Background Southeast Asia’s authoritarian developmental model has endured in many countries in the region, partly because non-democratic leaders emphasize performance legitimacy to maintain autocratic power. However, despite being one of the oldest authoritarian regimes, Myanmar’s case indicates the opposite trend. Domestic stability has been absent, as the military junta continues to face resistance and opposition voices, despite its efforts to establish order. Given the lack of positive economic performance, what explains the longevity of Myanmar’s authoritarianism? Method Utilizing the 2024 Democracy Index and Varieties of Democracy’s 2025 participatory democracy index and fair and free elections data, this qualitative study bridges the analytical framework for conceptualizing regime varieties (a graded approach) and traces coercion in Myanmar’s authoritarianism to make sense of dictatorial longevity in Myanmar’s case. Results The results of this study are as follows: 1) Myanmar shows some concerning and stagnant trends away from ideal democratic practices, suggesting that Myanmar’s authoritarianism is fundamentally worse compared to Southeast Asian states with similar political systems; and 2) The presence of coercion, threat of violence, and the deployment of coerciveness through institutional structures under the junta’s rule, seen with digital authoritarianism, continued repression on civil liberties, and the military-backed elections, which forcefully prolongs authority. Conclusions Dictatorial longevity in Myanmar shows trends leaning towards coercion, rather than performance legitimacy. Therefore, despite similar systems in Southeast Asia encountering domestic stability, the case of Myanmar has resulted in increased repression and disregard for civil liberties and the rights of the Myanmar people.

ABSTRACT Farm labor intermediaries in Turkey have been at the heart of maintaining a precarious and low‐wage migrant labor force for capitalist agriculture since the 19th century. This labor force has been predominantly comprised of Kurds, a people racialized as “savage,” “racially impure,” and “traitors of the Turkish nation” since the beginning of the 20th century. The war between Kurdish guerillas and the Turkish state in the 1990s introduced the portrayal of Kurds as “potential terrorists” into the discourses that racialize them. This change significantly impacted the role, prevalence, and definition of the institution of the labor intermediary. Drawing on 20 months of fieldwork with Kurdish farmworkers and labor intermediaries, this article examines how intermediaries, typically responsible for enforcing labor control and discipline as agents of exploitation, are paradoxically compelled to protect workers who face threats of racial hostility and state violence in order to facilitate their exploitation. This paradoxical task of social and political protection, which enables economic exploitation, suggests a need to examine institutions of labor management not only with reference to their function in capitalist labor processes but also in light of context‐specific historical and political dynamics of racialization and political violence.

Taslima Nasrin, a Bangladeshi author and former physician, is renowned for her powerful writings on women’s rights and religious intolerance. One of her most famous works, Lajja (Shame), delves into the sensitive and explosive issue of religious conflicts in Bangladesh. The novel, set against the backdrop of the aftermath of the Babri Masjid demolition in India in 1992, is a poignant and scathing critique of the communal violence and religious bigotry that ensued in Bangladesh. Hindu nationalists demolished the Babri Masjid, a mosque in Ayodhya, India, on December 6, 1992. This act led to widespread communal riots in India, resulting in significant loss of life and property. The reverberations of this event were felt across the border in Bangladesh, where Hindu minorities faced brutal reprisals. Lajja tells the harrowing story of a Hindu family in Bangladesh that faces extreme persecution in a country where they are a minority. The story revolves around the Dutta family: Sudhamoy, his wife Kironmoyee, their son Suronjon, and daughter Maya. The family, despite being Hindu, has always considered Bangladesh their home. Through her characters and their experiences, Nasrin exposes the deep-seated prejudices and systemic discrimination faced by Hindus in a predominantly Muslim society. It explores the various dimensions of religious conflict analyzing the historical context, character dynamics and themes. The writer does not shy away from depicting the brutal realities of religious persecution. The constant threat of violence looms over the characters, affecting their psychological well-being. Lajja is a powerful and thought-provoking novel that delves deep into the heart of religious conflict in Bangladesh. Religious minorities in nearby Bangladesh were disproportionately affected by the massive communal conflicts that resulted from the demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992. Hindu minorities experienced violence, prejudice, and social exclusion despite the nation’s secular aspirations. This circumstance begs the important question of whether religion serves as a catalyst for social division or as a force for unification. This study explores how religious intolerance, communal violence, and systematic prejudice undermine societal harmony and jeopardize minority identity and security via the story of the Dutta family in Lajja .

