Vinyl Acetate Butyl Acrylate Research Articles

Effect of monomer partitioning on vinyl acetate-butyl acrylate emulsion copolymers

Effect of monomer partitioning on vinyl acetate-butyl acrylate emulsion copolymers

Detection of the Butyl Acrylate–Vinyl Acetate (BA–VA) Copolymer in Soil Binders Using Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

Dust palliatives are commonly used when airborne dust is problematic. Dry soils are treated with a mixture of polymers, such as butyl acrylate vinyl acetate (BA–VA), emulsified in water. Eventual spread through surface runoff or leaching may transport palliative away from the application area. This paper reports a novel method developed for the determination of BA–VA using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) to provide qualitative and quantitative measurements allowing further investigation of polymer-based soil palliatives. The results showed that the average specific refractive index increments (dn/dc) for BA–VA copolymer in two dust palliatives were 0.055 and 0.038 mL/g. The masses of extracted BA–VA were 1400 and 2900 mg from these products. The corresponding limits of quantification (LOQ) for the extracted BA–VA polymer using a refractive index (RI) detector were 11.63 and 17.04 µg, respectively.

Waterborne nano-emulsions of polyvinyl acetate-polyurethane coatings containing different types of vinyl monomers: synthesis and characterization

PurposeThis paper aims to synthesize new terpolymers by the emulsion polymerization technique composed of acrylamide-based polyurethane monomers (TPM and MPM) with different vinyl acetate copolymer systems, such as vinyl acetate/butyl acrylate (VAc/BA), vinyl acetate/ethylhexyl acrylate (VAc/2-EHA) and vinyl acetate/vinyl ester of versatic acid (VAc/VEOVA 10) systems. The performance of the prepared terpolymers as binders in emulsion coatings and textile industries was investigated and compared with the analogous commercial ones.Design/methodology/approachNew waterborne polyurethane-vinyl ester-vinyl acetate terpolymers with high solid content and nano-scale emulsions have been successfully synthesized in two steps. The polyurethane oligomers were prepared by the prepolymer method as the first step. The second step involved polymerization with different vinyl monomers. The synthesized terpolymers were characterized using FTIR, scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analysis, minimum film forming temperature and particle size analyzer methods.FindingsThe synthesized emulsion terpolymers have shown small particle sizes averaged of 70 nm and a narrow distribution range, along with good mechanical, thermal and chemical stabilities. The surface coating layers of the terpolymers also have some important in terms of smoothness, clarity and binding ability in water-based coating for up to 4425 scrub cycles at 30 GU. Further, a high potential application textile printing was achieved at high solid content of 47–50%.Originality/valueThe effects of different isocyanates and vinyl monomers on the properties of obtained emulsion coatings have been studied. The improvement consequences of the coating evaluation of the waterborne binders for emulsion paints have been described. The properties of polyester/cotton fabric print pigment printing of textiles appear to be most promising enhancements by using the prepared nanocomposites of PU-co-vinyl acetate-co-vinyl ester as waterborne binders. So that the prepared emulsions have the potential to replace solvent-based coatings as waterborne binders for both emulsion coating and textile printing applications.

Improvement in Wood Bonding Strength of Poly (Vinyl Acetate-Butyl Acrylate) Emulsion by Controlling the Amount of Redox Initiator.

Polyvinyl acetate emulsion adhesive has been widely used due to its good bonding performance and environmentally friendly properties. Indeed, the bonding performance can be further improved by copolymerizing with other monomers. In this study, the effect of the adjunction of redox initiator (hydrogen peroxide–tartaric acid, H2O2–TA) on the properties of the poly (vinyl acetate-butyl acrylate) (P (VAc–BA)) emulsion adhesive was investigated. With increasing dosage, the reaction became more complete and the obtained film was more compact, as identified via SEM. The core-shell structure of the emulsion particles was confirmed via TEM. Results indicate that while the initiator content increased from 0.5 to 1.0%, a clearer core-shell structure was obtained and the bonding strength of the plywood improved from 2.34 to 2.97 MPa. With the further incorporation of H2O2–TA (i.e., 1.5%), the bonding performance deteriorated. The optimum wood bonding strength (2.97 MPa) of the prepared P (VAc-BA) emulsion adhesive was even better than that (2.55 MPa) of a commercial PVAc emulsion adhesive, suggesting its potential application for the wood industry.

