Vision Of China Research Articles

A neglected health burden of shadow education?—Effects of private supplementary tutoring on middle school students’ vision in China

Virtually all educational activities require visual inputs, but little is known about how extra out-of-school learning activities may impact children’s vision. Based on panel data from the China Education Panel Survey, a large-scale, nationally representative survey on middle school students in China, this study applies a value-added model (with lagged outcome measures as explanatory variables) to estimate the impacts of private supplementary tutoring (PST, also known as “shadow education”) participation on Chinese middle school students’ visual outcomes. The results suggest that PST participation exerts a statistically significant and adverse effect on Grade-8 students’ vision. One year of PST participation raises the prevalence of myopia among 8th graders by 4.6 ∼ 5.4 percentage points, leading to a more negative (i.e., more myopic) refractive error of −0.12 ∼ -0.18 diopters in their (better-seeing) eyes. Further analysis reveals that these effects work by increasing not only students’ time spent on out-of-school learning activities but also their time spent on homework assigned by regular teachers, thereby creating a spillover effect.

МЕСТО КИТАЯ ВО ВНЕШНЕЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ БРИТАНИИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ГЕОПОЛИТИЧЕСКОГО КОНСТРУКТА ИНДО-ПАЦИФИКА

The paper presents a study of the UK’s vision of China’s place in the Indo-Pacific in the context of the Indo-Pacific tilt of London’s foreign policy. The analysis of the key documents for British foreign policy was carried out: a comprehensive review of the security, defense, development and foreign policy issues in the editions of 2021 and 2023, which made it possible to trace the dynamics of London’s approach to Beijing and identify the key threats declared by the British side in relation to the PRC. It was determined that China’s antagonistic image worsened after February 2022 due to the beginning of hostilities on the territory of Ukraine. At the same time, before the start of COVID-19, the parties actively cooperated in the research field, where the Chinese institutions occupied a dominant position. It is noted that the actions of the government of R. Sunak in relation to Beijing cause discussions in the government structures. Despite building a negative image of Beijing and the CPC, London recognizes the impossibility of abandoning trade and economic ties with mainland China. There is a tendency for a shortage of specialists in the field of Sinology in Britain, which, according to the author, makes a negative contribution to the lack of consistency and integrity in the approach to the PRC.

Has the belt and road initiative boosted the resident consumption in cities along the domestic route? – evidence from credit card consumption

Abstract The Belt and Road (B&R) is a major initiative and vision for China and the world to jointly create prosperity. Based on the data of resident credit card consumption in 291 cities in China from 2011 to 2016, this article establishes a consumption relationship model for cities along the B&R to investigate the impact of the initiative on resident consumption. Through the DID model, there are the following findings. First, the B&R Initiative has a significant positive impact on the resident consumption in cities along the route. Second, the B&R Initiative has a significant effect on the promotion of various industries, and the crowding-out effect of government investment is relatively small. The research conclusions are of reference significance for policy formulation on the specific practice path and detailed measures of the B&R Initiative.

A Review of the Responsible Leadership Research and Its Prospects from the Vision of China

As an emerging leadership style, responsible leadership breaks the traditional dual relationship between leadership and subordinates. It then shifts to more stakeholders inside and outside the organization, and this kind of leadership has increasingly attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad. This paper systematically sorts out and reviews the relevant literature at home and abroad from the aspects of the concept, discrimination, measurement scales, antecedents, consequences, and influence mechanism, and then constructs the overall framework of responsible leadership research. To further promote the development of responsible leadership theory, this paper reveals the limitations of the current research and puts forward the prospect from the perspective of China.

Haunted by Chaos: China's Grand Strategy from Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping

Haunted by Chaos: China's Grand Strategy from Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping

Railway experiences of Poles and Serbs in China before 1949: an analysis of travel writings about the Middle Kingdom

ABSTRACT The railway is often characterised as one of the crucial innovations of the nineteenth century which transformed patterns of space and time, exposed people to the mechanical power of the industrial revolution, led to the formation of a panoramic perception of the world, and changed the economic circulation. In China, the new technology was adopted later than in Europe and America, and its development took place in a semi-colonial context. As such, the railway experience took on a different dimension there. Based on a corpus of Polish and Serbian travel writings about China, this article examines how travellers represented railways in the Middle Kingdom. Five main topics are discussed: (1) the railway as an icon of modernity; (2) the railway as a “purely European invention”; (3) Polish and Serbian patriotism as linked to the Chinese Eastern Railway; (4) the train as a space of interactions; (5) panoramic visions of China.

Associations between Poor Vision, Vision-Related Behaviors and Mathematics Achievement in Chinese Students from the CNAEQ-PEH 2015.