Gendered health inequities and policy silences: Insights from deliberative dialogues on unpaid care and domestic work in sub-Saharan Africa.

Black transgender women experience disproportionately high rates of violent victimization rooted in intersecting systems of oppression, including cisgenderism and anti-Black racism. Although victimization is linked to psychological distress, the mental health impacts of intersectional violence, which targets overlapping marginalized identities, remain understudied. To examine the associations between anticipated and experienced intersectional victimization and psychological distress among Black transgender women. Online survey data from 151 Black transgender women (age ≥ 18) in the United States (US) between October 2021 and February 2024 were analyzed using t-tests and multivariate linear regressions. In models controlling for age, employment, and US region, experienced sexual, physical, and threats of intersectional violence, as well as anticipated intersectional violence, were associated with increased post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity, in separate models. Conversely, only experienced sexual intersectional violence and anticipated intersectional violence were associated with greater depressive symptom severity. When all violence variables were included simultaneously, experienced intersectional sexual violence and anticipated violence remained significantly associated with PTSD and depressive symptoms in separate models. Service providers who work with Black transgender women should routinely assess for anticipated and experienced intersectional victimization to guide person-centered interventions. Further research is needed to distinguish the effects of intersectional victimization from opportunistic victimization and to inform the adaptation of targeted mental health interventions.

Addressing Risks of Violence to Children and Adolescents Through Oregon's Extreme Risk Protection Order Law.

ABSTRACT Behavioral threat assessment and management (BTAM) is a proactive approach to identifying, evaluating, and managing student threats of violence. BTAM teams typically include school administrators, mental health professionals, and school resource officers (SRO); however, the presence of SROs in schools is controversial. This multiple case study examined SRO roles on BTAM teams through inductive analysis of semi-structured interview responses of 5 SROs, 7 district safety leads, and 9 mental health professionals using the Comprehensive School Threat Assessment Guidelines. Key findings include (1) SROs had prior interest in working with youth or in schools and received relevant training before joining the BTAM team; (2) SROs worked collaboratively as part of the BTAM team throughout the process; and (3) SROs maintained boundaries between school discipline and law enforcement throughout the process. Findings may inform school policy and practice by clarifying how SROs are prepared for and serve on BTAM teams.

This study analyzed publicly available Reddit data to characterize gun violence in intimate partner violence (IPV) via quantitative content analysis. We examined 105 Reddit posts detailing firsthand and vicarious accounts of firearm-related IPV authored by self-identified survivors (94%) and bystanders (6%), including non-fatal shooting. We extracted data on forms and tactics of IPV, survivors’ needs, firearm-related behaviors, and consequences of these experiences. We found that Reddit posts contained rich information about firearm use against intimate partners, most often describing non-fatal incidents. Victims whose partners used firearms to threaten or intimidate them were more likely to report experiencing the threat of physical and sexual violence, physical injury, and ongoing safety concerns. Social media data collected in real-time, anonymously, and unobtrusively can better inform the circumstances around gun violence in IPV and help develop prevention strategies.

