate that rising M/MP densities erode recreational demand and regional spending, while positive WTP signals that targeted policy interventions—such as increased cleaning frequency and upstream pollution reduction—may yield net welfare gains. Keywords: travel cost method, discrete choice experiment, micro/mesoplastic

The sustainable development of cultural heritage heavily relies on visitors’ sustainable practices, with education serving as the key to regulating visitor behavior and promoting their engagement in sustainable tourism. However, the mechanisms linking education and sustainable tourism remain unclear in the virtual context. This research aims to determine the potential of digital cultural heritage learning outcomes in supporting sustainable tourism behaviors (environmental, cultural, economic) among visitors. This study integrates the Generic Learning Outcomes (GLOs) with the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), collecting 642 valid samples and employing PLS-SEM analysis. Research findings indicate that knowledge and understanding (KU), skills (S), attitudes and values (AV), enjoyment, inspiration, and creativity (EIC), and activity, behavior, and progression (ABP) positively influence sustainable tourism practices. Cost perception (CP), however, weakens the conversion from intention to actual behavior. This provides empirical support for the development of digital cultural heritage projects and the sustainable management of heritage sites.

ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of self‐checkout technology implementation on B2B customer shopping behavior using a novel methodological approach that combines propensity score matching with difference‐in‐differences analysis on actual point‐of‐sale transaction data. Drawing on transaction cost economics and service marketing research, we developed four hypotheses to examine how self‐checkout adoption influences purchase quantity, shopping frequency, average price per item, and total sales among B2B customers in a Czech retail chain. Our methodological contribution lies in employing actual transaction data rather than self‐reported measures, addressing a critical gap in retail technology research. The propensity score matching‐based difference‐in‐differences design enables causal inference, controlling for selection bias and unobserved heterogeneity. Data spanning January 2021 (pre‐implementation) and June–August 2021 (post‐implementation) encompass over 1500 matched customer pairs across multiple behavioral dimensions. Results reveal that implementing self‐checkout technology substantially increased shopping frequency and monthly sales per customer, with no significant impact on purchase quantities per transaction or average item prices. This asymmetric pattern provides empirical evidence for the disciplined nature of B2B purchasing behavior, in which organizational constraints limit technology's influence on transaction costs rather than purchasing decisions. We refer to this as a “frequency‐dominance effect,” in which transaction cost reductions primarily manifest through increased visit frequency rather than through altered transaction composition. The study advances service marketing research by empirically demonstrating that technology‐mediated convenience improvements disproportionately affect visit behavior over purchasing decisions. Our methodological framework provides a replicable template for evaluating retail technology interventions.

Cultural venues require scalable yet individualized experiences, but existing tourism HCI studies rarely quantify how algorithmic personalization affects real-world visitor behavior and psychometric outcomes. The authors designed a human–AI collaborative recommender that fuses visitor psychographics (Big-Five, novelty-seeking), real-time indoor location, and contextual constraints (crowd, weather) to generate adaptive itineraries delivered through a WeChat mini-program. A 14-day mixed-methods field deployment compared the system with default routes at the Palace Museum (n = 312) and Universal Studios Beijing (n = 298). Multilevel modeling revealed that the algorithmic condition increased spatial entropy by 27%, dwell time at high-value exhibits by 34%, and Flow Short Scale scores by 0.82 SD (all p < .001), while Net Promoter Score increased by 19 points. Reflexive interviews showed that explanatory AI nudges moderated trust and compliance, preserving visitor agency.

Indoor positioning systems (IPSs) are increasingly applied in indoor settings where satellite-based GNSS signals are unavailable, including museums and other cultural heritage spaces. Within the META-MUSEUM project, we present a pilot study integrating an Ultra-Wideband (UWB) positioning system and an eye-tracking device to monitor and quantify visitor behavior in a real museum environment. The absence of common timestamps between the two systems, and the presence of UWB signal noise, have been the main challenges to address. A cross-correlation–based synchronization method was developed to align the two independent UWB and eye-tracking datasets. Data were collected from 100 visitors, of whom 7 different clusters were considered based on the characteristics of the visitors. The results demonstrate the system’s feasibility and provide two complementary metrics, Normalized Engagement and Collective Engagement, which are used to quantify the duration and spatial distribution of visitor engagement at specific exhibits. This work establishes a scalable multi-sensor foundation by addressing practical deployment challenges under real-world conditions. These findings form the basis for the project’s broader goal of linking spatial visitor behavior with neurophysiological responses, opening new possibilities for improving visitor engagement and supporting interactive cultural heritage experiences.

ABSTRACT Historic districts play a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage and sustaining local identity. With the proliferation of social media, some of these areas have rapidly transformed into “Internet-famous” tourist destinations, reshaping spatial utilization patterns and visitor behavior. Taking Shanghai’s Tianzifang historic district as a case study, this research integrates spatial syntax analysis with semantic segmentation to explore how spatial form and visual elements jointly influence visitor distribution, while also considering their implications for heritage conservation and urban management. The findings indicate that: (1) Areas with higher connectivity, choice, and integration values tend to become a magnet for visitors; (2) Despite Tianzifang’s strong local integration but relatively weak global connectivity, its distinctive historical fabric and visual character are amplified through online dissemination, enhancing visitors’ sense of place, cultural continuity, and engagement with heritage; (3) Historic buildings, traditional lanes, and culturally distinctive creative installations are the most frequently photographed subjects, suggesting that heritage-related elements remain central to spatial perception. By integrating visitor behavior analysis with a heritage-oriented perspective, this study underscores the importance of balancing spatial vitality and cultural sustainability in “Internet-famous” historic districts, offering new insights for heritage conservation and urban management.

