Visible-light Photocatalytic H2 Research Articles

Design and fabrication of a novel 2D/3D ZnIn2S4@Ni1/UiO-66-NH2 heterojunction for highly efficient visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution coupled with benzyl alcohol valorization

Making full use of photogenerated charge carriers by careful design multifunctional photocatalysts to achieving bi-value-added production with high-efficiency is highly desirable and extremely challenge. Herein, a novel 2D/3D ZnIn2S4@Ni1/UiO-66-NH2 (ZIS@Ni1/UN) heterojunction with spatially separated and precise redox sites was designed and fabricated for both photocatalytic H2 production and benzyl alcohol (BA) valorization. By precise structural regulation and modification of UiO-66 integrated with -NH2, ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) and Ni single-atom, the spatial separation of redox sites and directional electron transfer has been achieved. This realizes collaborative and efficient solar energy to chemical energy conversion. The optimal sample 5ZIS@Ni1/UN-6 shows high photocatalytic H2 and benzaldehyde (BAD) production rates of 11.44 mmol∙g−1∙h−1 and 10.02 mmol∙g−1∙h−1 under visible light. This work highlights the importance of rational construction for the engineering of charge behavior in heterogeneous photocatalysts with spatial separation and identifies their crucial role in promoting the photocatalytic redox coupling reactions.

Construction of an all-organic S-scheme heterostructure based on PEDOT immobilized g-C3N4 nanosheets by electrostatic self-assembly with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic hydrogen production

Inspired by photosynthesis in nature, exploring all-organic S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts for efficient H2 production is of great significance in addressing energy shortage issues. In this paper, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) immobilized g-C3N4(CN) nanosheets were constructed by an electrostatic self-assembly strategy to obtain an all-organic S-scheme heterojunction, significantly enhancing the visible-light photocatalytic H2 production performance of g-C3N4. The optimized 5PEDOT/CN exhibits the highest H2 production rate of 3.15 mmol g−1h−1, a 31.5-fold enhancement over pristine CN. According to the staggered energy band positions of two components and the results of electron spin resonance tests, the S-scheme heterojunction electron-transfer mechanism is confirmed, which greatly facilitates the spatial charge separation and retains the strong reducing ability of high-energy potential electrons for efficient photocatalytic H2 production. Based on the results of FT-IR spectra, XPS spectra, fluorescence spectra, hydroxyl radical tests and time-resolved photoluminescence spectra, it is confirmed that the significantly improved photocatalytic activity is mainly attributed to the enhanced charge separation by the S-scheme heterojunction and the tightly contacted interface dependent on N···S interactions in PEDOT immobilized CN nanosheet heterojunctions, along with the enhanced visible-light absorption ability. This work presents a novel approach to the design and fabrication of all-organic S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts for solar-light-driven energy production.

Synergizing copolymerization and thermal induction for carbon nitride: Reinforcing photocatalytic performance and mechanism insight

Structure optimization of photocatalyst graphitic carbon nitride (CN) is still a key endeavor. CN nanosheets were prepared via a facile one-pot copolymerization process, incorporating electron-withdrawing groups 5-cyanopyrimidine (CPM) and melamine under calcination. The synergistic effect of molecular doping and thermal induction effectively modulates the intrinsic electronic and band structure of CN. The post-optimized sample (CNMCPM0.03–700) exhibits a higher reduction potential, reduced nanosheet thickness, stronger crystallinity, and enhanced electron-holes separation efficiency, compared to pristine CN (CNM). Notably, significant morphological and textural alterations were observed in the modified CNMCPMX-T samples. Consequently, a remarkable enhancement in visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution and CO2 reduction performance was achieved. Specifically, the CNMCPM0.03–700 retained an H2 evolution rate of 166.4 µmol·h−1, which was 14.8-fold higher than that of CNM (11.3 µmol·h−1), along with a 31.6-fold increase in CO evolution efficiency. Molecular and textural engineering demonstrate their universal applicability for different comonomers. This study showcases the feasibility of synergizing thermal induction and copolymerization strategies for synthesizing high-efficiency CN-based photocatalysts with unique topology and structural precision.