Registered nurses are challenged by many different situations in their work environment. The psychosocial work environment can affect the health and well-being of registered nurses, which in turn can affect the quality of service provided to patients. Registered nurses' self-reported psychosocial work environment in the ambulance service is an important issue to improve their psychosocial work environment. To investigate and describe the self-reported psychosocial work environment of registered nurses in the ambulance service and to assess individual and work-related features of importance. The study has a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional design. A web-based survey questionnaire of registered nurses (n=176) working in 42 different ambulance stations was analyzed with descriptive and inferential analysis. The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire and the Psychosocial Safety Climate Scale were used for data collection. The assessment of Occupational Safety and Health among registered nurses varied, with the majority perceiving it as fair. The psychosocial safety climate in the ambulance service indicates a moderate risk for job strain and psychological distress. Registered nurses experience high emotional demands and are exposed to the threat of violence. However, they find their work meaningful and experience strong support from colleagues and a high degree of variation in their work. The reported presence of stress and burnout is low and they generally perceive their health as good. The findings in this study revealed that registered nurses in Sweden generally perceive more resources than demands in their psychosocial work environment. To provide and maintain a positive psychosocial work environment, the ambulance service organization should place more focus on improving risk management and fostering a supportive social work environment. Further studies in this area are important to validate these findings.

Causation and Burnout Among Correctional Nurses.

Abstract This article examines case studies and anecdotal narratives in which murderers used poisoned food as a weapon, and government officials used their epistemic authority to solve these crimes and bring the perpetrators to justice. Drawn from Zheng Ke’s 鄭克 (fl. 1124–1149) legal compendium Tortoise and Mirror for Judging Cases ( Zheyu guijian 折獄龜鑑) and Hong Mai’s 洪邁 (1123–1202) anecdote collection Record of the Listener ( Yijian zhi 夷堅志), these narratives reflected the violent threat that poisoners posed to the preservation of gender, familial, social, and political hierarchies. In the Mirror ’s legal realm, astute officials used abductive reasoning to expose poisoning plots, thereby restoring the moral fabric of society; in Hong Mai’s Record poisoners are punished by imperial judges as well as by retributive mechanisms of cosmic justice. These six selected case narratives illustrate the permeability of the boundaries that divide the conceptual categories of food, medicine, and poison, and the connections amongst medical, legal, and socio-moral systems of knowledge.

During the German Occupation, Picasso reacted to the omnipresent threat of death and violence with defiant stoicism, artistic subversion, and a profound memorialization of its victims. Though his work was banned as “degenerate” by the Nazis, he remained in Paris, and chose to fight with his art rather than flee. Picasso was also personally affected by death during this time as he lost several close friends. Among them were the poet Max Jacob, who died in the Drancy concentration camp in 1944. He knew that his art was impacted by the horror around him, even if he did not paint the war directly. That same year, he declared, “I did not paint the war… but there is no doubt that the war is there in the pictures which I painted then.” The artist stripped away any hint of beauty in his wartime portraits and still lifes in favor of brutal, angular compositions. In all the jarring pictures he painted during this period, death is portrayed as a violent threat rather than a peaceful end to life.

Kenneth Boulding argued economics has a role to play in establishing peace in society through policy and through the image individuals have for the role of their nation state. Economics textbooks are replete with examples of individuals cooperating peacefully in a market setting. However, these same textbooks often take the underlying conditions of peace for granted as well as the process for finding peaceful solutions. Concepts of trade, competition, and overcoming externalities are presented with solutions where the issue of violence never enters the conversation. Individuals are able to solve problems without violence or threats of violence. By neglecting the underlying conditions of peace and the process for establishing peace, students are presented with an incomplete view of how key economic principles work. It also stunts the growth of individuals’ knowledge of future possibilities of finding peaceful solutions to problems. This paper presents evidence of a lack of discussion in microeconomic, macroeconomic, international, and development textbooks around the ideas of peace and the role of economics in peace and discusses ways of remedying this situation.

