View Of Management Research Articles

Earlier Management Practice and Thinking: Hediya Peoples’ Indigenous Management Philosophy in the Construction of “Mud-Hut” In Central Ethiopia Regional State

The main problems of research are: the impact of social environment on human behaviour has contributed to the debate against the management view of universal applicability, and also there are multiple challenges for the African indigenous management theories development. The research aims to have an indigenous management philosophy of the Hediya people in Ethiopia in their mud-hut construction. The study is carried out using the metaphoric method of the qualitative research approach. The researcher collected metaphoric data from the Hediy-nefra of Lemo community where researcher was born, and through his observation while living in his lifetime. The findings include the strongest essence of team work, strategic recruitment and selections, motivating of employees through financial and non-financial factors such as team environment and work design. Particularly, the finding includes: continuing of employees’ benefit for the ex-employees is important not only for them but also for the organisation on the future; employees are enforced to give focus on the work quality not to have current work related benefits but also it is a means of getting employment and finance in the future. In the management idea of Hediya peoples’ indigenous hut building system, the relationship of an organisation with competitors was being practiced positively and helping each other, so that it needs to be enforced. Besides, the good quality of current work will attract a lot of employers other than current workers/organisation with referent of previous hut construction quality. The hut construction concept of Ethiopians’ management practices should be verified.

Exploring Health Managers’ Views of Factors Influencing Their Acceptance of Electronic Health Services in Aseer Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is a country with one of the largest land masses and difficult geographical terrain in the Middle East. Health services across the country are accessible through three categories of providers. The Ministry of Health (MOH) which is the dominant health provider responsible for 60% of all health services and facilities. Private health sector and other government run health authorities are the providers for the remaining 40%. The accessibility to advanced health services, especially for people in rural areas, has been considered one of the main health challenges. Utilising Information and Communication Technology (ICT) including Electronic Health (eHealth) as an innovative approach to healthcare delivery was suggested by recent studies. This study aimed to explore the views of health managers in Aseer Province towards factors that influence their acceptance of eHealth services in the KSA. Methods: In-depth face-to-face and telephone interviews with health managers from Aseer province, KSA were conducted. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) was employed as a theoretical framework in this qualitative study. The UTAUT model consists of four domains: performance expectancy (PE); effort expectancy (EE); social influence (SI); and facilitating conditions (FCs). All factors identified in the interviews were mapped against the UTAUT domains. Microsoft Excel and NVivo were used for the data analysis. Ethical approval had been gained. Results: Twenty-one health managers in Aseer province, KSA were interviewed. The most influential factors that influence health managers acceptance of eHealth services were clustered under four UTAUT domains. Three domains out of four showed significance: PE, SI, and FCs. Conclusion: This study confirmed the influence of some factors on health managers’ acceptance of eHealth services in Aseer province, KSA. Original findings have been generated by exploring eHealth practice in the province which is part of KSA that has not previously been explored in the published eHealth literature. Identifying key challenges in accepting eHealth services may help in clarifying the better utilization of technology and making successful and positive transformational and sustainable change to the delivery of healthcare.

Role of Digital Technology in Supermarkets for Insights on Customer Experience

The importance of the Internet era in our daily lives has grown, giving rise to sophisticated businesses. The objectives and goal of my research is to study how much various digital technologies are deployed in supermarkets of today. What are the factors in deploying the technology which is used worldwide, the gaps between old technology and new technology and finally this study identifies the gaps between the technology delivered and the task customers want to be simple. This is achieved by collecting all the digital technologies that are deployed in supermarkets and then doing surveys of digital technologies with customers and shop managers that gave us insight that there were gaps between the supermarket managers view of digital technologies and users view of digital technologies leading us to suggest them more suitable options and understand more accurately their preferences which leads to innovation in digital technologies.