STUDY ON MODIFICATION OF RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENTS BY USING SOME ACRYLATE POLYMERS

The use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in the new blend mix reduces the need of neat bitumen, making the recycling of RAP economically attractive. This study investigates the potential use of vinyl acetate-butyl acrylate copolymer and the RAP in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA). In fact, the twofold purpose of this research is to improve the performance of asphalt pavement and mitigate the environmental impacts caused by waste tires and aged asphalt pavement. To achieve this aim, vinyl acetate-bu-acrylate copolymer was added at different loading levels 2, 4 and 6 wt. % to the virgin bitumen and was used as a control mix for comparison. The modified binder was tested for physical characteristics, however the prepared mixes were tested and evaluated using Marshall test methods. The obtained results revealed that, the hot mix asphalt (HMA) with the highest stability, was obtained with the addition of 4 wt. % vinyl acetate-bu-acrylate copolymer, compared to the control mix design. Which indicates that, the bitumen is compatible with the acrylate copolymer.

Novel Synthesis Method and Characterization of Poly(vinyl acetate‐butyl acrylate) Latex Particles: Effect of Silanol‐Terminated Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Surfactant on the Seeded Emulsion Copolymerization

AbstractIn a conventional semi‐batch seeded emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate/butyl acrylate (VA/BA) using hybrid surfactants namely, dioctyl sulfosuccinate (DOSS) as an anionic surfactant, nonylphenol ethoxylate (KENON 30) as a non‐ionic type, and polydimethylsiloxane surfactant (having hydrophilic silanol‐terminated, called PDMS). The effect of PDMS on the properties of the latex synthesized was investigated by measuring solid content, viscosity, colloidal stability, particle size distributions of the base latex, viscosity average molecular weight () of the copolymer, latex particle morphology, glass transition temperature (Tg) of a copolymer and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Particle size of the base latex decreases (Z‐average from 246.48 to 143.69 nm) upon increasing the amount of PDMS surfactant in the recipe (up to 6 wt%). The presence of PDMS surfactant in the hybrid surfactants led to a significant increase in the solid content (from 48.71 to 51.31 wt%), viscosity (from 334 to 806 centipoise, cp) and (from 1.91 × 105 to 2.34 × 105 g mol−1). Thermal stability and Tg of the copolymer were increased with addition of PDMS surfactant (thermal stability from 344.77 to 389.81 °C and Tg from −20.7 to 21.7 °C). The colloidal stability evaluated using the electrolyte addition method was improved with addition of PDMS surfactant. The uniform morphological structure of the final particle is the main effect of using PDMS in the hybrid surfactants.

Effect of TiO2 on UV stability of polymeric binder films used in waterborne facade paints

Abstract The effect of two TiO 2 polymorphs with different optical activity (rutile and anatase) on UV-stability of four polymeric binders used in water-borne paints is described. The latexes employed in this study are based on acrylic, styrene–acrylic, vinyl acetate and vinyl acetate–butyl acrylate (co)polymers. Thin films obtained from the respective latexes doped with 1% TiO 2 were exposed to accelerated weathering by irradiation with UV light ( λ ≥ 275 nm) and analysed using electrokinetic potential ( ζ -potential), FTIR ATR spectroscopy, SEM microscopy and contact angle. The study shows that while rutile particles dispersed evenly in all the polymer matrices, the anatase remained partly aggregated. Despite markedly different optical properties, both titania polymorphs showed similar and minor effects on accelerated weathering of all the polymeric binders. The trends in surface charge and wettability remained the same as for the undoped films. More pronounced changes were observed in spectroscopic measurements, which probe the films deeper into the bulk. For the styrene-based films a photochemical interaction between TiO 2 and the styrene chromophore resulted in quenching the absorption band of the titania's photogenerated surface-trapped holes.