This paper examines the securitisation of peaceful protest across Europe, where state authorities, prosecutors, courts, and media increasingly reframe activists as extremists or terrorists. This labelling legitimises exceptional measures: France’s attempted dissolution of Les Soulèvements de la Terre, Spain’s classification of Extinction Rebellion under “national terrorism,” German investigations of Letzte Generation under organised-crime and terrorism provisions, Dutch airport bans on climate activists, UK referrals of protesters under the Prevent programme, or Switzerland’s use of new police powers against climate groups. Beyond discursive stigma, counterterrorism frameworks enable intrusive practices such as biometric identification, predictive watchlists, and intelligence databases originally designed for violent threats. These measures blur the line between dissent and extremism, lowering thresholds for repression and reshaping activists into suspect communities. The analysis, drawing on European legal standards and targeted case studies, shows how this trend undermines rights to privacy, expression, and assembly protected under the European Convention on Human Rights and the EU Charter. By extending extraordinary state powers to protest, European governments risk normalising surveillance and delegitimising civic engagement. The paper calls for urgent safeguards to curb this trend and preserve the legitimacy of protest as a cornerstone of European democracy.

This study discusses the law enforcement of criminal acts of threats of violence on social media based on Article 29 Paragraph (1) of Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE). The purpose of this research is to identify the legal implications of threats of violence through electronic media and the factors hindering law enforcement. The research method used is normative legal research with a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The results indicate that Article 29 Paragraph (1) of the ITE Law has expanded protection for victims by clarifying the phrase "directly to the victim," but the phrase "scares" remains open to multiple interpretations. Other obstacles are identified in the substance, structure, and culture of the law, particularly the low digital literacy of the public and the limitations of law enforcement officials in handling cybercrime. This research recommends revising legal norms to be more stringent, increasing the capacity of law enforcement officials, and strengthening digital literacy to prevent threats of violence in the digital space.

School threat assessment is a widely used strategy for preventing violence. However, there have been few studies of student attacks following a threat assessment. Additionally, most existing studies have been conducted within a single state, limiting the generalizability of findings. Thus, the primary purpose of this study was to identify student- and school-level correlates of attack rates in a multistate sample of schools. We hypothesized that most threat assessment cases will not lead to attacks, but that attacks will be more likely in more serious threat cases. We hypothesized that attacks will be lower in schools using safety staff (including school resource officers and security guards) and anonymous reporting systems. Based on 2,349 case records from 166 schools in five U.S. states, this study examined the frequency of student attacks following a threat assessment using the Comprehensive School Threat Assessment Guidelines. The study also examined the relationships between threat classification and school safety measures with student attack outcomes (injury or no injury). There were 234 (10%) cases involving an attack, and seven (0.3%) resulted in serious injury to the target. The odds of an attack were approximately 20 times greater for serious threats compared to nonserious threats. The presence of school safety measures did not significantly correlate with student attacks or injury. School threat assessment teams can manage student threats of violence with few subsequent attacks but should anticipate that threat classification is strongly associated with the likelihood of an attack and therefore warrants increased intervention and preventive actions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

This study analyzed the influence of different dimensions of gender-based violence perceptions on the prevalence of digital violence (DV) among university students. The research background rests on the growing threat of online violence, which may be shaped by individual awareness levels. The research instrument specifically accommodated four forms of online gender-based violence: digital sexual harassment, violence based on physical appearance, violence based on gender roles, and anti-feminist violence. The study employs a cross-sectional design and involves 414 students who actively use social media as respondents. Multiple regression analysis (F-test) shows that the four perception dimensions—perceptions of sexual harassment, gender-based violence, physical appearance violence, and anti-feminist violence—simultaneously exert a significant effect on digital violence (Sig. = 0.001). These results confirm the validity of the predictive model. However, partial testing (t-test) reveals that only perceptions of sexual harassment significantly and positively influence digital violence (B = +0.304; Sig. = 0.002). The positive coefficient reflects a reporting bias: respondents with higher sensitivity to sexual harassment tend to define and report a broader range of online incidents as violence. Meanwhile, perceptions of gender-based violence, physical appearance violence, and anti-feminist violence do not provide unique predictive contributions. The study concludes that, in the context of digital violence, sexual harassment awareness is the most dominant factor. It recommends that online violence prevention programs and policies focus specifically on strengthening understanding and coping strategies related to digital sexual harassment.