Purpose: Poor vision is prevalent in school-aged students, especially in East Asia. This can not only cause irreversibly physical health impairments like glaucoma and cataracts, but also the loss of individual education and employment opportunities and deterioration of the quality of life. The present study aims to investigate the associations between poor vision, vision-related risk behaviors, and mathematics achievement in youth from China. Methods: The present study included a total of 106,192 Grade 4 students and 70,236 Grade 8 students from the China National Assessment of Educational Quality-Physical Education & Health 2015 (CNAEQ-PEH 2015). We conducted a standard logarithmic visual acuity scale for vision screening, a self-reported questionnaire for vision-related risk behavior and a standardized mathematics assessment for mathematics performance. Poor vision is defined as the visual acuity below 5.0 by using the standard logarithmic visual acuity chart. Linear regression was conducted. Results: The prevalence rate of poor vision in China was 37.1% in Grade 4 and 66.2% in Grade 8 in 2015. Students who had poor vision were more likely to have better mathematics achievement than those with normal vision. Reading in bed, insufficient sleep, and screen time during weekdays and weekends were associated with higher odds of poor vision. Conclusions: Poor vision was positively associated with mathematics academic achievements, while vision-related risk behaviors such as screen time, homework time and reading in bed were associated with a high prevalence of poor vision in compulsory education cycle students.

Vision of China’s future urban construction reform: In the perspective of comprehensive prevention and control for multi disasters

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused huge deaths, massive damage and losses around the world. Looking back in history, the motivation for construction and development of cities was to enhance disaster prevention capacity, while modern cities are built and developed to improve health and wellness for human beings. Each disaster would pose some new challenges to the urban planning and architectural design, such as COVID-19. Therefore, the dilemma of future multi disasters (e.g. epidemics) would lead to reflections on the revision or change of urban design regulations. For the post-epidemic era, a comprehensive and integrated prevention system should be established for multi urban disasters, which requires to be optimally formulated based on multiple objectives, i.e., on the balancing of disaster occurrence probability and stop loss cost. This will be realized thanks to the rapid development of digital alike advanced technologies. Thus, this paper aims to provide a reference for the prevention and control of future city epidemics and disasters in responding to strategies of urban planning and design by considering the reform of urban construction related regulations, further to facilitate the creation of healthy and safe urban environments.

Machine Sky: Social and Terrestrial Engineering in a Chinese Weather System

ABSTRACTThis article explores Chinese environmental politics as a complex strategy for engineering weather and climate at national and then planetary scales. It argues that in times of meteorological insecurity, we can explore diverse sites in China's state environmental political apparatus as attempts at coordinating diverse physical, natural, and social processes into components of manipulable weather systems. Through considering two programs of state environmental intervention, the article explores “infrastructure” as a political practice and opportunity. First, in considering aerial seeding and ecological migration programs in the context of anti‐dust storm programs spearheaded by state forestry agencies, I show how environmental engineering involves the continual retooling of wind flows, local ecologies, and ex‐herder precarity into a variegated strategy of atmospheric control for downwind places in the path of dust storms. Then, I explore how the recent ascendance of the Chinese state in international climate accords builds on a decade‐long theorization of “socialist ecological civilization” by Party theorists. In aligning the longevity of state socialism with the sustaining of planetary climate systems, I argue that Chinese international politics increasingly rely on a vision of China as infrastructural to the political and climatic apparatus of the planet as such. [climate change, environment, infrastructure, dust storms, China]

Minor Events and Grand Dreams

The official China Dream of the Great revival tells a story of China reversing “humiliation” by Western powers and returning to its premodern, rightful place at the center of world affairs. However, since ethnically targeted violence in Ürümqi in 2009, leading thinkers and policy makers ask how they can avoid a “nightmare” of frontier insecurity derailing dreams of international power. This article uses a postcolonial approach to critically analyze tensions between ethnic inclusion and exclusion in visual and textual narratives from a Xinjiang regional exhibition that celebrated the PRC’s sixtieth anniversary. It asks who is included and excluded in these visions of China’s rise? How does China domestically refract insecurity from experiences of a colonial world order that constructs it as inferior? The event tells a story of the history and future of a powerful rising state but expresses deep insecurities that domestic cultural difference is an obstacle to China’s global power.

Mapping the Third World

There has been considerable attention in recent years to Chinese foreign economic relations as a result of the Belt-Road Initiative. China engages with emerging economies as a leader in rapid economic development and as an investor, employer, and a resource consumer. This intersects with current discussions of Chinese conceptions of world order, including prominent debates about the ancient notion of tianxia (“all under heaven”) and its relevance to China’s contemporary aspirational world view. Essays written by Chinese authors in the 1950s and early 1960s who traveled to Third World countries at the time articulate visions of China’s place in the world in concrete images and vivid emotions. This is examined within the broader context of Chinese travel writing and how, especially in the early modern and modern periods, travel writing has been used as a lens for Chinese self-imagining in the world context.