(Invited) Towards Broadband Photocatalysis

Forming nanomaterials junctions and using plasmons represent two important, promising strategies for realizing broadband photocalysis in strategically important applications such as solar fuels and photocatalytic degradation of pollutants. In this talk, I will present some of our recent work on the rational design of nanohybrids and their applications in solar fuels and photocatalysis. One example is about the in situ synthesis of plasmonic Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Ag-MOF. The intimate and stable interface between the AgNPs and Ag-MOF and hot electron transfer from the plasmonic AgNPs to MOF led to highly efficient visible-light photocatalytic H2 generation in aqueous solution, which surpasses most of reported MOF-based photocatalytic systems. This work sheds light on effective electronic and energy bridging between plasmonic NPs and MOF.

Interface charge separation in Cu2CoSnS4/ZnIn2S4 heterojunction for boosting photocatalytic hydrogen production

The practical application of hexagonal ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) as a visible-light photocatalyst for hydrogen (H2) production is hindered by rapid internal charge recombination. In this study, we successfully synthesized Cu2CoSnS4 (CCTS) nanocrystals and loaded them onto the surface of ZIS nanosheets to create a p-n heterojunction photocatalyst. The optimized Cu2CoSnS4/ZnIn2S4 (CCTS/ZIS) heterojunction exhibited a significantly higher visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of 4.90 mmol·g−1·h−1 compared to ZIS and CCTS alone. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency was attributed to improved electron transfer and charge separation at the heterojunction interface. The formation of p-n heterojunction facilitated the accumulation of valence band electrons in ZIS and conduction band holes in CCTS, effectively suppressing the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. Theoretical calculations, spectroscopic, and photoelectrochemical characterizations supported the findings. This work presents a promising approach for designing efficient p-n heterojunction semiconductor photocatalysts for practical applications in visible-light-driven hydrogen evolution.

Facile Construction of 2D/2D ZnIn2S4-Based Bifunctional Photocatalysts for H2 Production and Simultaneous Degradation of Rhodamine B and Tetracycline.

A two-dimensional/two-dimensional (2D/2D) TiO2/ZnIn2S4 photocatalyst was reasonably proposed and constructed by a two-step oil bath-hydrothermal method. TiO2 nanosheets uniformly grown on the surface of ZnIn2S4 nanosheets and a synergetic effect between the TiO2 and ZnIn2S4 could highly contribute to improving the specific surface area and hydrophilicity of ZnIn2S4 as well as accelerating the separation and transfer of photon-generated e--h+ pairs, and thus enhancing the visible-light photocatalytic degradation and H2 evolution performance of ZnIn2S4. Rhodamine B (RhB) and tetracycline (TC) were simultaneously selected as the target pollutants for degradation in the work. The optimum photocatalytic RhB and TC degradation properties of TiO2/ZnIn2S4-10 wt% were almost 3.11- and 8.61-fold higher than that of pure ZnIn2S4, separately, while the highest photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate was also observed in the presence of TiO2/ZnIn2S4-10wt% and 4.28-fold higher than that of ZnIn2S4. Moreover, the possible photocatalytic mechanisms for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic degradation and H2 evolution were investigated and proposed in detail. Our research results open an easy pathway for developing efficient bifunctional photocatalysts.

Single-atom Pt anchored thiophene ring doped carbon nitride nanosheets for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution and ciprofloxacin degradation

A small amount of cocatalysts often play a crucial role in polymerization semiconductor photocatalytic reactions, and precious metals, like Pt, remain irreplaceable as cocatalysts in most applications due to their excellent properties. Meanwhile, maximizing the atomic utilization of cocatalysts and enhancing the host-guest interactions are important routes to enhance photocatalytic efficiency. Single Pt atoms anchored thiophene ring-doped carbon nitride nanosheets (Ptx-CNA) by a facile incipient wetness impregnation were successfully synthesized in this work. Single-atom Pt are uniformly embedded in CNA nanosheets through Pt–N coordination bonds. Coordinated electron-rich thiophene ring-doping and single-atom Pt modifications promote wider visible light response, enhanced charge response, and fast transport capability in Pt-CNA materials. Pt1.0-CNA sample displays the most outstanding photocatalytic H2 evolution rate (360.0 μmol h−1), which is nearly 5 times that of Pt1.0-CN (70.5 μmol h−1). Excellent photocatalytic degradation performance of ciprofloxacin is also achieved and the degradation rate constant of Pt1.0-CNA is 1.8 times that of CNA. Molecular modifications and single-atom cocatalytic together significantly improve the photocatalytic efficiency of polymer semiconductors.