Medical and surgical management of enterocutaneous fistula

Development of enterocutaneous fistula (ECF) remains a challenging complication of gastrointestinal surgery and fistulizing disease processes. Successful management of ECF is dependent on timely diagnosis, effective treatment of resulting intra-abdominal sepsis, wound/nutrition management, and supporting the patient though the perioperative optimization period. When approached in multi-disciplinary setting with teams specializing in ECF/intestinal failure, care is optimized and can allow for patients to have greater independence even with complex wounds. While resolution of the ECF remains the overarching goal, a methodical and stepwise approach to management remains paramount both before and after surgical intervention. This chapter outlines ECF management from initial diagnosis to intra-operative decision making after a patient is deemed a candidate for surgery. Further, it highlights patient-specific considerations that can be overlooked in the big picture view of ECF management. While ECF treatment is challenging, the chance to cure a patient of their fistula is a rewarding experience for the patient and ECF/intestinal failure team members alike.

«ТИхИЕ» ТЕНДЕНЦИИ В УПРАВЛЕНИИ ПЕРСОНАЛОМ: НОВыЕ ТЕРМИНы ИЛИ НОВыЕ ПРОБЛЕМы?

The article is devoted to a study from the point of view of personnel management of the phenomenon of «quiet quitting» — a way of thinking in which employees deliberately limit their work activities to a description of their work, meet, but do not exceed pre-set expectations, never voluntarily take on additional tasks and do it all simply to maintain their current employment status, prioritizing their well-being over the achievement of organizational goals. Based on the generalization of the results of global and national studies, the main reasons for the spread of this phenomenon (including among young employees), as well as potential business risks that may arise as a result of «quiet quitting», if this phenomenon persists for a long time, are highlighted. The conclusion is substantiated that the phenomenon of «quiet quitting» is only partly a consequence of work during the pandemic, representing part of a larger picture of rethinking the institution of work. The interrelation of the problem of «quiet quitting» and the application of the practices of «quiet firing» and «quiet hiring» by organizations, their possible consequences for organizations and personnel are analyzed. Some proposals for the prevention of «quiet quitting» are presented, concerning the management of burnout, promotion of work-life balance, support for the mental health of employees and their development.

“Forest is integral to life”: people-forest relations in the lower river region, the Gambia

IntroductionForests play a crucial role in the lives of millions of people worldwide by providing material and non-material contributions. Despite forests’ paramount importance from ecological, economic, and cultural perspectives, the long-term relationship between forests and local communities living in their proximity is often an undervalued contribution to our understanding of local ecological knowledge systems and forest changes.MethodsWe studied the interrelationships between the Mandinka peoples and forests in an understudied area of West Africa, the Gambia’s Lower River Region (LRR). Through 35 semi-structured interviews, we documented the forests’ contributions to local Mandinka peoples and their perception of forest changes. We also used geographic information systems (GIS software) for remote sensing satellite imagery to establish a baseline for these complex connections and changes.ResultsThis research revealed the crucial importance of the forest’s contributions to Mandinka communities and specifically to their psychological well-being. In addition, the interviewees revealed how ongoing socio-economic changes are affecting the human-forest relationship and possibly eroding the local ethnoforestry knowledge in the LRR of the Gambia. The most common forest contributions are those that provide material goods, serving as the driving force in connecting people with the forest, while non-material contributions are eroding due to complex socio-economic changes. Major socio-economic changes are also believed to drive the shift from dense forest to mixed forest and grassland.DiscussionIn line with the state of the art, the knowledge and perception of changes documented in this article underline the quintessential need to include local communities’ views in shaping forest management, in order to better fine-tune the strategies to safeguard biocultural diversity across forest areas.

Business Models Construction at SMEs Level from the Point of View of Strategic Management

Discussion of new approaches and instruments for strategic management and organisation of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is now routine among scholars and policymakers. Despite an expanding set of literature on business modeling, there is little acknowledgment of the SMEs performance in the context of strategic development. This paper aims to detect the business model factors that increase SMEs performance. Thus, we reveal how decision-makers perceive the strategic management process and manage strategic risks within it. To achieve this goal, the asymmetric configu-rational theorizing and methodology are applied. The research brings into perspective that SME owners and managers have to pay more attention to managerial ties for supporting business model innovation. Developing a dynamic view of business model innovation is also important for understanding of dynamics in the open innovation networks. This challenge therefore calls for further studies on how strategic management should feature in the development of SMEs.

