View Of Justice Research Articles

Ecocriminological analysis of brine in aquatic ecosystems: impacts on Posidonia oceanica and the search for restorative justice solutions

The consumption of fresh water has generated additional problems in certain territories, along with the consequences of global warming. This has meant that, in the most vulnerable areas, such as the Balearic archipelago in the Mediterranean, alternative water supply systems have been established: desalination plants. However, the ecological impact of these infrastructures is great, mainly affecting aquatic ecosystems. In the light of the above, this paper addresses the ecological harm caused by desalination and brine discharges on a protected and priority species, Posidonia oceanica. For this and taking as ethical-legal foundation the theory of ecological justice, a multilevel analysis was carried out from an ecocriminology perspective on the impacts of this authorized practice on Posidonia and other species. Finally, a restorative justice view will allow us to understand and envision possible solutions to this ecological harm.

Book Review: Global Climate Justice Theory and Practice

The book "Global Climate Justice: Theory and Practice" provides a comprehensive view of climate justice from diverse theoretical approaches by exploring diverse perspectives on the distribution of CO2 and climate responsibility. The text examines controversial viewpoints, such as the right of oil companies to receive compensation for profit losses, as well as historical approaches that consider the persistent effects of colonization on states' capacity to address climate change and the consequent responsibility of colonizing states. The review emphasizes the historical context driving the need to implement environmental justice. Additionally, it highlights the diversity of theoretical perspectives presented in the book and their relevance in formulating international policies.

The association of organizational justice views and turnover intent among correctional staff

ABSTRACT Fairness is a core concept in U.S. society, including in the workplace. Organizational justice theory holds that workers expect to be treated in a fair and just manner and that higher levels of organizational justice usually result in lower levels of withdrawal work behaviors, such as absenteeism and turnover intent, while lower levels of organizational justice perceptions are associated with higher engagement in withdrawal behaviors. The current study examined the relationship between organizational justice views, specifically distributive and procedural justice, and turnover intent, while controlling for the personal characteristics of age, gender, position, tenure, educational level, and marital status and the work variables of job stress and job involvement. Using the responses from 322 employees from a state prison located in the Southern region of the United States, procedural justice was observed to have a significant negative association with turnover intent, but distributive justice had a nonsignificant relationship. Job stress was associated with a significantly higher level of turnover intent, while job involvement was significantly associated with lower turnover intent. Among the personal characteristics, only age had a significant association, with older workers expressing lower turnover intent.

Research note – the connection of organizational justice views with Chinese police officer organizational commitment

PurposePolice officers' attitudes toward their employing organizations are impacted by officers' perceptions of justice within the organization itself, and these perceptions can affect the bond that officers form with their organization. The current study explored how perceptions of three dimensions of organizational justice (i.e. interpersonal, procedural and distributive justice) were related to the affective (i.e. voluntary) organizational commitment of Chinese police officers.Design/methodology/approachThe data for the current study came from a voluntary survey of 589 Chinese police officers in three areas, one each in southern, central and western China.FindingsBased on an ordinary least squares (OLS) regression equation, interpersonal, procedural and distributive justice had similar sized positive associations with organizational commitment.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings support the contention that perceptions of organizational justice views are related to the commitment of Chinese police officers.Practical implicationsRaising the interpersonal, procedural and distributive justice views should raise the level of affective commitment of officers.Social implicationsEnhancing the justice views of officers should benefit officers by treating them more fairly, as well as benefiting the police organization by increasing commitment of officers.Originality/valueThere has been limited research on how the different forms of organizational justice are related to officer commitment, especially among Chinese officers.

Stock price implications of DEI initiatives when liberties of vulnerable groups are politically undermined—Evidence from veterans and LGBT groups

Stakeholder theory rooted in Rawls' view of justice as fairness argues that firms treat all their stakeholders fairly, including the powerless and marginalized. Despite this, much research has focused on ways to prioritize stakeholders and “manage” them according to their significance. To help ease this tendency, we adopt a social identity perspective of stakeholders and examine stock price implications of firms' diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives undertaken for vulnerable social groups when their liberties are undermined. Noting that social groups in the US are often supported and undermined depending on who the president is, we zoom in on two recent presidencies, Obama's and Trump's, who showed stark differences in treating two social groups—military veterans and LGBT groups. We found that DEI initiatives conducted to assist a social group resulted in higher stock prices during the presidency undermining the group than during the presidency supportive of the group. These findings are robust and supported by cumulative abnormal returns and regression results. Overall, our study encourages more research highlighting the upsides of corporate initiatives for those who have been on the periphery of stakeholder management. It also highlights the benefits of shifting our views from the firm-centric economic roles of stakeholders toward the more inclusive social identity perspective.