Effect of ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate crosslinker on the performance of core‐double shell structure poly(vinyl acetate‐butyl acrylate) emulsion

ABSTRACTCore‐double shell structure poly(vinyl acetate‐butyl acrylate) emulsion was prepared by semicontinuous emulsion polymerization, and the effects of ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate crosslinker (EGDMA) on the emulsion particle structure and film performance were studied systematically. The emulsion particles' structure was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the particle size and distribution were characterized by Zeta potential—particle analyzer, as well as analysis of the film mechanical properties, water resistance, thermal properties, and so on. The results show that, when 0.1 and 0.5% EGDMA were added to the inner‐shell and outer‐shell reaction stage under the core‐double shell P(VAc‐BA) emulsion preparation process, respectively, it led to a more clear core‐double shell structure and a larger particle size (about 500–800 nm) of emulsion particles, and the comprehensive performance of the P(VAc‐BA) emulsion showed better. This work provided some insight into modifying the surface properties of the emulsion particles, which may expand the application field of the emulsion. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41899.

Study of Core-Shell Structure Poly(vinyl Acetate-Butyl Acrylate) Emulsion Particles Modification

Core-Shell structure Poly(vinyl acetate-butyl acrylate) emulsion is prepared by the semi-continuous emulsion polymerization. And the emulsion particles are modified by ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate crosslinker (EGDMA) to improve the properties of films in the different reaction stages. Then the emulsion particles structure is characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The particle size and distribution are characterized by Zata Potential- Particle analyzer, as well as analysis of the film mechanical properties and thermal performance. The results show that the emulsion particles possess a clear core-shell structure. The performance of the emulsion film show better when 1% and 0.5% EGDMA are added in the second reaction and the third reaction stage respectively under the emulsion preparation process.

UV stability of polymeric binder films used in waterborne facade paints

The UV-stability study of four polymeric binders for water-borne paints, based on acrylic, styrene-acrylic, vinyl acetate and vinyl acetate-butyl acrylate (co)polymers is described. To the best of our knowledge the UV stability of this set of binders relevant to decorative industry is systematically compared for the first time. Thin films obtained from the respective latexes were irradiated with UV light (λ≥275nm) and analysed using electrokinetic potential (ζ-potential), FTIR ATR spectroscopy, SEM microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The films obtained from different latexes displayed distinct changes in their surface composition and response to UV-irradiation. Among the studied compositions, the vinyl acetate-based ones seem to be the least prone to UV-degradation in the absence of other components typically present in paint formulations. The analytical techniques employed in this study are shown to be complementary and provide information on different regions of the surface layer, depending on their effective probing depth. Especially, a combination of FTIR and ζ-potential measurements is shown useful to clarify the nature of the carbonyl groups formed during photodegradation.

Preparation and Flammability of a Flame-Retardant Poly(Butyl Acrylate-Vinyl Acetate) System Based on Gemin-Surfactant Modified Montmorillonite and Ammonium Polyphosphate

Gemin-surfactant modified montmorillonite (G-MMT) was successfully prepared by an ion exchange reaction and characterized via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The P(BA-VAc)/G-MMT emulsion was prepared via an in-situ polymerization method using potassium persulfate (K2S2O8, KPS) as an initiator. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was introduced for obtaining P(BA-VAc)/APP/G-MMT flame-retardant latex with a constant total content of 15 wt% of APP and G-MMT in P(BA-VAc). The flame retardancy and thermal behavior of the latex films were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TG/DTA). Compared with the P(BA-VAc)/APP composite, the LOI value of P(BA-VAc)/APP/G-MMT containing 0.5 wt% G-MMT at the same total additive loading increased to 29.1 from 20.0 and its UL-94 increased from no rating to V-0. Thermal gravimetric (TG) data showed that the amount of residues increased significantly with the loading of G-MMT. In addition, the LOI values increased with the increase in char residues. The morphology and microstructure of the residues generated during LOI testing were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The outer surfaces of P(BA-VAc)/APP/G-MMT charred layers were more continuous and compact than those of P(BA-VAc)/APP.

