The misuse of antibiotics has led to the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, posing a significant threat to global health. The shortcoming of new antibiotics with novel mode of action augments this challenge. Nanoparticles, particularly synthesized through green synthesis methods, have emerged as promising agents to combat the growing issue of MDR. The current study focuses on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using seed extract from the traditional medicinal herbaceous plant Phyllanthus maderaspatensis (PM). AgNPs were synthesized by mixing the PM seed extract (PMSE) with 3 mM silver nitrate at 80°C for 15min, followed by precipitation using acetone and drying at 70°C. Characterization of the derived AgNPs with UV spectroscopy resulted absorption maximum at 430nm. FTIR analysis revealed the capping of functional moieties such as alcohol, amine, aldehyde, alkene and halo to their surfaces. SEM and TEM analysis disclosed the spherical and quasi-spherical shaped nanoparticles, with smooth surface and notable lattice fringes appearance. The size of AgNPs ranges from ~ 5nm to ~ 78nm in diameter. The synthesised nanoparticles happen to be highly stable as deduced via mean zeta potential of -37.9 mV. XRD and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum of the synthesized AgNPs conforms the presence of silver in the synthesised nanoparticles. The antimicrobial potential of the synthesized AgNPs against different bacterial strains provides minimum inhibitory concentration values as low as 150 to 225µg/mL. Additionally, the AgNPs also exhibited outstanding anti-biofilm capabilities. Crystal violet uptake assay and light microscopy studies indicates that membrane disruption contributes to their bactericidal effect. Altogether, the utilization of PMSE as a reducing agent holds promise as a cost-effective, scalable, and eco-friendly alternative to traditional AgNP synthesis methods. This PMSE derived AgNPs demonstrate strong potential for broad applications namely in agriculture for management of PM seeds and across medicine such as development of anti-bacterial coating or as an active ingredient in wound dressing.

Does localized irradiance of poly-wave LED influence the bonding performance of universal adhesives to dentin?

Photodynamic inhibition of WiDr colorectal cancer cells by formation of gold nanoparticles

Abstract Artificial transmembrane anion carriers have shown potential in biological research and medicine, such as chemotherapeutics to treat channelopathies and anticancer agents. Stimuli‐responsive systems, controlled by triggers such as light, pH, redox, enzymes, or membrane potential, offer the potential for targeted activation. Photoactivation of ion transport is particularly advantageous due to the possibility of achieving spatiotemporal control, remote addressability, and reduced cytotoxicity. However, poor tissue penetration and undesired cytotoxicity are significant drawbacks to many photo‐activated ionophores reported to date, which are mostly triggered by UV or violet light. Here, we report BODIPY‐caged photo‐responsive anionophores activated with NIR light, which utilize dynamic hydrogen bonding interactions of a 4‐hydroxyisophthalamide motif. Caging of the hydroxyl group of the anionophore with BODIPY‐photocages locks the amide proton through six‐membered intramolecular hydrogen bonding, rendering it unavailable for anion recognition and transport. Decaging with 730 nm NIR irradiation reverses the hydrogen bonding pattern to switch on binding, with efficient off‐on activation profiles observed in anion transport experiments in vesicles. Analogous experiments in cancer cells revealed turn‐on transmembrane chloride transport and a dramatic, dose‐dependent decrease in cell viability following NIR decaging of the anionophore, demonstrating the potential for NIR‐triggered ionophores as an alternative to existing photodynamic therapies for cancer.

