BackgroundTo date, most reference data on foot and ankle morphology are derived from Western cohorts, potentially overlooking significant ethnic variation in Asian population. This study utilized 3D weight-bearing computed tomography (WBCT) to establish population-specific reference values of 3D foot and ankle parameters for a Korean cohort and compare these values with published European data.MethodsThis retrospective, cross-sectional study analyzed the asymptomatic contralateral feet of 39 Korean adults (≥18 years old) using WBCT under natural weight-bearing conditions. Automated 3D measurements-including Meary, talonavicular, and Saltzman view angles-were calculated across sagittal, axial, and coronal planes. Results were compared to a published European cohort (n = 100) using Welch t test. For the subgroup analysis, an independent sample t test was used to compare the parameters between male and female participants within the Korean cohort. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationship between age and the measured foot parameters.ResultsStatistically significant differences were observed in 18 of the measured parameters between the Korean and European cohorts. The Korean cohort showed a significantly lower sagittal Meary angle, higher talonavicular angle, and lower Saltzman view angle than European data. Analysis of the Korean cohort revealed no significant sex-based differences across most 3D WBCT parameters, except for the sagittal third tarsometatarsal angle. Age was positively correlated with axial Meary angle, Saltzman view angle, and hallux valgus angle.ConclusionThis study provides preliminary 3D WBCT reference values for the adult Korean foot and ankle. The distinct morphologic variations observed between Korean and European populations underscore the need for ethnic-specific reference values. These findings provide a foundational 3D metric for clinical diagnosis and surgical planning in East Asian populations.

ABSTRACT By focusing on vanlifers, an increasingly influential group of travel content creators on Instagram, this research examined the influences of narrative themes, visual view angles and destination popularity on viewers’ three dimensions of psychological need fulfilment, narrative transportation, destination attitudes, and visit intentions. Guided by Human Brand Theory, this study built a connection between #VanLife influencer and travel destination marketing by identifying which combinations of narrative and visual design can be used to effectively promote certain travel destinations with different levels of popularity. The study first reveals that a third-person view (view angle from an outside observer) served as a more effective observational frame that facilitated learning and comprehension about vanlife and unfamiliar travel destinations, compared to inspirational portrayals of a well-known location using a point-of-view (POV) perspective, showing a first-person scenario through a vanlifer’s eyes. Furthermore, the narrative transportation effect from Instagram #Vanlife content to travel destinations was stronger when the Instagram post contained useful travel tips for visiting a lesser-known destination using a third-person view angle, compared to the post with staged visual content promoting a well-known destination in a third-person view. Eventually, under both POV and third-person perspectives, narrative transportation and the fulfilments of competence and relatedness needs significantly and positively predicted destination attitudes and visit intentions.

WA-SAND: Wavelet attention diffusion with spatially adaptive noising for multi-view face generation.

Power-system reliability is crucial for sustainable development, but large-scale, long-term monitoring remains challenging. Existing nighttime light (NTL)-based outage detection methods often rely on fixed thresholds or prior information, limiting cross-regional application. To address this, we develop an adaptive thresholding framework using daily NASA Black Marble data. Observations are grouped by view angle to mitigate radiometric instability, and a per-pixel dynamic baseline is constructed from high-radiance statistics, enabling robust anomaly detection without prior outage timing. From the detected anomalies, we formulate a population-weighted NTL power reliability index (NTPRI) to quantify regional electricity service reliability. Validation across six diverse outage events yields an F1 score of 0.807. National-scale analysis shows NTPRI correlates significantly with the World Bank’s System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI). The derived Light Anomaly Rate (LAR) further supports pixel-level frequency analysis. Together, this framework provides a transferable remote-sensing tool for large-scale power-reliability assessment in data-scarce regions, supporting disaster impact evaluation and energy vulnerability analysis.

