Sexual assault affects an estimated 0.5-12% of athletes and can seriously affect athlete health. Concerted efforts are needed to support survivors in receiving timely and appropriate care. Despite recognition from leading sports organisations about the need to prevent and respond effectively to sexual assault, many sports medicine physicians feel inadequately prepared to handle sexual assault disclosures. Emergency action plans (EAPs) offer a promising strategy to support adequate responses and ensure competent and consistent care. This modified Delphi study aimed to identify consensus-based components of a sexual assault EAP designed for sports medicine clinicians responding to sexual assault disclosures. A diverse panel of 24 individuals with lived and practical experience related to sexual violence in sport participated in one anonymous open-ended round and three anonymous voting rounds. The open-ended round generated important components in eight key domains: General Guidance; Mandatory Reporting, Confidentiality and Consent; Initial Evaluation; Follow-up Planning; Athlete Safety and Trauma-Informed Care; Legal Considerations; Established Contacts and Resources and Implementation. Overall, 90/130 proposed items (69%) achieved consensus (≥80% agreement for non-ranking items). The sexual assault EAP framework may improve clinician competency and support adequate responses, addressing common barriers such as low disclosure rates, personnel turnover and confidentiality concerns. Adoption of such plans has the potential to increase athlete trust in reporting mechanisms and foster more comprehensive care for athlete-survivors of sexual violence in sport. Example EAP templates are provided to assist sports organisations in implementing protocols that enhance self-efficacy among clinicians and support survivors throughout the reporting and recovery process.

Through an analysis of 91 publicly reported legal cases of technology-facilitated sexual violence against women and children in Canadian sport, this paper examines the role that digital technologies play in sexual violence in sport and the criminal legal response to it. Drawing on feminist perspectives on law, sport, and gender-based violence and Science and Technology Studies, the paper explores how digital technologies can facilitate violence within sporting cultures commonly characterized by misogyny and toxic masculinities, and have varying impacts in a criminal legal system where digital evidence may be viewed as more credible than the victims reporting harm. Through this analysis, this paper reveals the intersections of technology, sexual violence, sport, and the law.

ABSTRACT Research questions A team name is a fundamental element of a team’s brand equity. This research addresses two key questions concerning team-naming practices. First, we explore how teams achieve brand differentiation despite paradoxically adopting similar naming strategies – namely, employing metaphors. Second, we discuss whether the dominant conceptual metaphors that underlie sport-team names bear ethical implications. Research methods To investigate these questions, we conducted a systematic metaphor analysis of team names from the MLB, NBA, NFL, and NHL (Study 1). Building on these initial results, we then examined perceptions of different types of metaphorical team names among a sample of 1140 basketball spectators (Study 2). Results and Findings We found that 79% of teams utilize metaphorical names. While athletes are predominantly conceptualized as ‘wild beasts’ and sport as a ‘brutal fight’ across the four leagues, alternative metaphors exist, offering teams diverse opportunities for brand differentiation. Finally, although these dominant conceptual metaphors raise ethical concerns regarding the normalization of violence in sport, more positive conceptual metaphors for both athletes and sport are also available. Implications Far from being mundane and without consequences, selecting a metaphorical name, such as ‘Bulls’ or ‘Jazz’, is a crucial decision with implications for both brand differentiation and social responsibility. By investigating the pros and cons of different types of metaphorical names concerning these two aspects, this research provides managerial and ethical insights relevant to situations in which managers address the creation or rebranding of sport clubs.

Coaches play a critical role in safeguarding athletes from interpersonal violence (IV), yet their ability to recognize, evaluate, and address such incidents remains understudied. This study explored coaches' accuracy in recognizing violent and ambiguous scenarios, their perception of severity, and their likelihood of reporting these incidents, as well as the psychological factors influencing coaches' responses. A sample of 145 performance sport coaches (21% female, Mage = 48.97, SD = 11.02) completed an online survey featuring sport-related vignettes and psychometric scales, namely the Perceived Instrumental Effects of Violence in Sport (PIEVS) scale, the Collective Motal Attitudes in Sport (KMES) scale and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Findings revealed that coaches failed to recognize nearly 30% of violent scenarios, with notable difficulties in recognizing neglect, and correctly classified only 45% of ambiguous cases. Misclassified violent scenarios received lower ratings for both severity and likelihood of reporting, with effect sizes differing by type of violence. For ambiguous scenarios, misclassification tended to increase severity and reporting for psychological and neglect cases but showed a robust effect only for the sexual vignette, highlighting that ambiguity is not interpreted uniformly. Small but significant correlations emerged between PIEVS scores and recognition accuracy in violent scenarios (ρ = -.177, p = .033), as well as severity ratings for ambiguous scenarios (ρ = -.258, p = .007). KMES scores showed a small positive correlation with severity ratings in violent scenarios (ρ = .203, p = .014). Overall, these results highlight the challenges coaches face in recognizing and addressing IV in sport and point to a limited understanding of the factors that shape their responses. There is a clear need for targeted, context-sensitive educational interventions to strengthen coaches' safeguarding practices, with particular attention to less visible forms of violence such as neglect.