Artificial transmembrane anion carriers have shown potential in biological research and medicine, such as chemotherapeutics to treat channelopathies and anticancer agents. Stimuli‐responsive systems, controlled by triggers such as light, pH, redox, enzymes, or membrane potential, offer the potential for targeted activation. Photoactivation of ion transport is particularly advantageous due to the possibility of achieving spatiotemporal control, remote addressability, and reduced cytotoxicity. However, poor tissue penetration and undesired cytotoxicity are significant drawbacks to many photo‐activated ionophores reported to date, which are mostly triggered by UV or violet light. Here, we report BODIPY‐caged photo‐responsive anionophores activated with NIR light, which utilize dynamic hydrogen bonding interactions of a 4‐hydroxyisophthalamide motif. Caging of the hydroxyl group of the anionophore with BODIPY‐photocages locks the amide proton through six‐membered intramolecular hydrogen bonding, rendering it unavailable for anion recognition and transport. Decaging with 730 nm NIR irradiation reverses the hydrogen bonding pattern to switch on binding, with efficient off‐on activation profiles observed in anion transport experiments in vesicles. Analogous experiments in cancer cells revealed turn‐on transmembrane chloride transport and a dramatic, dose‐dependent decrease in cell viability following NIR decaging of the anionophore, demonstrating the potential for NIR‐triggered ionophores as an alternative to existing photodynamic therapies for cancer.

AimsTo compare the changes in ocular parameters after implantation of two types of intraocular lenses (IOLs) following cataract surgery. One IOL transmits violet light (VL), and the other does not.MethodsA total of 402 patients were randomly assigned to receive either a VL-non-transmitting IOL or a VL-transmitting IOL. Ocular parameters were measured preoperatively and postoperatively, and participants completed a lifestyle questionnaire. The choroidal thickness (CT) was measured using the PLEX Elite 9000 (Carl Zeiss Meditec). The associations between changes in CT and age, sex, type of IOL, preoperative CT, time spent outdoors, time spent using a smartphone or tablet and time spent reading were examined using stepwise multiple regression analysis (SPSS V.28.0 for Windows, IBM-SPSS).ResultsThe baseline mean spherical equivalents were −4.00±5.97 D and −2.19±4.73 D, the axial lengths were 24.84±1.82 mm and 24.19±1.65 mm, and the CTs were 213.78±102.93 µm and 239.20±104.98 µm for the VL-non-transmitting and VL-transmitting IOL groups, respectively. The mean changes in the CT from 3 to 12 months postoperatively were −0.30±18.32 µm for the VL-non-transmitting IOLs and 3.48±16.46 µm for the VL-transmitting IOLs (p=0.012). Multiple regression analysis identified significant choroidal thickening associated with female sex (p=0.004), VL-transmitting IOL implantation (p=0.049) and increased outdoor exposure (p=0.008).ConclusionThe choroidal thickening after cataract surgery was associated with the VL-transmitting IOL and longer time spent outdoors with exposure to abundant VL. Despite these findings, this study has several limitations, including a relatively short follow-up period, and it did not assess postoperative lifestyle, VL exposure or actual peripheral defocus in the patients.Trial registration numberUMIN000038961.

ABSTRACT The integration of dynamic covalent bonds with photoswitches represents a rapidly advancing frontier in the development of dynamic covalent materials with photo‐adaptivity. We report the synthesis and characterization of three imine‐derived diarylethene photoswitches DAE1 ‐ DAE3 . All photoswitches demonstrate excellent photochromic performance. Notably, the nitro‐substituted photoswitch DAE1 exhibits rapid bidirectional response, a high ring‐closing quantum yield of up to 0.83, and ultrahigh photoconversion efficiency under visible light irradiation, achieving a photocyclization yield of 96% under violet light and a quantitative photocycloreversion yield under green light. Additionally, DAE1 displays great fatigue resistance and thermal stability. These photochromic compounds featuring dynamic imine bonds hold considerable potential for designing photo‐responsive constitutional dynamic systems.

Microstructural characteristics and mechanisms underlying dynamic light adaptation in the compound eyes of Exolontha castanea (Coleoptera: Melolonthinae).

Photoinactivation of planktonic Cutibacterium acnes subsp. elongatum: A study on wavelength-dependent effects.