Synergistic effect of organically modified layered double hydroxide on thermal and flame-retardant properties of poly(butyl acrylate–vinyl acetate)

Organically modified layered double hydroxide (O-LDH) was successfully synthesized by coprecipitation and characterized through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). O-LDH/poly(butyl acrylate–vinyl acetate) (P(BA-VAc) emulsion was prepared via in situ polymerization, then ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was introduced to obtain the O-LDH/APP/P(BA-VAc) flame-retardant latex. The flame retardancy and thermal behavior of the latexes after evaporation of water were investigated by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, vertical burning test (UL-94), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Compared with the APP/P(BA-VAc) composite, the LOI value of O-LDH/APP/P(BA-VAc) containing 0.5 wt.% O-LDH at the same total additive loading increased to over 30.0%, and its UL-94 increased from no rating to V-0. TG data show that the amount of residues increases obviously when O-LDH is added. The LOI values increased with increasing amounts of char residues. The morphology and microstructure of residues generated during the LOI test were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to determine the composition of the residues formed after combustion at 450 °C for 5 min to support a fundamental analysis of the mechanism of char formation.

In‐Line Monitoring of Particle Size during Emulsion Polymerization under Different Operational Conditions using NIR Spectroscopy

AbstractIn the present work, the sensitivity of NIR spectroscopy toward the evolution of particle size was studied during emulsion homopolymerization of styrene (Sty) and emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate–butyl acrylate conducted in a semibatch stirred tank and a tubular pulsed sieve plate reactor, respectively. All NIR spectra were collected online with a transflectance probe immersed into the reaction medium. The spectral range used for the NIR monitoring was from 9 500 to 13 000 cm−1, where the absorbance of the chemical components present is minimal and the changes in the NIR spectrum can be ascribed to the effects of light scattering by the polymer particles. Off‐line measurements of the average diameter of the polymer particles by DLS were used as reference values for the development of the multivariate NIR calibration models based on partial least squares. Results indicated that, in the spectral range studied, it is possible to monitor the evolution of the average size of the polymer particles during emulsion polymerization reactions. The inclusion of an additional spectral range, from 5 701 to 6 447 cm−1, containing information on absorbances (“chemical information”) in the calibration models was also evaluated. magnified image

Studies on the effect of nano-TiO2 on vinyl acetate–butyl acrylate latex-based surface coating

Abstract Vinyl acetate–butyl acrylate (VAc–BuA) copolymer latex was prepared by emulsion polymerization. The polymerization conditions and the composition were optimized. The 85/15 wt.% (vinyl acetate/butyl acrylate) gave good tensile strength of the order of 15.6 MPa and a glass transition temperature (Tg) value of −6.49 °C. This copolymer was used as a binder in the paint formulation. In this formulation nanosized TiO2 sol was used as a pigment instead of conventional rutile TiO2. Nanosized TiO2 is prepared by wet process. These nanosized TiO2 rutile colloidal sol has improved properties such as photostability, UV shielding, dispersion stability, etc. The surface properties of paint were found to be superior compared to commercially used paint.

The Emulsion Polymerization of Each of Vinyl Acetate and Butyl Acrylate Monomers Using bis (2-ethylhexyl) Maleate for Improving the Physicomechanical Properties of Paints and Adhesive Films

Improving the water sensitivity of polyvinyl acetate PVAc films as well as pressure sensitivity, adhesion and washability of polybutyl acrylate were achieved by using bis (2-ethylhexyl) maleate (BEHM). The emulsion polymerization kinetics of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate in presence of BEHM was studied. The order of the polymerization reaction with respect to the BEHM in presence of each of vinyl acetate and butyl acrylate was studied. The physicomechanical properties of the polyvinyl acetate films and vinyl acetate-butyl acrylate copolymer films were studied in presence of BEHM and the obtained results were matched with those prepared in the presence of pluronic F 108 and showed superior values. The obtained mean average molecular weights were found to be smaller in presence of BEHM assuring the presence of chain transfer reaction.