Linker Engineering of Sandwich-Structured Metal-Organic Framework Composites for Optimized Photocatalytic H2 Production.

While the microenvironment around catalytic sites is recognized to be crucial in thermocatalysis, its roles in photocatalysis remain subtle. Herein, a series of sandwich-structured metal-organic framework (MOF) composites, UiO-66-NH2 @Pt@UiO-66-X (X means functional groups), have been rationally constructed for visible-light photocatalytic H2 production. By varying -X groups of UiO-66-X shell, the microenvironment of Pt sites and photosensitive UiO-66-NH2 core can be simultaneously modulated. Significantly, the MOF composites with identical light absorption and Pt loading present distinctly different photocatalytic H2 production rates, following -X group sequence of -H > -Br > -NA (naphthalene) > -OCH3 > -Cl > -NO2 . UiO-66-NH2 @Pt@UiO-66-H demonstrates H2 production rate up to 2708.2μmol g-1 h-1 , ∼222 times that of UiO-66-NH2 @Pt@UiO-66-NO2 . Mechanism investigations suggest that the variation of -X group can balance the charge separation of UiO-66-NH2 core and proton reduction ability of Pt, leading to the optimal activity of UiO-66-NH2 @Pt@UiO-66-H at the equilibrium point. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Phosphorous-doped cadmium sulfide hollow octahedrons for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution

Currently, promoting solar absorption ability and photoexcited charge separation and transfer of semiconductors is of significance for enhancing their solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency. Hollow-structured design and element doping strategy have proven to be effective in strengthening solar absorption and manipulating the charge dynamics. Herein, an ingenious design of doping phosphors (P) into hollow-structured CdS octahedrons is applied for achieving effective photocatalytic hydrogen production. The P-doped CdS semiconductor has a hollow interior for enhancing the photon absorbance and a narrow bandgap with upshift of valence band for facilitating photoinduced charge separation and transport, all of which contribute to their improved photocatalytic performance. Consequently, the synergistic effect in the designed archicture leads to an enhanced hydrogen production rate of up to 9.58 mmol·g−1 h−1, being about 11.7 fold higher than the reported CdS nanorods. Our work offers a new way for developing other types of sulfur-based semiconductors towards effective solar-to-hydrogen conversion.

Optimizing the band structure of sponge-like S-doped poly(heptazine imide) with quantum confinement effect towards boosting visible-light photocatalytic H2 generation

Simultaneously manipulating the nanostructure and band structure of semiconductors for boosting the photocatalytic performance of photocatalyts is highly desirable. Herein, a series of hierarchical sponge-like S-doped poly(heptazine imide) (HS-SPHI) assembled by ultrathin nanosheets were successfully fabricated via a facile bottom-up supramolecular preassembly approach using melamine (MA) and trithiocyanuric acid (TTCA) as precursors. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of the S-doping and their unique hierarchical porous structure coupled with quantum confinement effect, the as-obtained HS-SPHIs are endowed with extended visible-light response, improved charge separation efficiency, enlarged specific surface area, and enhanced thermodynamic driving force for water reduction. As a result, all the HS-SPHIs exhibit remarkable boosting visible-light (>420 nm) photocatalytic H2evolution (PHE). The maximum PHE rate achieved by HS-SPHI-650 can be up to 3584.2 μmol g−1h−1, with an apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 14.67 % at 420 nm, which is about 22.4 times than that of pristine bulk g-C3N4 (B-GCN). We believe that this work will provide a significant strategy for optimizing the band structure of PCN in order to improve its photocatalytic performance.

Improved Visible-Light Photocatalytic H2 Evolution of G-C3N4 Nanosheets by Constructing Heterojunctions with Nano-Sized Poly(3-Thiophenecarboxylic Acid) and Coordinating Fe(III).

