Virtual Reality Glasses Research Articles

Effect of acute high-intensity interval cycling while viewing a virtual natural scene on mood and eating behavior in men: A randomized pilot trial

Summary Background and aim This study examined the effect of using virtual reality glasses during high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on mood and eating behaviour in men. Methods Twenty-three healthy young men (age 20.5 ± 1.2 years, BMI 22.1 ± 3.4 kg/m2, VO2peak 34.6 ± 6.5 ml/kg/min) participated in the study. Augmented green environment virtual reality while performing HIIE (VR) compared with HIIE (CON) at 90 %VO2peak were performed for 20 min. Mood was assessed using the Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES), which consists of three domains including positive well-being, psychological distress, and fatigue. Eating behaviour was assessed and included appetite sensations, food preferences, and food intake. Results Results showed that there was no significant differences between VR and CON on mood and eating behaviour. The interaction of preference (implicit wanting) for high fat food showed a tendency to increase from pre-post VR compared to CON (P = 0.052). A secondary analysis of tertiles of the three domains of SEES showed no interaction effect of VR vs CON on appetite sensations. However, there was a general group effects of psychological distress on desire to eat (P = 0.049). Conclusions In conclusion, VR-augmented HIIE did not have a differential effect on mood or eating behaviour compared to HIIE alone, except a potential negative impact on fat preference. Psychological distress may lead to greater desire to eat during VR-augmented HIIE.

PND7 EFFICACY OF VIRTUAL REALITY GLASSES AMONG PATIENTS WITH STROKE

Approximately 4.6 million people die, and 40,000 new stroke patients are registered each year worldwide, 30-40% of whom became disabled. Using new alternative therapies, the patient's motivation could be maintained for a longer period of time. With virtual reality glasses, we can make conventional neurological therapy more diverse. We aimed to measure the effectiveness of virtual reality glasses among stroke patients. We conducted a quantitative, longitudinal research, selecting non-randomly stroke patients from age 18 to 75 years, at University of Pécs Clinical Center, Department of Neurosurgery. 18 participants took part of the 3 week program. The conventional neurological therapy for the intervention group was supplemented with virtual reality goggles (8 persons), the control group (10 persons) received only the conventional neurological care. Patients’ sense of balance was measured at the baseline and at the end of the program by Functional Reach test (FR) and Berg Balance scale (BBS), the walking ability by Timed Up and Go test (TUG). Statistical analysis was performed using Mann Whitney and Wilcoxon tests (SPSS 22.0). FR test in the intervention group showed significant improvement in forward direction (21.50±2.61; 24.12±2.53 cm; p=0.010), and in the hemiparetic side (14.63±2.26; 17.25±2.12 cm; p=0,011), but no significantly better result compared to the control group. The intervention group showed significant improvement in TUG test (60.12±30.73; 44±23.97 sec; p=0.012), but no clinically significant (p<0.62) difference was found between the groups. The improvement in the intervention group’s BBS was clinically significant (37.20±2.80; 44.20±5.30 point; p=0.041), and we measured significantly better result after the program compared to the control group (int.:44.20±5.30 point; cont.: 36.30±4.50 point; p=0,012). Virtual reality can be a useful complementary therapy for conventional neurological rehabilitation in terms of balance, and walking ability.