Organisational justice and strain‐based conflict among Nigerian prison officers

AbstractMost employees, including prison employees, want their employers to treat them fairly. Distributive justice (perceived fairness of outcomes) and procedural justice (perceived fairness of processes and procedures) are important dimensions of organisational justice. Limited research among correctional staff in the US suggests that views of distributive and procedural justice spill over and result in a strain‐based form of work‐family conflict. Strain‐based conflict occurs when work problems follow a person home and create conflict at home. Based on multivariate regression analysis of survey data from 120 Nigerian prison staff, distributive justice had significant negative effects on the strain‐based form of work‐family conflict. Contrary to findings among US staff, procedural justice did not have a similar significant association. The connection between views of organisational justice and strain‐based work‐family conflict appears to vary by nation.

Aristotle’s Understanding of Democratic Justice and His Distinction between Two Kinds of Equality: A Response

Abstract This short article is a response to Douglas Cairns, Mirko Canevaro, and Kleanthis Mantzouranis, who in Polis 39 (2022) explicitly criticize both of my previous interpretations of Aristotle’s view of democratic justice and of the relation of proportional and numerical equality. Against Cairns et al., I argue that there is no tension or contradiction between Aristotle’s statements on these two kinds of equality and on democratic justice. The paper suggests a new reading of Aristotle’s texts that strictly distinguishes between Aristotle’s own views and his references to ‘respected opinions’ (endoxa). It concludes that Aristotle consistently identifies democratic justice with ‘numerical’ or ‘arithmetic’ equality and not with proportional equality, which he usually identifies with equality ‘according to worth or merit’ (kat’ axian).

Relational Justice: Egalitarian and Sufficientarian

ABSTRACTRelational egalitarianism is a theory of justice according to which people must relate as equals. In this article, we develop relational sufficientarianism – a view of justice according to which people must relate as sufficients. We distinguish between three versions of this ideal, one that is incompatible with relational egalitarianism and two that are not. Building on this, we argue that relational theorists have good reason to support a pluralist view that is both egalitarian and sufficientarian.

Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Organizational Justice; Mediatory Role of Job Satisfaction and Knowledge Sharing

The current investigation emphasizes the association among views of justice (across all three dimensions) and organizational citizenship behavior, as well as any potential mediating impact of job satisfaction and knowledge sharing. This investigation looks at the three aspects of justice perceptions. Data were obtained from 304 workers in Karachi's service industry utilizing cross-sectional surveys and quantitative techniques. Smart Pls 3 was applied for examining the data, and the results indicated that the relationship between the sense of justice and citizenship behavior is mediated by job satisfaction, but that knowledge sharing does not mediate within them. The research demonstrates that OJ and OCB have a substantial and favorable association and that OCB is profoundly affected by each justice in organizations and job satisfaction. On the other hand, the examination has constraints mainly because it only explores the impact of two mediators on OCB and three organizational justice dimensions. Data collection relied on convenience sampling of workers from service-providing firms in Karachi, and the study did not consider the longitudinal effect due to time constraints. Future research can delve deeper into the relationship between these variables by incorporating demographic factors in testing models, examining multiple contributing factors to job satisfaction, and including additional variables in the analysis for a comprehensive understanding of OCB, particularly in the manufacturing industry. Conducting the study in different cities and regions in Pakistan can also broaden the view of the population's perceptions of justice and OCB. This study addresses the pressing need to address issues such as organizational justice and how they can be tackled within the vicinity of work.

Addressing the rise of inequalities: How relevant is Rawls's critique of welfare state capitalism?

Addressing the rise of inequalities: How relevant is Rawls's critique of welfare state capitalism?

Broadening the Lens of Procedural Justice Beyond the Courtroom: A Case Study of Legal Financial Obligations in the Juvenile Court

Procedural justice research has shown how people’s experiences with courtroom actors, such as judges, defense attorneys, and prosecutors, shape their views of the justice system and its legitimacy. However, less is known about how people’s experiences outside the courtroom that relate to their cases shape their views of this system. Based on forty-one interviews with twenty-one youths and twenty parents in Dane County, Wisconsin about their legal financial obligations (also known as monetary sanctions), this study broadens the focus of procedural justice to include another key aspect to people’s experiences with the law beyond the courtroom: their experiences navigating bureaucratic aspects to their youths’ cases and their interactions with non-court staff (e.g., clerks, Human Services, and community agencies), otherwise known as “auxiliary personnel” (Feeley 1979) or “street-level bureaucrats” (Lipsky 2010/1980). We focus on legal financial obligations as a case study to show this multi-agency view of procedural justice as it reveals the families’ often disjointed experiences with justice staff both inside and outside of the courtroom.