It is highly desirable to enhance the photogenerated charge separation of g-C3N4 by constructing efficient heterojunctions, especially with an additional organic constitution for solar-hydrogen conversion. Herein, g-C3N4 nanosheets have been modified controllably with nano-sized poly(3-thiophenecarboxylic acid) (PTA) through in situ photopolymerization and then coordinated with Fe(III) via the -COOH groups of modified PTA, forming an interface of tightly contacted nanoheterojunctions between the Fe(III)-coordinated PTA and g-C3N4. The resulting ratio-optimized nanoheterojunction displays a ~4.6-fold enhancement of the visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution activity compared to bare g-C3N4. Based on the surface photovoltage spectra, measurements of the amount of •OH produced, photoluminescence (PL) spectra, photoelectrochemical curves, and single-wavelength photocurrent action spectra, it was confirmed that the improved photoactivity of g-C3N4 is attributed to the significantly promoted charge separation by the transfer of high-energy electrons from the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of g-C3N4 to the modified PTA via the formed tight interface, dependent on the hydrogen bond interaction between the -COOH of PTA and the -NH2 of g-C3N4, and the continuous transfer to the coordinated Fe(III) with -OH favorable for connection with Pt as the cocatalyst. This study demonstrates a feasible strategy for solar-light-driven energy production over the large family of g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalysts with exceptional visible-light activities.

Advanced Functional Carbon Nitride by Implanting Semi-Isolated VO2 Active Sites for Photocatalytic H2 Production and Organic Pollutant Degradation.

It is critical to facilitate surface interaction for liquid-solid two-phase photocatalytic reactions. This study demonstrates more advanced, efficient, and rich molecular-level active sites to extend the performance of carbon nitride (CN). To achieve this, semi-isolated vanadium dioxide is obtained by controlling the growth of non-crystalline VO2 anchored into sixfold cavities of the CN lattice. As a proof-of-concept, the experimental and computational results solidly corroborate that this atomic-level design has potentially taken full advantage of two worlds. The photocatalyst comprises the highest dispersion of catalytic sites with the lowest aggregation, like single-atom catalysts. It also demonstrates accelerated charge transfer with the boosted electron-hole pairs, mimicking heterojunction photocatalysts. Density functional theory calculations show that single-site VO2 anchored into the sixfold cavities significantly elevates the Fermi level, compared with the typical heterojunction. The unique features of semi-isolated sites result in a high visible-light photocatalytic H2 production of 645µmol h-1 g-1 with only 1wt% Pt. They also represent an excellent photocatalytic degradation for rhodamine B as well as tetracycline, surpassing the activities obtained from many conventional heterojunctions. This study presents exciting opportunities for the design of new heterogeneous metal oxide for a variety of reactions.

WO3/Cd0.5Zn0.5S heterojunction for highly efficient visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution

The construction of heterogeneous structure is an effective measure to enhance photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Herein, the WO3/Cd0.5Zn0.5S (WO3/CZS) heterogeneous catalyst is prepared via a simple hydrothermal method. The two-dimensional WO3 nanosheet is prepared by roasting the precipitates of sodium tungstate and hydrochloric acid. WO3 can effectively increase the absorption intensity of visible light, thereby generate more photogenerated carriers. Meanwhile, based on the universality of two-dimensional materials, the addition of WO3 nanosheet improves the stability of WO3/CZS composite catalyst. Additionally, the tight heterogeneous interface between WO3 and CZS ensures efficient electrons transport, which inhibits the recombination of electron-hole pairs. The optimized 30%-WO3/Cd0.5Zn0.5S photocatalyst shows the highest H2 production rate of 42.26 mmol g−1 h−1 under visible light, which is 3.43 times higher than the pure Cd0.5Zn0.5S photocatalyst (12.31 mmol g−1 h−1).