Visions of China: Political Friendship and Animosities in Southern African Science Fiction

Using contemporary science fiction as a barometer, we can see the African imaginary to be seemingly preoccupied with the idea of China and with forecasting various dystopian scenarios regarding the future of China–Africa relations. Yet, through an examination of three short stories from Southern Africa – Tendai Huchu’s ‘The Sale’ (2013), Abigail Godsell’s ‘Taal’ (2009) and Mandisi Nkomo’s ‘Heresy’ (2013) – I explore a complex relationship whose participants are intimately aligned: China and Africa have an historical connection that asks us to take seriously the practice and potential of political friendship. Through a close reading of these short stories, it becomes possible to consider how the relationship need not result in Chinese neocolonialism and exploitation. Working with the conceptual framework of political friendship, I illustrate how these short stories cumulatively serve to unravel easy distinctions between the friend and the enemy, thereby intimating that, in the future, southern Africa can benefit from approaching China as both friend and enemy.

Labor Politics, Finance, and Chinese State Capitalism

Satya Gabriel expands and deepens his analysis of the modernist vision in China through an analysis of Chinese finance and its relationship to state capitalism. Financial fragility developed in the context of the transition from state feudalism to state capitalism. Cumulative causation and Keynesian uncertainty have meant that the main processes ensuring social stability, especially the state’s ability to foster long-term capital accumulation, have also led to moral hazard and agency problems, especially in finance. Whether militant labor organizations can form a national movement as inward capital mobility lowers the wall between home and work remains an open question. Gabriel also does not address China’s subordinate position in East Asian and Pacific capital circuits. He does lay bare the role of finance in the development of the Chinese modernist model in a unique and convincing manner.

A Nurse's Perspective on Visual Rehabilitation of Outpatients With Low Vision in China.

The purposes of the study were to analyze patient use and satisfaction with low vision aids (LVAs) at the Wenzhou Medical University Low Vision and Rehabilitation Center and to assess the promotion of visual rehabilitation services as a new responsibility for nurses in China. Records of 178 patients with low vision (LV) from the Low Vision and Rehabilitation Center examined between October 2015 and October 2016 included basic patient information (e.g., age, diagnosis, visual acuity, educational level) and use of LVAs (patients' own aids, daily duration of LVA use, or refusal to use aids). Sixty percent owned LVAs. Of these, 66% were obtained from a hospital, 26% were obtained from commercial stores, and others were obtained from government or gifts. Patients reported that use of LVAs was reduced because of visual fatigue (39%), inconvenience (22%), and lack of benefit (12%). Reasons for the 40% who had never used visual rehabilitation were nonreferral by doctors (76%), refusal because of inconvenience, discomfort and cosmetics (20%), or a preference for other treatments (4%). Greater awareness of LV rehabilitation by nurses, ophthalmologists, patients, and the public is necessary. Additional government support for LV rehabilitation is also required.

Frontier technology and system development of space debris surveillance and active removal

Space debris is space junk of human space activities. With space activities becoming more frequent, the number of space debris is rapidly increasing, and have formed actual serious threat to human space assets security. It was the consensus of the international community that space debris is one of the major challenges to all human beings, space debris environment remediation is the only choice and only way out. It has important strategic significance to carry out space debris environment remediation for ensureing the space assets safety, maintaining national security and interests, ensureing the international outer space affairs leading position and discourse power, standing the space powers responsibility and image, leading the high and new science and technology innovation and development, promoting the growth of emerging space economy and new industrial patterns. However, the active debris removal is one of the major technical challenge for the entire international space industry. The current situation and the evolution trend of space debris environment, and its harms are analyzed in detail. The present technique status, research frontier and development trends about space debris surveillance and active debris removal are deeply reviewed. Analysis indicates that the existing ground-based space object monitoring method cannot cover the whole sky seamless all the time, and can not work all-weather. Space-based monitoring techniques is an irresistible trend of space object tracking and monitoring, and the final solution of space object surveillance is the integration of space-based and ground-based means. A series active debris removal techniques and plans have been developed, some key techniques have been demonstrated on orbit. However, there is still a distance for active debris removal on-orbit application. The key technique and scientific problems related to space debris surveillance and active debris removal are addressed. The gaps between China and the world level on space debris surveillance and active debris removal are analyzed. Around China national great strategic requirements for security and long-term sustainability of space career, the existing problems about space debris surveillance and active debris removal are pointed out. The connotation of the concept or space debris environment remediation is proposed and is further defined. The corresponding technical system are constructed. Finally, the development suggestions and roadmap of China space debris environment remediation project until 2030 is proposed. Its technical core is forming the ability of space debris precise surveillance, efficient removal, and effective protection. The mission and vision for China is to gradually possess the service capability for space debris environment remediation with characteristics of all functions, advanced performances, high efficiency, lowcost, routinization, commercialization and internationalization.