Coercive control of athletes: an insidious form of organisational violence in sport.

Interpersonal violence (IV) in sport is a pervasive issue that threatens athletes’ physical, social, and psychological well-being. Sociological theories suggest that organisational pressure and adherence to sport norms, such as traditional masculinity and sport ethic, may contribute to coaches’ beliefs in the instrumental benefits of violence, leading to the perpetration of IV. Despite prior research into these risk factors, no study has simultaneously examined individual, organisational, and societal factors influencing coaches’ use of IV. This study aimed to explore how coaches’ beliefs regarding the instrumental effects of IV mediate the relationship between three independent variables—organisational pressure, masculinity norms, and conformity to sport ethic norms—and the perpetration of three forms of IV (physical, instrumental, psychological/neglect) against athletes. A total of 766 coaches aged 18 and over and involved in organised sports were recruited via email and social media ads. Three separate mediation models were examined, and the three forms of IV were analyzed using probit links and interpreted as probabilities and odds ratios. No indirect effects were found for instrumental and physical violence. However, full mediations were found for conformity to sport ethic norms and organisational pressure in relation to psychological violence and neglect. Furthermore, masculinity norms were partially mediated by beliefs in the instrumental effects of IV concerning psychological violence and neglect. These findings provide insights into the specific sport norms and organisational factors that should be targeted when designing programs to prevent IV perpetrated by coaches in sports.

Among the various sports activities that are carried out all over the world, football is undoubtedly the most popular, most participated in and most watched activity and sport. The increasing spread of sports has caused it to break down geographical, racial, ethnic, political and ideological boundaries. Social and cultural analysts have conducted research on various customs, rituals, values and social patterns prevalent in football in recent decades. Among the important issues that have attracted the attention of scholars, especially in the last two decades, is the study of violent events and incidents related to football. This paper introduces a real-time violence detection system that uses deep learning techniques, including convolutional neural networks and long short-term memory (LSTM) for extracting spatial features and understanding temporal relationships. The proposed model was then optimized by a modified version of shuffled shepherd optimizer (MSSO) to provide better efficiency by optimal selection of network hyperparameters. The model is then compared with earlier studies to show its superiority to be the most efficient in violence detection.

This study aimed to examine the relationship between mental endurance, problem-solving skills, and attitudes toward violence in sports among young active athletes. The study population consisted of individuals aged 15–35 residing in Ankara Province, and the sample included 101 volunteer athletes training in various sports branches at the Youth and Sports Club in the Etimesgut district. Data were collected using a demographic information form, the Mental Endurance Inventory, the Independent–Reciprocal Problem-Solving Scale, and semi-structured interviews. The quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS (v. 22.0), while the qualitative data were evaluated through thematic analysis. The findings indicated that the athletes generally demonstrated above-average levels of mental endurance and problem-solving skills, while their tendencies toward violence were relatively low. Moreover, athletes who scored higher in the sub-dimensions of emotional control and stress management were better able to regulate negative emotions such as anger during competition and were less prone to aggressive behavior. Our findings highlight the crucial role of psychological resilience and social support in preventing violence in sports. Therefore, investing in the mental and social development of young athletes—by all stakeholders, including coaches, sports psychologists, families, and sports administrators—appears to be one of the most effective strategies to combat violence in the sporting arena.