LASER SCANNING FOR BIM AND RESULTS VISUALIZATION USING VR

Abstract. Virtual Reality (VR) is a highly topical subject in many branches of science and industry. Thanks to the rapid development and advancement of computer technology in recent years, it can now be used to a large extent, with more detail to show and is now more affordable than before. The use of virtual reality is currently devoted to many disciplines and it can be expected that its popularity will grow progressively over the next few years. The Laboratory of Photogrammetry at the Czech Technical University in Prague is also interested in VR and focuses mainly on documentation and visualization of historical buildings and objects. Our opinion is that in the field of virtual reality there is great potential and extensive possibilities. 3D models of historical objects, primarily created by photogrammetric IBRM technology (image based modelling and rendering) or by laser scanning, gain a completely different perspective in VR. In general, most of the newly designed buildings are now being implemented into BIM. For certain projects, historical buildings or constructions should also have implemented into BIM. As a basic input into BIM, an accurate 3D spatial documentation of the condition is needed with special accent to additional information like engineering networks, materials, etc. Creating BIM is one thing, visualizing a model is another. The historical object is irregular and it is difficult to create its simplified form as the CAD model; it is much easier with modern buildings. The question is always the appropriate type of visualization, where virtual reality can be a very useful technology. So-called game engines such as Unreal engine or Unity are used to create a virtual world. These are highly sophisticated tools that make it possible to create a suitable environment, where you can place created models and then view and analyse them with the help of VR glasses. In our contribution, we would like to show an example of a technology line that allows you to convert an object documented by laser scanning into virtual reality. An older industrial building prepared for future reconstruction was chosen as a case study. This object was scanned by a laser scanner, a 3D model was created and material types and engineering networks were added into the model.

Efficient Live and On-Demand Tiled HEVC 360 VR Video Streaming

360∘ panorama video displayed through Virtual Reality (VR) glasses or large screens offers immersive user experiences, but as such technology becomes commonplace, the need for efficient streaming methods of such high-bitrate videos arises. In this respect, the attention that 360∘ panorama video has received lately is huge. Many methods have already been proposed, and in this paper, we shed more light on the different trade-offs in order to save bandwidth while preserving the video quality in the user’s field-of-view (FoV). Using 360∘ VR content delivered to a Gear VR head-mounted display with a Samsung Galaxy S7 and to a Huawei Q22 set-top-box, we have tested various tiling schemes analyzing the tile layout, the tiling and encoding overheads, mechanisms for faster quality switching beyond the DASH segment boundaries and quality selection configurations. In this paper, we present an efficient end-to-end design and real-world implementation of such a 360∘ streaming system. Furthermore, in addition to researching an on-demand system, we also go beyond the existing on-demand solutions and present a live streaming system which strikes a trade-off between bandwidth usage and the video quality in the user’s FoV. We have created an architecture that combines RTP and DASH, and our system multiplexes a single HEVC hardware decoder to provide faster quality switching than at the traditional GOP boundaries. We demonstrate the performance and illustrate the trade-offs through real-world experiments where we can report comparable bandwidth savings to existing on-demand approaches, but with faster quality switches when the FoV changes.

Теоретические и прикладные аспекты использования технологий виртуальной реальности в высшей школе

Lack of knowledge about virtual reality often hinders the introduction of these technologies in education. Consideration of theoretical and applied aspects allows to eliminate this drawback through a comprehensive study of these technologies. As a theoretical aspect, an analysis of the development of educational programs of virtual reality is given, as well as approaches to work in educational environments of virtual reality. In the application aspect, specific hardware and software of virtual reality is described. Personal computers, virtual reality glasses and complex systems of user interaction with virtual reality, such as virtual simulators, are listed as immersive equipment. The software is reviewed in accordance with the described hardware, examples of free software are also given. Based on the available research and personal experience of using virtual reality technologies in the educational process of higher education, it is concluded that these technologies are eff ective in improving the quality of education.

Natural teaching for humanoid robot via human-in-the-loop scene-motion cross-modal perception

PurposeThis paper aims to present a human-in-the-loop natural teaching paradigm based on scene-motion cross-modal perception, which facilitates the manipulation intelligence and robot teleoperation.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed natural teaching paradigm is used to telemanipulate a life-size humanoid robot in response to a complicated working scenario. First, a vision sensor is used to project mission scenes onto virtual reality glasses for human-in-the-loop reactions. Second, motion capture system is established to retarget eye-body synergic movements to a skeletal model. Third, real-time data transfer is realized through publish-subscribe messaging mechanism in robot operating system. Next, joint angles are computed through a fast mapping algorithm and sent to a slave controller through a serial port. Finally, visualization terminals render it convenient to make comparisons between two motion systems.FindingsExperimentation in various industrial mission scenes, such as approaching flanges, shows the numerous advantages brought by natural teaching, including being real-time, high accuracy, repeatability and dexterity.Originality/valueThe proposed paradigm realizes the natural cross-modal combination of perception information and enhances the working capacity and flexibility of industrial robots, paving a new way for effective robot teaching and autonomous learning.