Acousto-optic sensing (AOS) is a non-contact method for measuring sound using light, suitable for environments where microphones are impractical, such as confined spaces or within airflow. Despite its effectiveness, AOS captures line-integrated sound pressure along the optical path, resulting in signals that cannot be interpreted as those from point-wise microphones. To obtain the sound pressure distribution in three-dimensional (3D) space, volumetric sound-field reconstruction is required. Existing methods require multi-directional line-integrated projection data, typically obtained either by deploying multiple devices or by repeatedly exciting the sound source. The former requires deploying multiple high-cost devices, which is often impractical, whereas the latter is not applicable to sound sources that cannot be reproduced consistently. To overcome these limitations, we propose a task called sound projection synthesis, which synthesizes data in specified directions based on observation data. We achieve this by using a latent diffusion model conditioned on observed projections and view angles to generate new sound-field projections. A model pretrained on natural images was fine-tuned using sound-field data and optimized with a pixel-wise loss. Experiments demonstrate that the model can generate realistic projection data. Combining nine observed views with nine generated views improved 3D reconstruction accuracy compared with using only nine observed views.

Generative 3D human head reconstruction in \(360^{\circ}\) is attracting increasing attention because of its flexibility in downstream animation applications. Existing generative 3D head synthesis approaches are primarily limited to near-frontal face priors, which cause distorted artifacts at large view angles. In this article, we introduce a novel Pseudo-Supervision Guided Spatial Optimization (PSO-HEAD) framework that reconstructs 3D view-consistent full-head through explicitly introducing pseudo-label of back-head supervision for spatial texture and geometric optimization. Particularly, our PSO-HEAD introduces two key improvements, i.e., Pseudo-Supervision Augmented Inversion (PSA-Inversion) and Full-Head Aware Generative Enhancement (FAGE). PSA-Inversion augments plausible invisible back-head as pseudo-supervision to optimize the view-hallucinated latent code conditioned on the augmented camera poses via GAN inversion, enforcing 3D spatial consistency across both visible and invisible regions. Furthermore, FAGE fine-tunes the 3D GAN on a proposed auxiliary FK-Enhance dataset deriving from either generated or real-world high-quality back-head images, which therefore improves the generalization of our PSO-HEAD to diverse hairstyles or underrepresented regions. Benefiting from the improvements, our PSO-HEAD enables efficient \(360^{\circ}\) view-consistent full-head generation from single input images, particularly improving reconstruction fidelity of unobserved regions, which quantitatively and qualitatively outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.

Long-wave infrared (LWIR) airborne optical systems for ground imaging are widely utilized in applications such as ground reconnaissance, agricultural monitoring, counterterrorism, and other fields. Traditional oblique-view ground-imaging optical systems suffer from a critical drawback compared to nadir-view systems: the significant variation in object distances between distant and nearby targets. This disparity leads to inconsistent ground resolution (GR), manifesting in images where distant targets exhibit significantly lower resolution than nearby ones. This characteristic is highly detrimental to information acquisition and three-dimensional modeling of the system. Furthermore, the limited field of view of fixed focal length systems prevents the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) from acquiring target information effectively across varying flight altitudes. To address this issue, this paper designs an oblique imaging optical system capable of achieving both constant GR and zoom functionality in the LWIR band. By controlling the ground resolution, a LWIR continuous zoom optical system was designed. The system maintains constant GR over the entire field of view. Its modulation transfer function (MTF) approaches the diffraction limit across the full field of view, and the spot diagram remains within Airy’s disk at each view angle. The radius of the spot diagram is smaller than that of the Airy disk, indicating that the geometric aberrations of the system are well corrected. The imaging performance is primarily determined by the wavelength and the F-number. In the case of LWIR, the longer wavelength results in a larger Airy disk radius. The system meets imaging quality requirements and is suitable for air-to-ground target reconnaissance imaging.