Sustainable gardens have emerged as innovative models of urban tourism that integrate ecological aesthetics, participatory design, and community well-being. This study explores how tourists’ perceived value influences revisit intention and introduces two experiential moderators—narrative transportation and empowerment capability—to uncover the underlying psychological and participatory mechanisms that drive behavioral intention. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining grounded theory interviews to develop the conceptual framework with a large-scale survey analyzed using structural equation modeling (SmartPLS). The results demonstrate that perceived value positively affects revisit intention through tourist satisfaction, while narrative transportation and empowerment capability significantly strengthen these relationships by enhancing emotional immersion and participatory engagement. These findings advance sustainable tourism theory by highlighting the dual-path moderating effects of storytelling and empowerment in shaping visitor behavior. Practically, the study provides actionable insights for sustainable garden management, emphasizing the importance of immersive narratives and participatory empowerment in fostering long-term tourist loyalty and sustainable destination development.

ABSTRACT This exploratory pilot study (n = 10) investigates visitor behaviour in a salon hang display at the State Library of New South Wales using mobile eye-tracking and interviews with ten participants. Results indicate that the dense display overwhelms viewers and shortens viewing times, while the absence of wall labels creates frustration and a desire for at least basic information about the artworks. These findings highlight the tension between the institutional goal of promoting sustained attention and visitor behaviour in visually saturated environments. The research suggests that salon hangs unintentionally mirror and tend to reinforce the rapid, surface-level viewing strategies that characterise contemporary screen-based visual culture, promoting ‘fast looking’ – a glance-like mode of viewing – rather than sustained engagement.

As composite spaces that integrate nature and culture, gardens are no longer regarded as merely static objects of visual appreciation in the context of urbanization, but have become essential venues for public cultural tourism and leisure. Consequently, the behavioral characteristics of tourists in gardens have attracted increasing academic attention. Space syntax, as a tool for analyzing the influence of spatial organization on human behavior, quantifies spatial configuration characteristics and can reveal how garden spatial configuration affects tourists’ movement paths and spatial preferences, thereby enabling a systematic examination of the impact of space syntax–based garden spatial configuration on tourist behavior. adheres to the Following by PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this study conducted a literature search for the period 2015−2015 in four databases, namely Web of Science, Scopus, JSTOR, and ScienceDirect Based on explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 high-quality empirical studies were ultimately selected. Results indicate that indicators such as integration, connectivity, and depth, demonstrate significant explanatory in predicting tourist path selection, stay locations, and spatial preferences. Furthermore, the influence of spatial structure on visitor behavior is not a singular direct effect. Visitor perceptions, particularly aesthetic preferences, cultural cognition, and sense of security, play a crucial mediating role between spatial structure and behavior. Based on these findings, this study proposes the “Structure–Perception–Behavior (SPB)’‘ framework. Its cross-scale methodological insights provide a theoretical foundation and practical pathway for subsequent landscape space optimization design and visitor behavior guidance.

Winery destination experienscape and its influences on resident and visitor behavior

As composite spaces that integrate nature and culture, gardens are no longer regarded as merely static objects of visual appreciation in the context of urbanization, but have become essential venues for public cultural tourism and leisure. Consequently, the behavioral characteristics of tourists in gardens have attracted increasing academic attention. Space syntax, as a tool for analyzing the influence of spatial organization on human behavior, quantifies spatial configuration characteristics and can reveal how garden spatial configuration affects tourists' movement paths and spatial preferences, thereby enabling a systematic examination of the impact of space syntax-based garden spatial configuration on tourist behavior. adheres to the Following by PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this study conducted a literature search for the period 2015-2015 in four databases, namely Web of Science, Scopus, JSTOR, and ScienceDirect Based on explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 high-quality empirical studies were ultimately selected. Results indicate that indicators such as integration, connectivity, and depth, demonstrate significant explanatory in predicting tourist path selection, stay locations, and spatial preferences. Furthermore, the influence of spatial structure on visitor behavior is not a singular direct effect. Visitor perceptions, particularly aesthetic preferences, cultural cognition, and sense of security, play a crucial mediating role between spatial structure and behavior. Based on these findings, this study proposes the "Structure-Perception-Behavior (SPB)'' framework. Its cross-scale methodological insights provide a theoretical foundation and practical pathway for subsequent landscape space optimization design and visitor behavior guidance.

Tourism destinations attract visitors through a mix of attributes—accommodations, transportation, food and beverages, attractions, and safety—that collectively shape travel experiences. These attributes are not only functional but also critical resources influencing emotional bonds with places, known as place attachment. Emotions are central to tourism, underscoring the need to examine factors shaping such bonds. This study investigates how destination attributes affect tourists’ place attachment and behavioral intentions. Data from 416 past visitors to Florence, Italy were analyzed using the PLS algorithm. Results show that accommodation, transportation, culinary offerings, and attractions significantly influence both place attachment and behavioral intentions, while safety affects recommendation but not revisit intention. The study contributes to the tourism literature by emphasizing the dual importance of destination attributes and place attachment in shaping behavioral intentions and offers a comprehensive framework that integrates the resource-based view with place attachment theory. It also offers practical insights for destination managers and policymakers on how to leverage destination attributes to foster stronger emotional connections and encourage sustainable visitation behaviors and adopt a holistic approach to destination planning and development. Regular monitoring of tourist feedback is recommended to enhance competitiveness.

Flower colour- and sex-dependent local enhancement of flower visit behaviour in the swallowtail butterfly