An Automated Training of Deep Learning Networks by 3D Virtual Models for Object Recognition

Small series production with a high level of variability is not suitable for full automation. So, a manual assembly process must be used, which can be improved by cooperative robots and assisted by augmented reality devices. The assisted assembly process needs reliable object recognition implementation. Currently used technologies with markers do not work reliably with objects without distinctive texture, for example, screws, nuts, and washers (single colored parts). The methodology presented in the paper introduces a new approach to object detection using deep learning networks trained remotely by 3D virtual models. Remote web application generates training input datasets from virtual 3D models. This new approach was evaluated by two different neural network models (Faster RCNN Inception v2 with SSD, MobileNet V2 with SSD). The main advantage of this approach is the very fast preparation of the 2D sample training dataset from virtual 3D models. The whole process can run in Cloud. The experiments were conducted with standard parts (nuts, screws, washers) and the recognition precision achieved was comparable with training by real samples. The learned models were tested by two different embedded devices with an Android operating system: Virtual Reality (VR) glasses, Cardboard (Samsung S7), and Augmented Reality (AR) smart glasses (Epson Moverio M350). The recognition processing delays of the learned models running in embedded devices based on an ARM processor and standard x86 processing unit were also tested for performance comparison.

Use of Virtual Reality Glasses During Anesthesia in Behavior, Anxiety and Pain Perception of Children

Use of Virtual Reality Glasses During Anesthesia in Behavior, Anxiety and Pain Perception of Children

Sound source localization with varying amount of visual information in virtual reality.

To achieve accurate spatial auditory perception, subjects typically require personal head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) and the freedom for head movements. Loudspeaker-based virtual sound environments allow for realism without individualized measurements. To study audio-visual perception in realistic environments, the combination of spatially tracked head mounted displays (HMDs), also known as virtual reality glasses, and virtual sound environments may be valuable. However, HMDs were recently shown to affect the subjects’ HRTFs and thus might influence sound localization performance. Furthermore, due to limitations of the reproduction of visual information on the HMD, audio-visual perception might be influenced. Here, a sound localization experiment was conducted both with and without an HMD and with a varying amount of visual information provided to the subjects. Furthermore, interaural time and level difference errors (ITDs and ILDs) as well as spectral perturbations induced by the HMD were analyzed and compared to the perceptual localization data. The results showed a reduction of the localization accuracy when the subjects were wearing an HMD and when they were blindfolded. The HMD-induced error in azimuth localization was found to be larger in the left than in the right hemisphere. When visual information of the limited set of source locations was provided, the localization error induced by the HMD was found to be negligible. Presenting visual information of hand-location and room dimensions showed better sound localization performance compared to the condition with no visual information. The addition of possible source locations further improved the localization accuracy. Also adding pointing feedback in form of a virtual laser pointer improved the accuracy of elevation perception but not of azimuth perception.

Effectiveness of a Multimodal Physiotherapy Program With Virtual Reality Glasses in Duchenne and Becker.

Effectiveness of a Multimodal Physiotherapy Program With Virtual Reality Glasses in Duchenne and Becker.

DIGITAL TWIN BASED SYNCHRONISED CONTROL AND SIMULATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL ROBOTIC CELL USING VIRTUAL REALITY