Synthesis of a novel series of polymerizable surfactants and application in emulsion polymerization

AbstractA series of polymerization surfactants (surfmers) was synthesized, whose structures combined the characteristics of polyoxyethylene as nonionic group and quaternary ammonium a as cationic group. The structures of the product were confirmed by MS, and the content of cationic‐activity matter was determined by two‐phase titration. The surfmers were then used with constant addition profiles in semicontinuous polymerization of vinyl acetate–butyl acrylate–Veova 10–hexafluorobutyl methacrylate, and the polydispersity indexes (PDI) were lower than 0.1. The particle size, amount of coagulum, and stability against electrolyte and freeze/thaw were evaluated. As a reference, an unreactive surfactant cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) was also used for the polymerization. Compared to CTAB, the surfmers behaved much better. Not only stabilities to electrolyte and water resistance were improved, but also freeze/thaw stability got a superior performance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Multi-rate model predictive control of particle size distribution in a semibatch emulsion copolymerization reactor

A multi-rate model predictive controller algorithm is presented for the in-batch closed-loop control of the full particle size distribution (PSD) in a semibatch emulsion copolymerization system. The lack of frequent measurements of the PSD and the measurement delay of these measurements are addressed through the use of frequent density measurements from which the current conditions of the system are estimated. The high dimensionality of the discretized full PSD is reduced by the use of model order reduction based on principal component analysis. This method effectively reduces the size of the problem while preserving the main characteristics of the population balance system. Disturbances that perturb the surfactant and monomer amounts inside the semibatch vinyl acetate–butyl acrylate reactor are considered to demonstrate the performance of the proposed control algorithm.

Screening Experiments for Butyl Acrylate/Vinyl Acetate Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives

Emulsion-based pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are gaining in importance due to their improved performance as well as the lower environmental impact of the emulsion polymerization process. In this study, the influence of eight emulsion polymerization variables on the final PSA properties of butyl acrylate/vinyl acetate (BA/VAc) emulsion-based PSAs was investigated (i.e., BA/VAc ratio, acrylic acid content, type and concentration of stabilizer, concentration of initiator, concentration of CTA, temperature, solids content). Final performance properties such as peel strength, shear strength, and tack were investigated on two different substrates: stainless steel and high-density polyethylene. A wide range of properties was generated ranging from very good to poor PSA performance. The screening design fulfilled its purpose in that it was used to generate a wide range of final properties. The results obtained here will be used in the decision-making process for further experimentation. However, for severa...

Preparation and characterization of a polyaniline/poly(butyl acrylate–vinyl acetate) composite as a novel conducting polymer composite

AbstractThis is the first report on the preparation and characterization of a polyaniline/poly(butyl acrylate–vinyl acetate) composite. The composite was prepared by the emulsion polymerization of aniline in a medium containing poly(butyl acrylate–vinyl acetate). Films prepared from the composite (cast from an aqueous medium) had excellent mechanical properties and could be stretched up to 900%. The resultant composite was soluble in common organic solvents, and a stable water‐based dispersion could also be prepared. An electrical conductivity of 2.2 S cm−1 was obtained. Cyclic voltammograms revealed that the composite was electroactive. It had excellent adhesion to either glass or steel plate. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2525–2531, 2003

Vinyl acetate/butyl acrylate copolymers—part 1: mechanism of degradation

This work deals with the mechanism of degradation of vinyl acetate/butyl acrylate (VA/BA) copolymers varying the VA/BA ratio. It is shown that for higher VA contents, the degradation starts at comparatively lower temperature but a more thermally stable material is formed. The mechanism of degradation of VA/BA copolymers is then compared with PVA and PBA homopolymers. It appears that the fractions of degradation (gases, high boiling products and residue) for VA/BA copolymer is a combination of those of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and polybutyl acrylate (PBA). However, a slight stabilisation occurs when VA/BA are co-polymerised together compared with a VA and BA combination. Moreover, the comparison of the thermo-oxidative degradation with the pyrolysis demonstrates that the mechanisms are similar at least up to 450 °C.