Objective: To compare health workers and non-health-related workers in terms of psychosocial risks and work capacity over a 36-month follow-up period. Methods: This was a prospective longitudinal study. Participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire II, and the work capacity index. Data were analyzed descriptively using absolute and relative frequencies and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Chi-square and Cochran’s tests were used for inter- and intra-group comparisons. Results: A total of 1,211 workers participated in 2020, including 219 health workers and 992 non-health-related workers . In that year, three out of four health workers experienced high emotional demands (75.8%; 95%CI 69.7; 81.0%), poor self-rated health (14.6%; 95%CI 10.5; 19.9%), burnout (83.1%; 95%CI 77.6; 87.5%), unwanted sexual attention (11.0%; 95%CI 7.5; 15.8%), threats of violence (19.6%; 95%CI 14.9; 25.4%), and physical violence (2.3%; 95%CI 1.0; 5.2%). In 2023, emotional demands (71.4%; 95%CI 60.5; 80.3%) and threats of violence (18.2%; 95%CI 11.1; 28.2%) remained elevated. Work capacity remained stable in both groups. The frequency of classification was good in 2020 (44.3 and 49.9), 2021 (52.5 and 46.2), 2022 (45.7 and 50.4), and 2023 (46.6 and 43.3) among health workers and non-health-related workers , respectively. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals were exposed to psychosocial risks during the pandemic, mainly emotional demands and threats of violence, which indicates a need for intervention in the workplace.

To compare health workers and non-health-related workers in terms of psychosocial risks and work capacity over a 36-month follow-up period. This was a prospective longitudinal study. Participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire II, and the work capacity index. Data were analyzed descriptively using absolute and relative frequencies and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Chi-square and Cochran's tests were used for inter- and intra-group comparisons. A total of 1,211 workers participated in 2020, including 219 health workers and 992 non-health-related workers . In that year, three out of four health workers experienced high emotional demands (75.8%; 95%CI 69.7; 81.0%), poor self-rated health (14.6%; 95%CI 10.5; 19.9%), burnout (83.1%; 95%CI 77.6; 87.5%), unwanted sexual attention (11.0%; 95%CI 7.5; 15.8%), threats of violence (19.6%; 95%CI 14.9; 25.4%), and physical violence (2.3%; 95%CI 1.0; 5.2%). In 2023, emotional demands (71.4%; 95%CI 60.5; 80.3%) and threats of violence (18.2%; 95%CI 11.1; 28.2%) remained elevated. Work capacity remained stable in both groups. The frequency of classification was good in 2020 (44.3 and 49.9), 2021 (52.5 and 46.2), 2022 (45.7 and 50.4), and 2023 (46.6 and 43.3) among health workers and non-health-related workers , respectively. Healthcare professionals were exposed to psychosocial risks during the pandemic, mainly emotional demands and threats of violence, which indicates a need for intervention in the workplace.

Interpersonal violence is a social and public health problem and a global violation of human rights. In this study, we ask how victims of interpersonal violence describe the wounding and their agency, and how they write about changes in agency. As research material, we use thematic writings of those who have experienced violence in close relationships (n=55). The theoretical framework utilises the concepts of vulnerability and agency as well as theoretical discussions concerning them. We analyse the research data through qualitative content analysis. The results show that violence significantly wounds and limits agency and its effects are long-lasting. When describing experiences of violence, authors often use therapeutic vocabulary. This can help to understand the effects of violence and get help. At the same time, it reinforces practices where the focus is on the individual and solutions are individual-centred. However, addressing violence requires attitudinal change and structural and societal solutions that enable changing practices and addressing violence and the threat of violence as early as possible.