Democratic responsibility in the digital public sphere

Democratic responsibility in the digital public sphere

Artificial Intelligence and Ethics: Building an Artificial Intelligence System that Ensures Privacy and Social Justice

The term "artificial intelligence" (AI) refers to technology becoming increasingly prevalent in many facets of human life. Nevertheless, significant concerns regarding social justice and privacy in the application of AI are also being noticed. This article explores the significance of ethics in developing artificial intelligence systems that can protect individuals' privacy and promote social justice. A qualitative methodology was used for this study, which consists of a review of previous research. As a result of this research, we describe what is artificial intelligence with examples of its use, ethics with its functions, how to embed ethics into artificial intelligence technologies, including robot and machine ethics. The following is an examination of AI and ethics from the point of view of privacy and social justice. In the context of the use of AI, offer some suggestions about constructing a more moral and accountable AI system.

A Comparison Between the Confucianism’s and Aristotle’s View of Distributive Justice — The Thoughts Based on Contemporary Development

Throughout the over 2000 years of feudal rule in ancient China, the Confucianism’s distributive justice has played an important role. The principles of Humanity, Differential Distribution and Equal Opportunity had a lasting impact on social development even in modern times. While in ancient Greece, Plato and Aristotle has specifically discussed the view of distributive justice, especially in the content of the distribution principle of “Equality of Values and Proportional Equality” and "Principle of Differential Distribution", whose content was later being developed and enriched continuously by various schools of thought. This paper has systematically introduced the contents and principles of the Confucianism’s and Aristotle’s view of distributive justice. Aimed at the historical background and the view of the theory of the comparison of existing value and its limitation, this paper reveals the value of the view of distributive justice. This paper reveals the value of distributive justice in different times, cultures and systems. By studying the view of distributive justice at all times and in all over the world, the paper is intended to seek solution to the increasing social disparities and injustices in modern states in their processes of building harmonious societies, so that the theory of distributive justice will display a new vitality.

The Effects of Justice Views on Turnover Intent, Sick-Leave Views, and Sick-Leave Use Among Private Prison Staff

Private prison staff are a valuable resource, and they can be affected by various workplace variables. The effects of organizational justice on counterproductive staff behaviors in a sample of correctional staff at a private prison were examined using organizational-justice theory. Specifically, the association of distributive and procedural justice with turnover intent, sick-leave views, and absenteeism were tested while controlling for demographic characteristics (position, gender, age, tenure, and race/ethnicity). OLS regression models show that procedural justice was the strongest predictor and was negatively associated with all three measures of counterproductive behaviors; distributive justice was only predictive of turnover intent.

Ethical perspectives and police science: Using Social Contract Theory as an analytical framework for evaluating police legitimacy

Abstract It has recently been argued that ethical/moral considerations could be better integrated into the science of policing. The present study picks up the gauntlet and examines if a central normative theory of government authority—Social Contract Theory—can contribute to our understanding of police legitimacy. Building on five constraints on police authority derived from Social Contract Theory, the present study examines the relationship between citizen views of police compliance with the social contract while enforcing COVID-19 regulations, and of police legitimacy. A community survey carried out in Israel reveals that public evaluations of the appropriate balance between liberty, safety, and police authority, have a significant, independent correlation with legitimacy, surpassed only by views of procedural justice. These findings have implications for the theory, practice, and future study of police legitimacy, but more generally demonstrate the utility of theoretical–philosophical theories and concepts concerned with ethics for contemporary research questions in policing.