Carbon layers on Pt/TiO2 induced dramatic promotion of photocatalytic H2 production: a combined experimental and computation study

Noble metal nanoparticles (NMNPs) modified semiconductors play important roles in heterogeneous catalysis. However, for the ultra-small NMNPs (<5 nm) on TiO2, the problems of easy agglomeration and quick deactivation highlight the need for highly efficient protection of ultra-small NMNPs. Here, we introduce a novel structure of carbonized liquid crystals (CLCs) protected Pt NPs on TiO2, which involves in-situ photo-reduction of chloroplatinic acid to ultra-small Pt NPs in lamellar liquid crystals. According to the results of morphological structures, CLCs changed the contact type of Pt/TiO2 from ‘face-contact’ to ‘point-contact’, which was consistent with our simulation results. Compared with the bare Pt/TiO2, the visible-light photocatalytic H2 production rate of C–Pt/TiO2 exhibited 1.75-fold enhancement under the protection of CLCs (26.73 mmol g−1 h−1vs. 15.26 mmol g−1 h−1). Especially, the marriage of CLCs and the traditional Pt/TiO2 photocatalyst achieved long-term stability, which remained 87% of the original rate at the sixth cycle.

Ordered porous nitrogen-vacancy carbon nitride for efficient visible-light hydrogen evolution

Photocatalytic H2 evolution is a promising technology which could be instrumental in producing clean hydrogen energy. In regard to the photocatalyst, its band structure, morphology and light utilization have a significant influence on the H2 evolution rate and stability. Herein, a three-dimensional ordered macroporous nitrogen-vacancy carbon nitride (3DOM V-CN) photocatalyst was developed by combining vacancies with 3DOM structure for visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution. This strategy preserved the structural properties of 3DOM to improve the light utilization and the specific surface area of the photocatalysts. Moreover, constructing suitable vacancies could trap electrons to facilitate the separation of photogenerated carriers, and extend the light absorption region of the photocatalysts by adjusting band structure, thus improving photocatalytic activity. Compared with CN (0.3 mmol h−1 g−1), 3DOM V-CN demonstrated a superior photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of 2.3 mmol h−1 g−1 (λ ≥ 420 nm) while possessing excellent stability. This work provides an effective and low-cost strategy for the design of the photocatalysts with high activity and stability by simultaneously tuning the band structure and morphology.

Unique porous ZnS-CdS-CoSx Reuleaux triangle nanosheets: Highly promoted visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution via synergistic effect of Z-scheme heterojunction and vacancy defects

Photocatalytic water-splitting employing Z-scheme semiconductor heterojunction is a promising avenue to realize the efficient conversion and storage of renewable solar energy because of its space-separated reduction and oxidation sites, effective charge separation and transportation, as well as the stronger redox abilities of photogenerated carriers. Nevertheless, the efficiency of Z-scheme photocatalysts is often weakened by the insufficient coupling of components due to the stepwise hybridization processes. In this work, unique ZnS-CdS-CoSx porous Reuleaux triangle nanosheets with intimate Z-scheme hetero-interface and S, Zn vacancies were produced by using Zn2Co3(OH)10·2H2O as the bimetallic precursor for subsequent sulfurization and Cd2+-exchange reaction. Noticeably, such a novel structure shows desirable features which suggest a promising photocatalyst for visible-light photocatalytic H2 evolution, including superior charge-separating capability enabled by the Z-scheme charge transfer and synergetic charge-trapping effect of S, Zn vacancies, excellent light-harvesting capacity, abundant S22− species as H2-evolving active sites, a large surface area, and good stability without obvious decline in activity after multiple cycling and long-term tests. The ZnS-CdS-CoSx heterojunction exhibits an outstanding visible-light-driven H2-evolving activity as high as 53.43 mmol·g−1·h−1, corresponding to a high apparent quantum efficiency of 30.8 % at 420 nm, far better than that of Pt-loaded CdS and a great deal of CdS-based photocatalysts reported in the literatures. The present work may shed new light on the designed synthesis of high-performance semiconductor heterojunction for sustainable solar utilization and environmental remediation.

Covalent Organic Framework/g-C3N4 van der Waals Heterojunction toward H2 Production.