Global disparities in availability of epinephrine auto-injectors

BackgroundAnaphylaxis is the most severe clinical presentation of acute systemic allergic reactions and can cause death. Given the prevalence of anaphylaxis within healthcare systems, it is a high priority public health issue. However, management of anaphylaxis – both acute and preventative – varies by region. MethodsThe World Allergy Organization (WAO) Anaphylaxis Committee and the WAO Junior Members Steering Group undertook a global online survey to evaluate local practice in the diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis across regions. ResultsResponses were received from WAO members in 66 countries. While intramuscular epinephrine (adrenaline) is first-line treatment for anaphylaxis, some countries continue to recommend alternative routes in contrast to guidelines. Epinephrine auto-injector (EAI) devices, prescribed to individuals at ongoing risk of anaphylaxis in the community setting, are only available in 60% of countries surveyed, mainly in high-income countries. Many countries in South America, Africa/Middle-East and Asian-Pacific regions do not have EAI available, or depend on individual importation. In countries where EAIs are commercially available, national policies regarding the availability of EAIs in public settings are limited to few countries (16%). There is no consensus regarding the time patients should be observed following emergency treatment of anaphylaxis. ConclusionThis survey provides a global snapshot view of the current management of anaphylaxis, and highlights key unmet needs including the global availability of epinephrine for self-injection as a key component of anaphylaxis management.

PRODUCT QUALITY (PQ) IDENTIFICATION IN MANUFACTURING COMPANIES: THE PERSPECTIVE OF MANAGERS AND EXECUTIVES

Pursuing quality as one of the main goals of a competitive manufacturing company is very important. The quantity of features and characteristics of a product reflects its quality. One of the most important aspects is that managers and executors (team members) must understand the importance of quality and know what factors affect it and what solutions take place with identified problems. Based on the identification of product quality from the point of view of managers and executives, problems are identified, and solutions are provided to change the situation. If they do not have a common understanding of product quality issues, the situation in production only worsens. Decision-making often requires access to real-time data, analytics, and resources that are typically managed by relevant departments or MANAGERS. Expected, that EXECUTORS follow established procedures and report issues to their MANAGERS. Organizations must empower their frontline employees with the authority and training to make decisions related to equipment operation and maintenance. The results of the Exploratory research revealed that the work of managers and executives with product quality has a lot of disadvantages. The general perspective of managers and executors in solving product quality problems and making decisions to eliminate them include a shared understanding of quality standards, effective communication, data-driven decision-making, empowerment, a commitment to continuous improvement, problem-solving skills, resource allocation, risk management, ongoing training, customer focus, and documentation. Organizations must empower their frontline employees with the authority and training to make decisions related to equipment operation and maintenance. In such cases, EXECUTORS are expected to exercise their judgment and expertise to keep operations running smoothly. The general perspective of managers and executors in solving product quality problems and making decisions to eliminate them include a shared understanding of quality standards, effective communication, data-driven decision-making, empowerment, a commitment to continuous improvement, problem-solving skills, resource allocation, risk management, ongoing training, customer focus, and documentation. By working collaboratively and emphasizing these factors, organizations can effectively address and prevent quality issues.

THE ROLE OF IDENTITY AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN LEADERSHIP AND COMMUNICATION

Identity - a question of numerous scientific fields, especially social humanities. The basic substrate of every human being is identity, it is built throughout life, starting from early childhood, through biological and psychological maturation. Identity is the final result of the process of individual development. In the business context, employees are social beings with their overall psycho-physical characteristics and social characteristics. The personal characteristics of the employee determine the position of the individual in the community to which he belongs. That is why each individual occupies a specific place in the social and economic system, the team to which he belongs, the function in the organization. Every employee is an individual who, during the presentation, comes to the manifestation of individual characteristics. Knowledge of the individual characteristics of employees requires knowledge of the processes and ways of communicating with an individual in all life cycles, i.e. stages of life, which influence the formation of identity in different ways. An important feature of employees in business systems is the possession of emotional intelligence, which consists of non-cognitive, competencies and characteristics that imply the individual's ability to respond to the demands and influences of the environment. Emotional intelligence is a set of numerous competencies, such as: self-awareness, personal control, self-confidence and empathy. She agrees, that is. complementary to rational intelligence. Emotional intelligence determines the behavior of each individual in business contact with other employees, with the employer, friends outside the business system, other family members and acquaintances from social interactions. From the point of view of management, both operational and strategic, the key to the success of the organization is reflected in the manager and his leadership abilities, that is, managers who give a stamp to management teams. leadership opinions and communication processes conditioned and colored by the identity of the individual who performs managerial activities individually, or by the identities of individuals who together form management teams, bringing their own identities and certain characteristics into the leadership and communication process. Leaders communicate with their team depending on the situation, ie. in different ways, and precisely such specific ways represent a certain leadership style. In this sense, leadership styles contain behaviors aimed at leading employees. In the literature, nor in practice, there is no recommendation as to which style is the best, styles differ, and the real problem is to adopt a certain style, in the context of the situation, which is influenced by numerous factors. Apostrophizing the importance of these processes for the success of the organization, this paper gives a special review of the influence of the identity and emotional intelligence of the individual on the process of communication and leadership in the organization.