Jesuits and the Enlightenment. The New Vision of China from Matteo Ricci to Adam Smith

The article deals with the analysis of how the Jesuit reports sent from China influenced the theories common during the Enlightenment with regard to this part of the world. The chronological period starts with the time of M. Montaigne and ends with the time of A. Smith.

Quest for the Middle Kingdom: the Political Effects of China’s Ambitions in the Belt and Road Initiative

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is Chinese President Xi Jinping’s brand for economic infrastructure development and investment. The BRI offers significant strategic advantages to the PRC and many benefits to partner countries, and is intended to situate China at the centre of international trade. At the same time, unintended consequences of investment will impact local populations in key areas, including population displacement, environmental degradation, corruption, political upheaval, exploitation and violent conflict. While the BRI offers significant opportunities to both China and its partner countries in the initiative, relative Chinese military weakness, the limits of economic activity, underdeveloped soft power authority, energy dependency, terrorism and domestic politics will all either inhibit the BRI or remain vulnerable aspects of the Chinese national interest as projects move forward. The BRI has the potential to reshape the economic relations of the world, however the strategic limitations of the project do not indicate a short or mid-term upheaval of the international system in favor of China or an end to China’s political challenges at home and abroad. This essay views the realist and constructivist schools of international relations theory as the most useful way to understand the motivations and consequences of the BRI. The long term effects on the global balance of power will also be examined, especially in the context of Xi’s vision for China in 2050.

Dreaming a Future for China: Visions of Socialism among Chinese Intellectuals in the Early 1930s

The article examines Chinese leftist intellectuals’ visions of China’s future as they were published in a special issue of Dongfang zazhi (Eastern Miscellany) in 1933. It places their texts in the international tradition of socialism and in particular the tensions between Marxism and “utopian socialism.” Two variants of socialism can be identified in the Chinese texts: “Datong socialism,” the moral vision of a society of freedom and equality, and Soviet socialism, the vision of an industrialized society with features and institutions as in the Soviet Union. Supporters of both variants identified with the “masses,” but remained elitist in that they spoke on behalf of these masses and claimed an intellectual niche in the proletarian society of the future.

Study on the representation and vision of China in Sasanggye in the 1950s

Study on the representation and vision of China in Sasanggye in the 1950s

Tipping points

‘China’s growing assertiveness, America’s declining deterrent capability, and Taiwan’s growing jumpiness, not least as it watches Hong Kong, have all made a stumble into catastrophic conflict across the Taiwan Strait more likely than for decades. Brendan Taylor credibly argues this is only avoidable - however unattractive “muddling through” might be to purists on all sides - by urgently building more robust crisis-management mechanisms. A sober and compelling analysis which policymakers will ignore at their peril.’Gareth Evans, Former Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs and President Emeritus of the International Crisis Group‘The cross-Strait balance of power is shifting, raising the risk of inadvertent and catastrophic great-power conflict. Brendan Taylor’s identification of this window of vulnerability and proposals for crisis-management advance our understanding of one of the most vexing national security problems of the next decade.’Dr Mira Rapp-Hooper, Council on Foreign Relations‘This is certainly a timely book addressing Taiwan’s forthcoming security challenges. Brendan Taylor provides an insightful and thought-provoking analysis regarding the threats Taiwan is facing and at the same time offers valuable suggestions in terms of how to manage this imminent crisis. This is worth reading by all interests.’Andrew N.D. Yang, Former Minister of National Defense, Republic of China, TaiwanTaiwan’s position looks increasingly precarious, and tensions threaten to grow into a major strategic crisis. Chinese President Xi Jinping has made reunification with Taiwan a central pillar of his vision for China, and has ramped up diplomatic and economic pressure on Taiwan. Its inhabitants are increasingly estranged from the mainland, and Tsai Ing-wen’s administration refuses to conduct relations with China on Beijing’s terms. Taiwan could take on renewed strategic significance amid the backdrop of the deepening rivalry between China and the United States, and find itself at the centre of a Cold War-style superpower confrontation.While Washington’s support and military power has historically guaranteed Taiwan’s security, this is no longer a certainty. This Adelphi book argues that China’s military modernisation has changed the cross-strait military balance, and the ability of the US to prevail in a conflict over Taiwan may have evaporated by 2030. As China feels increasingly empowered to retake Taiwan, there is significant potential for escalation, particularly given the ambiguity of Beijing’s ‘red lines’ on Taiwan. Neither Beijing, Taipei nor Washington want such a conflict, but each is challenging the uneasy status quo. Taylor calls for the introduction of a narrower set of formal crisis-management mechanisms designed to navigate a major Taiwan crisis.