ABSTRACT Methyl pyropheophorbide‐ a , one of the chlorophyll‐ a derivatives, was reacted with thallium(III) trifluoroacetate in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature to yield the corresponding Tl(III) complex with trifluoroacetate as an axial ligand. The anionic trifluoroacetate ligand was readily exchanged for chloride by treatment with brine. The resulting five‐coordinated complex with Cl − was fully characterized by 1 H NMR and visible absorption spectroscopies as well as mass spectrometry. Notably, the meso ‐protons of trifluoroacetate and chloride complexes coupled strongly with the stable Tl isotopes (the nuclear spin quantum numbers = 1/2) through four bonds to give doublet peaks (the coupling constants = 40–58 Hz). Their 1 H NMR spectra in deuterated chloroform indicated that the Tl(III) chlorins with an axial ligand were epimeric mixtures around the chiral central metal. Molecular model calculation proposed their absolute configurations at the asymmetric Tl(III) atom. The α‐ligated complexes were estimated to be preferable over the β‐ligated epimers. The epimeric ratios varying from 1.6 to 2.0 were dependent on the axial ligands. The obtained Tl(III) complex in dichloromethane efficiently absorbed violet and red lights but hardly emitted red‐to‐far‐red light due to the heavy atom effect.

In this study, we applied eight different light quality treatments and investigated their effects on the proliferation and physiological characteristics of Aquilaria sinensis group-cultivated seedlings in order to screen the best light quality for optimizing group-cultivation fast multiplication technology. The results showed that the highest multiplication rates were obtained with blue light and red light, which were significantly higher than those of white light. Blue light was the most effective in promoting the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, while red light and blue violet light were favorable for the accumulation of soluble sugars. Correlation analysis showed that the multiplication rate was significantly and positively correlated with plant height, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and soluble sugar content. The comprehensive evaluation indicated that blue light, blue-violet light, and red light was most suitable for fostering proliferation of, and physiological status improvement in, group-cultivated A. sinensis seedlings, with their superior performance likely attributable to the combined effects of specific spectral properties and appropriate photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) levels. The results of this study provide technical support for light environment regulation for the efficient and rapid propagation of group-cultured A. sinensis seedlings.

Cichlid visual systems can evolve rapidly during adaptive radiations. The Bermin crater lake species flock in Cameroon, comprising 13 (nine valid and four undescribed) Coptodon species, offers an ideal model to investigate visual adaptation to the deep-water light environments. Here, we examine visual opsin genes sequences and expression using 109 retina transcriptomes, focusing on interspecific variation with habitat depth, as well as on seasonal changes in the migratory species between depths. All species possess a multichromatic system with at least five cone opsins. While opsin coding sequences show limited divergence—consistent with the flock's recent origin—opsin expression profiles vary substantially. Deep-water species showed reduced sws1 and sws2b expression, in line with lower UV and violet light availability in deeper waters. Unexpectedly, proportional expression of the red-sensitive lws opsin gene increases with depth, contrasting with patterns in other lacustrine cichlids. In the seasonally migrating species Coptodon imbrifernus, opsin expression is plastic, with decreased sws2b levels in deeper-dwelling dry-season individuals. To contextualize our findings, we compared Bermin cichlids to the older Barombi Mbo crater lake radiation. While single cone adaptations to the depth were convergent (loss of UV/violet sensitivity, enhanced blue sensitivity), double cone response diverged: lws expression was lost in Barombi Mbo while increased in Bermin deep-water species. Our findings suggest that plasticity in opsin expression plays a crucial role at the onset of sensory evolution, potentially paving the way for future genetic change. This study underscores the power of young systems like Bermin for uncovering the mechanisms driving early visual system diversification.

Apusomonads are sediment-dwelling bacterivorous protists that are sister to all Opisthokonta. They have been found to show a negative phototactic response to blue light, mediated by an as-yet unidentified photoreceptive system. Here, by screening available apusomonad omics data we found genes of a distinct group of microbial rhodopsins, apusomonad rhodopsins (ApuRs). ApuRs, heterologously expressed in mammalian cells, absorbed near-UV or violet light, suggesting that ApuRs could be involved in apusomonads' photoavoidance response toward short-wavelength light. Electrophysiological measurements indicate that ApuRs are anion-selective rhodopsin channels which evolved independently of the family of channelrhodopsins widespread in other unicellular eukaryotes. In ApuRs, channel opening is triggered by photoisomerization of the retinal from its all-trans form to 13-cis and 11-cis forms. We found that intracellular proton transfer is involved in channel opening and determines the channel's open/close kinetics. These findings expand our understanding of the photobiology of heterotrophic flagellates and demonstrate that UV-absorbing ApuRs are in fact the most blue-shifted rhodopsin channels known to date.