Transmisi Pengetahuan Pembuatan Bedog Cikeruh pada Lembaga Informal Dangiang Pusaka Domas di Tanjung Sari Sumedang

Bedog Cikeruh is a cultural heritage originating from Jatinangor District, Sumedang Regency (formerly Jatinangor named Cikeruh). At this time the knowledge of making Bedog Cikeruh is in a critical state. The author found that in the area around Jatinangor, there is only one blacksmith who is still actively producing Bedog Cikeruh. The organization is called Dangiang Pusaka Domas. Dangiang Pusaka Domas is an informal family-based organization. Dangiang Pusaka Domas blacksmith is located in Maruyung Hamlet, Kutamandiri Village, Tanjungsari District, Sumedang Regency. Through this article, the author intends to present data from the point of view of Knowledge Management, how knowledge is shared through knowledge transmission in the Dangiang Pusaka Domas Blacksmith based on the following research questions: (1) What is knowledge transmission? (2) How does the knowledge transmission process take place in the Dangiang Pusaka Domas blacksmith? To obtain the necessary data, the author collected data by conducting an in-depth interview of the source of information obtained based on purposive sampling techniques. The author's findings show that: knowledge transmission is part of the knowledge sharing process. This concept refers to social interaction in which there is a transfer of knowledge, experience, and skills from one individual to another. Furthermore, some conclusions about the transmission of knowledge in the context of Dangiang Pusaka Domas, as an informal organization are: (1) The process of knowledge transmission, in this case, blacksmith knowledge, is carried out for generations in families vertically. (2) The process of knowledge transmission is carried out through structured participation and guidance. (3) The selection of individuals to pass on knowledge is generally in the family lineage, but the decline in knowledge focuses more on internal motivations and personal empirical experience. (4) The process of transmitting knowledge does not involve documenting or converting tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge. Knowledge is passed down through direct experience and practice, without written record-keeping. (5) The family is open to receiving individuals from outside the family who wish to learn blacksmithing knowledge.

An Examination of the Supply-Side Stakeholders’ Views towards Health Tourism Investments in the Region of Thessaly, Greece

The study aims to examine the views of local executives and managers in Thessaly, Greece related to the potential profitability of investing in the health tourism industry. Furthermore, the study attempts to shed some light on the factors that affect their views about health tourism investments. The data are collected through self-administered questionnaires to stakeholders in facilities that have the potential, or they are already, engaged in the health tourism industry. The sample is collected from a wide range of facilities, namely hotels, hospitals, private clinics, rehabilitation centres and nursing homes. Kendall’s tau-b correlation statistics and logistic regression models are employed to detect the driving forces on the formation of attitudes towards health tourism investments. Current research regarding health tourism in Greece is rather limited. In addition, the majority of relevant international studies examines factors shaping the demand side. The present study utilizes a sample from the supply side, thus of stakeholders in related sectors and can enhance our knowledge about their stances towards health tourism investments and the factors shaping these stances.

Construction industry of Russia: problems and prospects

The construction industry of the Russian Federation (RF) is one of the leaders of its economy. Increased requirements for the quality of construction projects in countries are due to climatic conditions that are not in the world. Such an indicator as the energy efficiency of buildings (MGSN 2.01-99, clause 3.6.1) determines the increased consumption of materials for construction, and hence the high price per square meter of the final product. However, the demand for industrial and residential premises continues to be high due to the stimulation of the sector by the RF punishments.This brief review of the economic situation in the construction industry of the Russian Federation highlights a set of parameters that are distinguished by significant properties of residential construction parameters. In addition, the review raises factors that impede the significant activities of Russian construction organizations and limit the prospects for the development of this sector of the domestic economy.The purpose of this article is to determine from the point of view of the organizational management of the state of the construction industry in the Russian Federation and the prospect of assessing the development of small and medium-sized businesses in this area.