Սոցիալական արդարության հիմնախնդիրը ՀՀ նախադպրոցական կրթության ոլորտում

The purpose of the analysis carried out within the framework of the article is to highlight the existing problems in the field of preschool education in RA, which are challenging from the point of view of social justice. The tasks were to present the substantive frameworks of social justice in preschool education, the impact of state funding and investments in the field on the long-term development of society, as well as to identify the main social problems of preschool education in RA. In the framework of the research, the methods of scientific abstraction and induction, statistical analysis and observation of chronological series, comparative analysis were used. In particular, based on the methodology of calculating the Social Justice Index, we compared the preschool education funding (as a percentage of GDP) of RA and OECD countries as a key indicator of ensuring social justice. As a result of the research, it became clear that despite the absolute growth of funds allocated to the sector, their weight in the GDP in Armenia is low compared to OECD countries, moreover, it shows decreasing trends. Eventually, the level of children's involvement in this part of education is very low: about 2/3 of children of the appropriate age are deprived of the opportunity to receive preschool education, only 6.2 percent of children aged 1.5-3 attend kindergartens, and in rural areas, about ¾ of children are excluded from preschool education. Therefore, from the point of view of the realization of the principle of social justice, it is very important to continuously increase the relative indicator of funding, aimed first of all at increasing the index of children's enrollment in all directions (territorial, sub-age, etc.).

Integrated Health Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Social Justice View from the Perspectives of Social Workers

Integrated Health Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Social Justice View from the Perspectives of Social Workers

후발적 경정청구사유에 관한 비판적 고찰

It is desirable from the point of view of justice to get back the tax that has been filed and paid incorrectly, whether it is tax return or assessment. However, if the tax system is designed in such a way that any tax wrongly
 paid can be refunded forever, regardless of the reason or any method, the tax legal relationship will be in an unstable state for a long time, undermining legal stability and putting an excessive burden on tax administration. Therefore, in order to receive various tax benefits under the tax law, not only the requirements set by the tax law must be met, but in many cases, procedural requirements such as reporting within a specified period are required. For the same purpose, an appeal period is set for contesting the validity of a tax disposition, and a period for exercising the right to claim for rectification is set. If so, it should be seen that the grounds for requesting a subsequent rectification can also be limited by law. 
 In light of the text and system of the law, the grounds for requesting subsequent rectification stipulated in Article 45-2 Paragraph 2 of the Framework Act on National Taxes and Article 25-2 of the Enforcement Decree of
 the Framework Act on National Taxes should be regarded as enumerated. 
 Article 45-2, Paragraph 2, Subparagraph 5 of the Framework Act on National Taxes and Article 25-2, Subparagraph 4 of the Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on National Taxes contain the expression ‘similar grounds’, but the meaning is ‘similar grounds to those listed above’. It doesn’t mean ‘every reason other than those listed above’. Nevertheless, Supreme Court precedents sometimes broadly interpret the grounds stipulated in the statute as illustrative, and sometimes narrowly interpret them as if they were restrictive, in determining the grounds for a subsequent request for rectification. Regarding the argument, the Supreme Court lacks a consistent standard, such as overcoming the limitations of the principle of affirming rights and obligations when interpreting broadly, and raising differences between civil and criminal judgments when interpreting narrowly.
 In conclusion, although there is room for flexible interpretation of the current grounds for the request for rectification, it should be considered to be basically enumerative. Nevertheless, the attitude of forcibly fitting reasons that are not stipulated in the Framework Act on National Taxes to similar to those stipulated in the Act is judicial legislation close to law creation, not law interpretation. For example, it is the right direction to seek legislative improvement measures for issues that require taxpayer relief, such as the inability to collect debts due to the bankruptcy of debtors, changes in legal interpretation, and unconstitutional decisions.

Global justice and the opportunity costs of conservation.

Opportunity costs can represent a significant portion of the costs associated with conservation projects and frequently outstrip other kinds of cost. They are typically understood to refer to the benefits someone would have obtained if conservation projects had not required them to give up current activities, such as farming or hunting or if the land had been available for uses other than conservation. This familiar way of identifying opportunity costs is flawed, however, because it threatens to condone, or take advantage of, the injustices that many people face that affect their opportunities. I integrated ideas from the political theory of global justice to examine how the analysis of opportunity costs illustrates the importance of considering conservation and issues of global justice together, rather than thinking about them in isolation. I distinguish four baselines for defining opportunity costs. A status quo baseline defines opportunity costs by asking what people would have earned had a conservation project not happened. A willingness to accept baseline defines them by asking people what it would take to make them indifferent to whether a conservation project takes place or not. An antipoverty baseline suggests that opportunity costs have been met when people affected by a project are not left in poverty. An egalitarian baseline suggests opportunity costs have been met when people are not left in relative disadvantage, with worse than average opportunities. I argue that the egalitarian baseline is the most acceptable from the point of view of justice. Such a baseline would suggest that, in practice, many of the world's poor are being unjustly treated, or even exploited, as a result of conservation activities.