Fluoroalkyl‐substituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) have emerged as an attractive scaffold in drug discovery. Herein, the modular construction of fluoromethyl‐linked BCPs is reported. Fluoroiodomethyl phenyl sulfoxide is found to be a synthetic equivalent of a formal fluoromethylene radical cation synthon, which, under metal‐free conditions and violet light irradiation (400 nm), enables an atom‐transfer radical addition reaction to [1.1.1]propellane. This straightforward approach provides access to novel bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane‐substituted fluoromethyl sulfonium reagents. The electrophilic properties of these sulfonium salts allow nucleophilic displacement under mild conditions, enabling the introduction of the fluoromethyl bicyclopentyl group into diverse natural products and drug molecules with good functional group tolerance.

The properties of supramolecules can be modulated by post-assembly modification (PAM) of their building blocks or via guest encapsulation. This work demonstrates a largely uncharted approach to property modulation that integrates both PAM and guest encapsulation in a single system to boost photocatalytic activity. Self-assembly of a "phenothiazine"-functionalized ligand (L) with a cis-blocked Pd(II) acceptor (A) generated an A6L3 trifacial tube (T). Postassembly, T could be modified via irradiation with violet light, leading to the sulfoxidation of the "phenothiazine" moieties in T and thereby generating an oxidized tube (TO). Both TO and T could stabilize a C70 molecule within their cavities, forming C70@TO and C70@T, respectively. Although T showed relatively poor photocatalytic performance mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) with respect to oxidation of terpenes (S1-S4) under visible light, the modified TO was much better in that regard. Expectedly, C70@T showed better photocatalytic performance than T due to the presence of photosensitizing C70. While PAM or guest encapsulation alone led to reasonable improvements in photocatalytic ability, their combination within C70@TO led to a significant improvement. Catalytic amounts of C70@TO could instantly oxidize terpenes. Thus, we report here a new host that integrates the effects of both PAM and photosensitizer encapsulation for synergistically boosting its photocatalytic activity.

Light is perceived through the retina, the light-sensing tissue layer of the eye, and can directly influence the brain. Light exposure triggers various biological responses that improve sleep quality and stabilize mood. Recently, violet light, exhibiting a unique wavelength of 360–400 nm, has garnered significant attention due to its perception through a specific receptor, marking a novel research area. Herein, we used “violet light glasses” that directly emit violet light into the human eye and investigated their effects on healthy humans in real-life settings. This study demonstrated that two hours of violet light exposure in the morning enhanced sleep quality in approximately 20% of the healthy participants and was also associated with improved blood glucose levels. Although this was a pilot study due to its small sample size, our findings indicate that violet light could potentially promote health benefits in humans.

Cartilaginous fishes (e.g., sharks, rays, and skates) cannot see blue or violet light, potentially because they lack the shortwave-sensitive cone opsin gene (sws). Widespread gene loss can occur during evolution, but the evolutionary mechanisms underlying sws loss remains unclear. Here, we construct whole-genome assemblies of Okamejei kenojei (skate) and Prionace glauca (blue shark). We then analyze the distribution characteristics and intragroup differences of opsin-related genes in cartilaginous fishes. Using a zebrafish model with sws deleted we infer that in the presence of SWS1 and SWS2, blue and violet light respectively, can induce cell aging. This is followed by photoreceptor layer thinning, demonstrating, sws loss aids in preventing shortwave light damage to the eye. In the retinas of numerous cartilaginous fishes, the tapetum lucidum strongly reflects light. Therefore, in cartilaginous fish, the existence of tapetum lucidum in the retina and loss of sws may be interdependent; in other words, this adaptive gene loss may increase cartilaginous fish fitness.