Violence at sporting events is a serious social problem at the global level. The paper points to violence as an illegal behavior in today's modern civilized society, as well as to a specific form of violence based on the place and time of execution, to violence in sports. Sports halls and stadiums often become the scene of opposing sports clubs and fan groups, which leads to the progression and expansion of violence at sports events. Violence in sports then takes the form of criminality. The criminological aspect of the work refers to the etiological factors and causes that lead to the violent behavior of athletes and fans at sports events. The Criminal Code of the Republic of Serbia criminalizes violent behavior at a sports event or public gathering. This criminal act protects public order and peace, the safety of spectators (fans) and players. The paper contains an overview and analysis of criminal law decisions and provisions that regulate protection against violent behavior at sports events or public gatherings in the Republic of Serbia. In the paper, the author presented the state and trend of violent behavior at sports events or public gatherings in relation to reported, accused and convicted persons in the last five-year period. In accordance with the analyzed legal regulations and judicial practice, in the final deliberations, de lege ferenda proposals were given in order to prevent and suppress violence in sports and violent behavior at sports events and public gatherings.

'Violent sports' for women victim-survivors of intimate partner violence.

Deriving pleasure from other people’s pain: The influence of vicarious pain on viewing intentions for violent sports

In the explosion of discourse across the political spectrum amidst Imane Khelif’s Paris Olympics performance, little academic attention has been paid to the subtle anti-trans and anti-Arab rhetoric posed by supporters of Khelif in defence of her success. In essence, this article adopts the case study of the discursive landscape surrounding Khelif’s Paris Olympics win to demonstrate the theoretical and liberatory limits of exclusionary, so-called ‘liberal’ feminism. As anti-trans sentiments, violence, and legislation are steadily rising across North America, most blatantly within the US, there is an imperative to not only address the overt right-wing transphobia responsible for these attacks, but also the normalization of anti-trans rhetoric among the left. Under the guise of a feminist orientation, these ‘liberal feminists’ defend Khelif’s eligibility to compete by touting her cisgender womanhood – silently reinforcing the notion that transgender and intersex athletes are deserving of that violence and exclusion. These arguments also suggest the impossibility of an LGBTQ + identity for Algerian-born Khelif, given her ‘homophobic’ and ‘transphobic’ society: a common Orientalist trope assigned to Arab and Muslim countries to justify Western imperialism. Finally, we analyse the failure of these arguments to address systemic forms of gender-based violence in sport, including sex testing, which disproportionately affects racialized women athletes from the Global South.

Through the publication of this position statement, FEPSAC aims to continue with its commitment to quality and safe sport experiences through the promotion of safeguarding in sport, a responsibility collectively shared by both group and individual members of the organisation. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the academic research on interpersonal violence (IV) and safeguarding in sport in a European context, focusing on safeguarding athletes. The position statement further includes recommendations and practical guidelines that will equip readers with knowledge and processes for recognising and responding to IV in sport. Through enhancing safeguarding literacy among FEPSAC members, we aim to inspire and empower both neophyte and more experienced practitioners in sport and exercise psychology toward fostering safer sporting relationships, spaces and practices.

This study aims to review previous research on violence in sports, focusing on the forms of violence in various sports, the underlying social and psychological causes of this phenomenon, and its impact on public participation and perception of sports. This study uses the literature review method. Relevant articles were searched using Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar with the keywords "sports violence" and "sociological perspective." The article search began in 2015 and continued until 2024. A literature analysis was conducted using PRISMA guidelines, and eligibility was assessed using the JBI critical appraisal checklist. Four articles were included in the literature review. Violence in sports can range from brutal physical contact and intimidation to illegal behavior that is often considered part of the game strategy. Therefore, joint efforts are needed to reduce violence in sports through education on fair play values, improved rule enforcement, and psychological intervention. Keywords: Sports, Violence, Sociology

Sports have an important place in the lives of many individuals in society. The first condition for a successful organization is good planning. During the planning, a separate evaluation should be made for each organization and security planning and crisis management applications should be prepared according to the results obtained. Risk assessment is a process used to identify potential hazards and analyze what might happen if a hazard occurs. There are many risk factors that may arise during the organizing phases of major sports events. It is necessary to take all of these risks into consideration and be prepared for the dangers that may arise. Based on this information, the aim of our study is to provide information about the security element, risk assessment and crisis management within sports organizations and to offer suggestions on measures that can be taken. Our study is important due to the lack of studies in this field, the security problems in sports that have emerged in parallel with the increase in interest in sports, and the solution suggestions it offers. The research was designed as a literature review based on qualitative research methods. As a result; In order to implement safety laws in sports, to prevent incidents of violence in sports, and to determine interventions in moments of crisis that may occur, previously encountered problems should be analyzed well and new measures should be taken. Depending on the development of technology, it is recommended to closely follow technological and scientific developments in security measures in sports organizations and manage crises that may occur and to make plans in the light of this information.