Opinions of the Top Managers of the Ministry of National Education on the Implementation of Physical Education Policies in Schools

"World Physical Education Summit" was held in Berlin in 1999. In the summit, participants from more than 80 countries have determined the policies and reforms for the common solution of all problems related to physical education teaching. At the end of the Berlin Summit, the policies and reforms related to physical education have reconsidered and regulated in many countries. As it is well known, the firstly responsible agency in teaching physical education policies in Turkey is the Ministry of National Education (MEB). Therefore, in this study, it is aimed to reveal the views of the top level managers of the MEB. In this study, phenomenology design which is one of the qualitative research methods has been used. The study group of the research consists of 11 senior managers working in the Ministry of National Education. The data have been analyzed using the semi-structured interview technique and content analysis method. According to the findings of the research, MEB senior managers have listed the components of a quality physical education program as teachers, school administrators, equipment and physical conditions (facility, hall, etc.). They have stated that the biggest obstacles for the physical education curriculum to reach the desired goals are the inadequacy of tools and equipment in schools, the unsuitability of physical conditions, and the fact that the same types of schools do not have the physical conditions at similar standard. They considered the goals and strategies in the development and implementation of physical education curriculum as physical and academic collaborations.

Investigating the Causes of Swim Instructor Turnover in the Aquatics Industry

Employees are said to be the backbone of any organization. The aquatic industry is one of the largest employers in the sport and recreation sector and is rapidly growing, with career opportunities available to a diverse workforce for individuals of all ages and backgrounds (Sherry et al., 2021). The aquatics industry is experiencing increased voluntary and dysfunctional swim instructor turnover. Employee turnover is the rate at which individuals leave an organization, and high employee turnover can be disruptive and costly for management, employees, and customers. High swim instructor turnover undermines the effectiveness of swim instruction and exacerbates the risk of swimming-related injuries and drowning. Therefore, a critical first step is to better understand the reasons for turnover to address concerns with recruitment and swim instructor retention. High employee turnover should not be excused as an inherent characteristic of the aquatics industry, but rather the result of individual and systemic factors. As swim instructor turnover is an under-researched issue, we adopted an exploratory approach to this research. We utilized a qualitative research approach, collecting data through a series of semi-structured interviews, to explore the reasons for swim instructor turnover with nineteen (58% male, 42% female) former swim instructors. Most respondents reported a combination of reasons that ultimately led to separation from their position. A deductive analysis of the interview data revealed the reasons for turnover among former swim instructors: swim instructing as a temporary role, limited career progression, failing to understand and underestimating the swim instructor working environment, and a negative view of management. This research extends human resource management literature across the aquatics industry by identifying reasons for turnover from the perspective of former swim instructors. When swim instructors depart, it can disrupt existing relationships and workflows, and makes it so that fewer individuals get the benefits associated with learning to swim. These results suggest managers would benefit from implementing appropriate retention strategies to retain swim instructors, realistic job preview, swim instructor training and personal development, and exit interviews.

Revitalising Business Sustainability through Full-Range Leadership Approach: A Supply Chain Management View

Revitalising Business Sustainability through Full-Range Leadership Approach: A Supply Chain Management View

Does Audit Committee Influence Integrate Reporting Quality? Empirical Evidence from Emerging Market