During the years common understanding of the possibilities and perspectives of Virtual Reality (VR) usage has been changed. It is thought that VR is mainly used in entertainment purposes, but it is being used already for many years in different industries, and now with easier access to the hardware it became a helpful and accessible tool that could be used and developed in any field of human activities. In manufacturing, immersive technologies are mainly used nowadays for the visualisation of processes and products combining those visuals into the factory Digital Twin (DT) which is possible to view from the inside look. This feature is already being used in several manufacturing simulation tools, which enable to view onto industrial line / robotic cells via Virtual Reality glasses. However, the potential of using simulations with VR in manufacturing is not fully uncovered. The main aim of this, industrial robotics targeted research is to enable besides simulation also universal control algorithms through Virtual Reality experience, produced by game engine Unity3D, which can be easily modified for a wide range of industrial equipment. The primary outcome of this work is the development of the synchro-nisation model of real and virtual industrial robots and experimental testing the developed model in Virtual Reality and shop floor labs

Low-Cost Stereoscopic Recordings of Neurologic Surgery Operative Microscopy for Anatomic Laboratory Training

Stereoscopic video recordings of operative microscopy during neuroanatomic dissections are an important component of surgical training and research in well-financed medical schools and teaching hospitals. However, the high cost of the latest operative microscopes with integrated video recording equipment can be a limiting factor in their worldwide use. The aim of the present work is to provide a simple low-cost 3-dimensional (3D) stereoscopic operative microscope recording system that can be used even in economically and resource-limited locations. This is achieved by using readily available smartphones, smartphone accessories, and computer software. Stereoscopic recording is accomplished by attaching and aligning matched or similar smartphones to the eyepieces of an operative microscope using readily available smartphone mounting connectors. Video recordings from the smartphones are then transferred to a personal computer and processed with a video-editing software to generate stereoscopic movies that are viewed on a smartphone using virtual-reality glasses. The setup time to mount and align the smartphone cameras typically requires 15-30 minutes. Video image quality and 3D depth presentation is more than sufficient for surgical training and research purposes. The implementation cost ranges from $1,315-$7,066, or much less if smartphones and a computer are already available. The 3D video system demonstrated herein can be implemented on any type of operative microscope, including older units for which commercial stereo recording systems are not available. The system and method presented herein can be readily and affordably implemented in low-budget environments for clinical training and research.

Application of the Visualization through Stereoscopic Glasses in the Massage Therapy

Objectives The aim of this paper was the investigation of the relaxation effect after sports restorative massage in standard conditions and in conditions with additional impact by relaxing 3D VR video through stereoscopic glasses. According to the hypothesis of the study, the application of the visualization through stereoscopic glasses during the massage therapy will increase the effect of the massage. Methods The contingent of the study was 25 Bulgarian students from the National Sports Academy. The age of the participants was 22-28 years old. The study had three conditions. The first condition included initial registration of the heart rate (HR) of every participant at rest, performance of the massage procedure in standard conditions and final HR fixation. The second condition contained initial HR measurement, combined massage with additional impact of relaxing 3D VR video through stereoscopic glasses and final HR measurement. In the third condition, a musculoskeletal state assessment of the participants was made. On this basis, the contingent for the investigation of the influence of relaxing 3D VR video on the pain symptoms was defined. The measure procedures included HR measurement, skin fold lift test and visual analog scale for assessment of the skin resistance in the affected area and pain sensation survey. Results All of the results were with an extremely statistical significance. The heart rate variation before the massage (74.4bpm), after the massage procedure in normal conditions (65.7bpm), and after the massage with additional 3D VR visualization (57.6bpm) was found. Five participants have been diagnosed with resistance and strong pain in the lumbar spine. After a restorative massage with the additional impact of the audio visualization through the virtual reality glasses, painful symptoms were not observed. Conclusions The analysis of the results proved the correctness of the hypothesis of the study. The investigation found that the applying relaxing 3D visualization through stereoscopic glasses during massage therapy leads to increase of the restorative effect and to the reduction of the pain symptoms. Keywords: Pain symptoms; Relaxing effect; Restorative massage; Skin fold; Virtual reality

The Effect of Special Exercises using Virtual reality Glasses (3D) in Learning the Stop Attack with the Epee of the Students

The Effect of Special Exercises using Virtual reality Glasses (3D) in Learning the Stop Attack with the Epee of the Students

Home-based visual field test for glaucoma screening comparison with Humphrey perimeter.