ABSTRACT Sexual violence in sport is related to higher symptoms of disordered eating in samples of adult elite athletes. However, past studies did not account for other potential risk factors of disordered eating in sport that may influence this association. This study examined the role of known risk factors of disordered eating in athletes (i.e., gender, the type of sport practiced, and sport level) on the association between experience of sexual violence (i.e., sexual harassment, sexual abuse, or both) in sport and disordered eating in a sample of adolescent athletes. The sample included 9120 adolescent athletes. Results of multiple linear regressions suggest that experiencing sexual violence, including sexual harassment and sexual abuse in sport, is associated with greater symptoms of disordered eating, even when controlling for known risk factors of disordered eating in sport. Regarding the moderating role of gender, type of sport, and sport level on the association between sexual violence and disordered eating, only three interaction terms were significant. Gender moderates the association between sexual violence and disordered eating, indicating that this positive association is stronger for girls. Sport level moderates the association between sexual violence and sexual abuse with disordered eating, showing that these associations are stronger for participants at a lower sport level compared to those at moderate and higher sport levels. Overall, our results suggest that experience of SV, sexual harassment, and sexual abuse in sport are all associated with higher DE symptoms regardless of the presence of known risk factors of DE in sport.

ABSTRACT The concept of black (dysfunctional) pedagogy emerged as a critical notion in the late 1970s. The phrase is based on Rutschky’s concept of Schwarze Pedagogik (1977) as a common, dysfunctional subset of pedagogy that endangers the physical, mental and spiritual health of students. The aim of this study is to interpret the concept of black pedagogy and to place its practice in the contemporary context. In this context, the historical and philosophical roots of the concept and the reasons were examined. Individuals may internalize the behaviours associated with black pedagogy through cultural and historical transmission. The behaviours that fall under the umbrella of black pedagogy are shaped by the influences of the historical period in which they occur. The legal aspects of black pedagogy are not primarily rooted in the regulation of education and the activities of those who participate in it, but to the emergence and development of fundamental rights for youth. The legal aspects of the subject are the responsibility of the perpetrator of the black pedagogical act, the ways in which the activity is carried out and the legal damage that occurs as a result.

Gender-based violence (GBV) within major collegiate (NCAA) sports, the National Football League (NFL), the National Basketball Association (NBA), and Major League Baseball (MLB) has been well document. However, gender-based violence in other sports is understudied. Analysis of the Gender-Based Violence in Sport database reveals six key differences between gender-based violence in football, baseball, and basketball as compared to other sports. Utilizing the framework of intersectional feminism, we theorize the lower rates of athlete-perpetrated gender-based violence, the disproportionate role that trainers, doctors, staff, and coaches play in its perpetration, and the higher rates of athlete victimization in these other sports.

The purpose of this study is to analyze in-depth the actual situation and causes of the violence problem in Korean sports society, and to explore effective prevention and response measures. For the purpose of this study, we first analyzed prior research and legislative trends, and then analyzed media reports to further characterize the nature of the problem of violence in Korean sports and to propose more practical and effective prevention and response measures. In addition, a qualitative content analysis was conducted on sports violence-related articles reported in major Korean media over the past year. The analysis revealed that violence in the Korean sports community manifests itself in various forms, including school violence, leader violence, and sexual violence, and is caused by a combination of factors, including authoritarian leadership culture, triumphalism, silence and concealment of violence, and inadequate athlete human rights protection systems. blishment of the independent department were suggested and the improvement of the school police role was suggested

This study is an analysis of how middle school students' trust in YouTube sports affects their viewing of sports violence scenes and aggression. To this end, a survey was conducted on a total of 360 middle school students in Busan Metropolitan City using a convenience sampling method. Based on the collected data of 334, SPSS WIN 23.0 statistical program was used for frequency analysis, reliability and validity verification, and correlation analysis, and AMOS 23.0 was used to derive confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model. The following conclusions were drawn. First, it was found that middle school students’ trust in YouTube Sports did not affect their viewing of violent sports scenes. Second, viewing sports violence scenes was found to affect aggression. Third, trust in YouTube Sports was found to have no effect on aggression. Teenagers are exposed to sports media more than in the past to enjoy healthy sports videos. Although this study found that trust in YouTube sports did not affect viewing of violence scenes and aggression, since YouTube is the SNS most used by teenagers, special care is required to avoid exposure to harmful videos.