Photocatalytic water splitting into H2 is the most economic and environmentally friendly strategy for H2 production, and rationally constructing a heterojunction retains enormous influence on a photocatalytic system. Herein, 2D/2D covalent organic framework/graphitic carbon nitride (COF/CN) van der Waals heterojunctions were readily prepared via an ultrasonic method for high-efficiency visible-light photocatalytic H2 production. The photocatalytic H2 production performance of optimized COF/CN composites can reach up to 449.64 μmol·h-1, which is approximately 5 times that of pure CN (89.08 μmol·h-1). The characterization and experimental studies reveal that the synergistic effect between COF and CN contributes to promoting the interfacial migration and spatial separation of photoinduced e--h+ pairs, further boosting the photocatalytic hydrogen production activity. This work may open a new window to design and fabricate effective heterojunction photocatalysts for photocatalytic energy conversion.

Silver nanoparticle enhanced metal-organic matrix with interface-engineering for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

Integrating plasmonic nanoparticles into the photoactive metal-organic matrix is highly desirable due to the plasmonic near field enhancement, complementary light absorption, and accelerated separation of photogenerated charge carriers at the junction interface. The construction of a well-defined, intimate interface is vital for efficient charge carrier separation, however, it remains a challenge in synthesis. Here we synthesize a junction bearing intimate interface, composed of plasmonic Ag nanoparticles and matrix with silver node via a facile one-step approach. The plasmonic effect of Ag nanoparticles on the matrix is visualized through electron energy loss mapping. Moreover, charge carrier transfer from the plasmonic nanoparticles to the matrix is verified through ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy and in-situ photoelectron spectroscopy. The system delivers highly efficient visible-light photocatalytic H2 generation, surpassing most reported metal-organic framework-based photocatalytic systems. This work sheds light on effective electronic and energy bridging between plasmonic nanoparticles and organic semiconductors.

Green synthesis of Fe2O3 deposited g-C3N4: Addition of rGO promoted Z-scheme ternary heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic degradation and H2 evolution reaction

Construction of heterojunction photocatalysts with robust charge separation, efficiency light utilization and better charge transportation are hotspot in photocatalytic energy and environmental remediation applications. Herein, we have prepared the Z-scheme ternary heterojunction (rGO/g-C3N4/Fe2O3) photocatalysts using green tea extract assisted hydrothermal method for visible-light active photocatalytic degradation and H2 production. The heterojunction formation provides the more active sites for photocatalytic redox reaction in comparison with pure photocatalysts, which was confirmed by BET analysis. Moreover, elemental trapping experiment, photocurrent analysis, and band alignment derived from valance band XPS, clearly revealed that, the prepared photocatalyst shows Z-scheme charge separation. Photocatalytic activity demonstrated that, the prepared Z-scheme heterojunction exhibits 97 and 94% of degradation efficiency against methylene blue (MB) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) model organic pollutants. Moreover, the ternary heterojunction photocatalyst exhibits almost 100% of recycling efficiency towards H2 production even at 5th cycle with 20,786 μmol/g. Hence, we hope that this green synthesis approach would provide the new way to prepare the heterojunction photocatalysts for energy and environmental remediation applications.

Fabrication and enhanced visible-light photocatalytic H2 production of B-doped N-deficient g-C3N4/CdS Hybrids with robust 2D/2D hetero-interface interaction

2D layered photocatalysts with proper electronic structure have sparked much attention in the field of visible-light photocatalysis for H2 production. Herein, by simply calcining the mixture of ultrathin g-C3N4 (CNN) and NaBH4, heteroatom B and N defect were simultaneously introduced into g-C3N4. The obtained modified g-C3N4 (BDCNN) was further coupled with 2D flower-like CdS nanosheet. The optimal 2D/2D BDCNN/CdS-15% heterojunction behaved ideal photocatalytic activity for H2 revolution by water splitting, and the highest H2 revolution rate was as high as 1013.8 μmol g−1 h−1, which was 6.7 times, 2 times, and 5.8 times of the corresponding values of pristine CNN, BDCNN and CdS respectively. It was evidenced that the band structure of 2D/2D BDCNN/CdS-15% was well tuned for better visible-light adsorption and higher separation efficiency of photo-induced carriers for enhancing H2 revolution performance. The achievement in this study provided informative principles for exploring g-C3N4 based heterojunctions with higher H2-production performance.