PurposeTo present a home-based visual field examination method using a PC monitor or virtual reality glasses and evaluate the reliability of the method by comparing the results with those of the Humphrey perimeter, in order to assess the possibility of glaucoma screening through the Internet.Materials and methodsSoftware implementing a supra-threshold algorithm for the central 24° (52 points) of visual field at three threshold levels: 1) −4 db, 2) −8 db, and 3) −12 db, from the age-expected sensitivity was used for the purpose of testing. The software uses the web camera as a “virtual photometer” in order to detect room luminosity and allows self-testing using a computer monitor or virtual reality glasses using an Android smartphone with a 6-inch display. The software includes an expert system to analyze the visual field image and validate the reliability of the results. It also allows the physician to combine the results from two or more tests into a single test in order to achieve higher statistical accuracy of the final result. A total of ten patients, 20 eyes tested×52 points per eye=1,040 visual field test points, were compared point to point to those obtained using the Humphrey perimeter for the same patients, as they appeared randomly and consecutively at the glaucoma department within hours.ResultsGood receiver operating characteristic/area under the curve coefficient was found, ranging from 0.762 to 0.837 (P<0.001). Sensitivity ranged from 0.637 to 0.942, and specificity ranged from 0.735 to 0.497.ConclusionThe home-based visual field test exhibits a reasonable receiver operating characteristic curve when compared to the Humphrey perimeter, without the need of specialized equipment. The test may be useful for glaucoma screening.

Involuntary Attention Restoration During Exposure to Mobile-Based 360° Virtual Nature in Healthy Adults With Different Levels of Restorative Experience: Event-Related Potential Study.

BackgroundWith the global trend of urbanization, there are increasing reports of a possible association between decreased exposure to nature and increased occurrence of mental disorders. New 360° virtual reality (VR) technology using smartphones and portable VR glasses can overcome spatial and temporal limitations to help people deal with mental fatigue in everyday life.ObjectiveOn the basis of attention restoration theory (ART), this study aimed to investigate whether the amplitude of the mismatch negativity (MMN)/P3a complex could act as an event-related potential (ERP) biomarker of involuntary attention restoration during exposure to 360° virtual nature in healthy young adults with different levels of restorative VR experience.MethodsA total of 40 healthy adults completed prequestionnaires on demographics and simulator sickness and postquestionnaires on simulator sickness and perceived restorativeness before and after exposure to virtual nature, respectively. During the VR exposure, brain activity was measured by electroencephalography as participants were asked to conduct a 2-tone passive auditory oddball task.ResultsThe amplitude and latency of the MMN/P3a complex were compared between individuals reporting a highly restorative experience and those reporting a less restorative experience. Although viewing a virtual nature environment, the high restorative group (N=19) exhibited significantly reduced P3a amplitudes compared with the low restorative group (N=20; t38=2.57; P=.02; d=0.59). Particularly, a moderate but significant negative correlation was found between the self-reported restorativeness scores and the P3a amplitudes at the fronto-central region (r=−.38; P=.02). However, the latency of the MMN/P3a complex did not significantly differ between the 2 groups (auditory mismatch negativity: t38=−1.47; P=.15 and P3a: t38=−0.31; P=.76).ConclusionsConsidering individuals’ restorative experience, the amplitude of the fronto-central MMN/P3a complex can potentially be employed as a distinct ERP component of interest in involuntary attention restoration during virtual nature experience in healthy young adults. The findings for the 360° virtual nature experience seem to be consistent with those of previous ERP studies on the effects of meditation practice. This study extends the findings of previous ART and ERP studies of real-world meditation, restoration, and mental fatigue management into the virtual world created by mobile phone–based VR glasses and 360° video content.