Integrated reporting is the latest novelty in the corporate reporting field. An integrated report represents and clarifies the financial and non-financial performance of the company, environment, society, and governance, and helps in compiling information that are appropriate with the performance and impact of the company to give a clear and comprehensive picture of the opportunities and risks that may face the company that leads to the creation of value (IIRC, 2021). IR involves merging non-financial and financial information in the corporate annual report which provides investors and stakeholders a holistic picture of management's view on sustainability initiatives, governance, social, and economic (Ahmed Haji & Anifowose, 2016; Churet & Eccles, 2014; Darus et al., 2019; Hamad et al., 2020). Furthermore, IR is often known to be a higher quality reporting that establishes ties between a company's societal, environmental, and economic aspects (Adhariani & de Villiers, 2019; Dilling & Caykoylu, 2019; Qaderi et al., 2021; Stubbs & Higgins, 2014; Vitolla et al., 2020). Previous studies have extensively investigated IR adoption (Darus et al., 2019; Ghani et al., 2018; Hamad et al., 2020; Masduki & Mohd Zaid, 2019; Qaderi et al., 2021; 2022). However, there are limited papers investigating the IR quality (IRQ) in Malaysia. Due to this considerable gap in the research, it is vital to investigate the main factors that can explain the quality of integrated reporting in Malaysia. Studies by Alzeban (2020) and Hassan et al (2019) show that audit committee contributes to corporate reporting quality due to its significant role in internal control mechanism of a company. Therefore, the objective of this research is to investigate the influence of audit committee characteristics on integrated reporting quality. Keywords: Integrated reporting quality, audit committee, Malaysia

The Impact of International Financial Reporting and its Role in Improving the Economic Development of Public Companies: An Analytical Study

Objective: The main objective of the research was to investigate how local financial experts and portfolio managers view the impact of international financial reports on the expansion of public companies' economies.
 
 Theoretical framework: This study is aiming to explore the views of portfolio managers and local financial experts regarding the influence of international financial reports on the economic growth of public companies. The findings suggest that while quality control standards may not significantly affect financial market stability, adherence to international accounting standards plays a pivotal role in shaping the economic growth trajectory of public businesses.
 
 Methods: The research group included 80 portfolio managers and financial locals. The researcher was able to collect the data needed for this study by developing a questionnaire that assesses the hypotheses on which it was based and using evaluative phrases to evaluate the significance of the sample's answers.
 
 Results and conclusions: The results show that while worldwide standards for quality control have little to no influence on the stability of the financial markets, those for accounting do, and that influence has an effect on the expansion of public companies' economies.
 
 Implications of the study: new studies are required to further the field of economic development in order to help companies recover from and overcome unforeseen crises. Given that such a structure promotes business development, more thought should be given to the creation of a board of directors with a sizeable number of members.

How do well-performed food businesses manage suppliers in emerging economies?

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the supplier selection criteria, relationship quality and level of collaboration in Asian food businesses, while also examining the link between these practices and business performance. The research focusses on food manufacturing and exporting companies in two emerging economies, China and Vietnam.Design/methodology/approachFood manufacturing and exporting companies in two emerging economies – China and Vietnam were surveyed and analysed to extract factors that reflect supplier management and business performance along with their relationship by factor analysis and hierarchical regression. Then, a two-step cluster analysis was applied to identify clusters based on supplier management and explore how different business performance groups manage their suppliers.FindingsFour clusters that are distinct sets of food firms with detailed references about their typical characteristics revealing their business performance and supplier management practices. Also, the study confirms that certificates, reliability and inspection results constitute the factor of quality-related criteria for food firms. It is an interesting insight into what firms prioritise in selecting and maintaining collaboration and relationships with suppliers that reflect actual demanding specifications for supplier conformity.Research limitations/implicationsThe study reveals the business status of the studied companies and each group's specific references, such as the criteria they prefer to select suppliers, the relationship quality and the level of collaboration.Originality/valueThe study is a useful reference for both researchers and practitioners to have a comprehensive view of supplier management in the food industry based on the viewpoint of Asian food manufacturers.

Managing through COVID‐19: Reflections from city managers and lessons learned

AbstractOur research centers on the role of city managers in responding to the COVID‐19 pandemic in the United States. We begin by asking: What was the experience of city managers during the COVID‐19 pandemic? Drawing on interview data from 87 US city managers we identify four emergent themes: crisis management, organizational and leadership contexts, unintended outcomes, and administrative impacts. We then apply Comfort's (2007) four Cs—cognition, communication, coordination, and control—to the interview data. We find that cognition, communication, and coordination are critical to city managers experiences in crisis management and response. Control is largely related to organizational and leadership contexts and a key aspect in determining their reported success. We also find that city managers view unintended and administrative outcomes as a result of their crisis management process that reinforce their strategies. From our inductive analysis, we propose a Complex Disaster Response Framework of City Managers.