The un-doped CaF2 and Dy3+ ion doped CaF2 Nanoparticles were chemically synthesized following the solution combustion method using calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2 (99.9%, Sigma Aldrich) as the source of calcium, NH4F (99.9%, Sigma Aldrich) as the source of fluoride and Dy2O3 (99.9%, Sigma Aldrich) as the source of dysprosium respectively. The average crystallite size of un-doped CaF2 nanoparticles was found to be 15.76nm and that of CaF2:Dy3+ nanoparticles was found to be 32.04nm. The variation of crystallite size of the samples on doping of Dy3+ ion was revealed from XRD analysis. The Rietveld refinement analysis of CaF2:Dy3+ nanoparticles has been also done to confirm the retention of cubic fluoride structure in it. The formation of Nano spheroids was also confirmed from the study of surface morphology by FESEM. The absence of impurities in the prepared powder samples was confirmed by EDAX analysis. The band gap energy of un-doped CaF2 nanoparticles was found to be 3.87eV and that of CaF2:Dy3+ nanoparticles was found to be 1.80eV. The optical study revealed the transition of band gap of CaF2 from direct to indirect band gap on doping of Dy3+ ions indicating its applicability in optoelectronics to design photodetector. The Urbach energies of CaF2 and CaF2:Dy3+nanoparticles were found to be 2.33eV and 0.15eV respectively. As the PL emission peaks of un-doped CaF2 and CaF2:Dy3+ nanoparticles were observed around 420nm and 480nm, 573nm respectively, the photoluminescence study also explored the applicability of the synthesized samples as potential material for fabrication of violet and white light laser.

The demand for establishing an effective but inexpensive method to interfere with the spread of infectious diseases has been higher than ever before, since the recent pandemic. As a follow-up study, we tested a few practically applicable lights with a safe 410nm violet light (V) with infrared (IR, 850nm) under realistic conditions to identify an optimal light for suppressing pathogens. Our results indicate that 410nm violet light is as effective as the previously tested 405nm violet light with infrared (850nm). Therefore, we focused on optimizing combined lights (3V-1IR or 2.33V-1IR) with lower power level that is below 24 Watt. Using the Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) from ATCC, we confirmed that the combined 20W light effectively suppressed the survival of both MDR bacterial strains on a smooth surface at the distance of 25cm, 50cm, 1m or 2m, which mimicked the realistic living spaces. As expected, the effectiveness was inversely proportional to the exposed distance. For example, the light exposure suppressed more than 91-97% of E. coli within 1-2 hours and 96-99% of S. aureus within 2-6 hours at short distances (25 or 50cm), whereas it took 6-8 hours to reach 92-95% of E. coli and 91-99% of S. aureus suppression at 1 or 2m. In the mechanistic studies, we confirmed that the bacterial death was mediated by the enhanced level of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), in addition to reduced thickness of biofilm from 410nm and 850nm infrared light. Our results strongly support the possible application of using this combined 410nm with infrared light as an inexpensive and practical solution to reduce the potential pathogens, at least from bacterial origins in a variety of living spaces.

Abstract We present a metal-insulator-metal spectral modulator comprising rhombic Al and diamond unit cells on a Ag layer to achieve efficient colored radiative cooling. The modulator enables tunable color display from light violet to sky blue simply by switching from TE to TM mode. Dynamic chromatic demonstration can be further achieved by varying the aspect ratio of the rhombic unit, the thickness of the diamond layer and polarization angles. With the integration of a top-emitting layer, the spectral modulator attains a net radiative cooling power of 94.33 W m−2 at 300 K. To showcase practical implementation, each letter in the word ‘Zhengzhou’ exhibits distinct color through 10° incremental polarization angle. Overall, our innovative design establishes a framework for advancing energy-efficient cooling, smart color display, and thermal management solutions.