Realization of real-time X-ray stereoscopic vision during interventional procedures

During interventional procedures, the deficiencies of nonstereoscopic vision increase the difficulty of identifying the anteroposterior direction and pathways of vessels. Therefore, achieving real-time stereoscopic vision during interventional procedures is meaningful. Pairs of X-ray images were captured with identical parameter settings, except for different rotation angles (represented as the α angle). The resulting images at these α angles were used as left-eye and right-eye views and were horizontally merged into single left-right 3D images. Virtual reality (VR) glasses were used for achieving stereo vision. Pairs of X-ray images from four angiographies with different α angles (1.8–3.4°) were merged into left-right 3D images. Observation with VR glasses can produce realistic stereo views of vascular anatomical structure. The results showed that the optimal α angles accepted by the brain for generating stereo vision were within a narrow range (approximately 1.4–4.1°). Subsequent tests showed that during transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, 3D X-ray stereoscopic images provided significantly improved spatial discrimination and convenience for identifying the supply vessels of a liver tumor and its anteroposterior direction compared with plain X-ray images (all P < 0.01). Real-time X-ray stereoscopic vision can be easily achieved via the straightforward method described herein and has the potential to benefit patients during interventional procedures.

Understanding the diffusion of virtual reality glasses: The role of media, fashion and technology

Facebook, Google and many other established players' future will encompass a new media format—Virtual Reality (VR)—that require novel devices such as VR glasses. While market forecasts are promising, recent diffusion rates indicate that consumer acceptance is still limited. By incorporating existing and proposing new benefits and risks through the lenses of media, technology, and fashion research, the authors develop and test a comprehensive framework to study consumer reactions to wearable VR glasses. Results of an empirical consumer study on virtual reality acceptance indicate various novel and interesting findings. For example, health and privacy risks diminish adoption rates, whereas—contrary to other technologies—psychological or physical risks—do not. Likewise, fashionable designs and wearable comfort—two novel constructs investigated in this research—matter in addition to established utilitarian and hedonic constructs. Finally, this study includes a novel perspective on media technologies by showing that VR-adoption intention is highest when consumers expect to experience both a strong sense of virtual embodiment (the sensation of being another person) and virtual presence (the sensation of being at another place), while the presence of only one of these conditions may even have a negative effect.

Electric field distribution and SAR inside a human eye exposed to VR glasses

The aim of this study is a numerical analysis of the electric field and the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution within a realistic 3D-human eye model exposed to electromagnetic (EM) wave of virtual reality (VR) glasses at the frequency of third generation, long-term evolution-4G, and the frequency of the latest generation of mobile networks - 5G. To obtain the values of the electric field and SAR, the numerical solution of equations of EM waves propagation has been used. A new realistic 3D-human head and human eye model has been created. The obtained results are shown for different biological tissues of the eye exposed to EM radiation from VR glasses at different frequencies. The maximum absorption of EM energy will be discussed for the following frequencies: 900 MHz, 2.6 GHz, and 28 GHz. The maximum values of electric field strength in the human eye tissue at the frequencies 28 GHz and 900 MHz are 94.43 and 137.3 V/m, respectively (higher than referent values), whereas for 2.6 GHz amounts 8.62 V/m (lower than referent limits). The obtained SAR peaks do not overcome prescribed safety values.

Examining wayfinding behaviours in architectural spaces using brain imaging with electroencephalography (EEG)

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to assess the effect of gender, age, level of education, and ceiling height on cognitive processing and wayfinding, and to investigate these effects on architectural design using a brain imaging method. Three spaces of different heights are tested to identify the factors affecting changes in wayfinding behaviour. The study uses a sample of 343 people with different levels of education, ages and gender to investigate circulation duration and exiting times in the different spaces. Participants’ wayfinding behaviours are analysed using virtual reality glasses and electroencephalography (EEG). EEG is a test used to evaluate electrical activity in the brain. The axle-maps generated by the pedestrian axes, using software developed for this study, are examined during the wayfinding behaviours. An object-space matching test was developed to determine at what point the different objects placed in the spaces are observed by the participants. After navigating the different spaces, participants take an object-space matching test based on the objects seen in their navigation of the spaces. Apart from the being influenced by space-plan orientation, wayfinding behaviour is shown to be related to personal and social characteristics of people, and that the height of the space influences wayfinding behaviour. It is hoped that these findings will improve future architectural design.