Subtalar arthroereisis (STA) is a commonly used surgical approach for treating pediatric flatfoot. It remains unclear whether STA combined with spring ligament repair surgery is necessary. The purpose of this study was to report the clinical outcomes of STA with or without spring ligament repair and to investigate the impact of spring ligament repair as an adjunctive procedure on treatment outcomes. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 58 patients with pediatric flatfoot admitted to our inpatient center from January 2018 to February 2023. Among them, 25 cases (25 feet) were treated with spring ligament repair combined with STA ((observation group), while 33 cases (33 feet) received STA (control group). Visual analog scale (VAS) scores, American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) midfoot scores, complications, patient-reported satisfaction, and imaging results (meary angle in the weightbearing lateral view, pitch angle in the weightbearing lateral view, and talonavicular coverage angle in the weightbearing anteroposterior view) were used to describe outcomes. A total of 58 patients were included in the study, with 33 assigned to the subtalar arthroereisis (STA) group and 25 undergoing the combined procedure. Both interventions resulted in clinically meaningful improvements in pain relief and functional outcomes. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores improved to 0.12 ± 0.33 in the STA group and 0.28 ± 0.46 in the combined group, with both groups showing statistically significant reductions in pain compared to baseline values (P < .001). Similarly, American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores increased to 95.91 ± 3.02 and 94.84 ± 4.68, respectively, indicating substantial postoperative improvement (P < .001). Radiographic analysis demonstrated that the combined procedure provided superior corrective efficacy. Meary’s angle, talonavicular coverage angle, and calcaneal pitch angle all exhibited significantly greater improvements in the combined group compared to the STA group (all P < .05). High levels of satisfaction were also observed in both treatment groups, with rates of 78.8% and 76.0% for the STA and combined groups, respectively. Among the combined and STA subgroups in pediatric flatfoot, the combined subgroup demonstrated superior imaging measurements, yet similar clinical scores. We believe that the improvement from an imaging perspective is more significant and may offer greater long-term clinical benefits. Level III, retrospective comparative study.

In the field of autonomous driving, vehicle trajectory prediction using information about the surrounding environment is crucial for improving system safety. Existing trajectory prediction models often fail to effectively capture temporal features under different speed conditions when dealing with historical trajectories with speed differences. In addition, these models rely excessively on the self-learning of the network when modeling inter-vehicle interactions and lack effective integration of expert knowledge. To address these problems, this article proposes a group vehicle trajectory prediction model based on dynamic view-distance enhancement. The model adopts a spatio-temporal decoupled modeling framework, in which the spatial branch combines the driver’s field of view angle and inter-vehicle distance information under different speed conditions to dynamically optimize inter-vehicle interactions, while the temporal branch extracts temporal information in successive and inter-timesteps through speed-adaptive temporal convolution and graph convolution. The experimental results show that the model in this paper significantly improves the accuracy of trajectory prediction on NGSIM and highD datasets with a small number of parameters.

MAPLE: Combination of multiple angles of view and enhanced pseudo-label generation for unsupervised person re-identification

Surgical access to brainstem (BS) lesions requires small neurotomies in between a dense and complex neural fiber network. Access is gained on the BS surface closest to the lesion to minimize the intraparenchymal trajectory and reduce the risk of neurological injury. The concept of safe-entry zones guides the selection of the most favorable entry point to reduce these risks. Several endoscopic approaches have been validated as safe and effective for accessing the peritrigeminal zone (PTZ); however, each one is limited by anatomical constraints due to adjacent osteo-vascular structures, which restrict the surgical corridor. To evaluate the anatomical advantages and limitations of accessing the PTZ via the endonasal transclival approach (ETTA), retrosigmoid approach (RS), and endoscopic transorbital approach (ETOA). The ETTA, RS, and ETOA approaches were performed on five human cadaveric specimens (25 approaches). Before dissection, all specimens underwent high-field magnetic resonance imaging, including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) sequences for tractography reconstruction. An anatomical assessment was then conducted to verify accessibility to the PTZ. The potential surgical trajectory, approach length, and surgical view's angle were measured and compared across the three approaches. All approaches allowed access to the PTZ; however, each one exhibited structural limitations affecting surgical maneuverability. Comparative anatomical and radiological analysis highlighted procedural insights to guide the selection of the most appropriate surgical corridor based on lesion morphology. The RS approach, the shortest one, and the ETTA provided a near-tangential visualization of the PTZ, whereas the ETOA offered a more perpendicular surgical view. A thorough understanding of the anatomical and technical nuances of the three approaches to the PTZ described in this study can support the selection of the most appropriate surgical route for pontine lesions. Comparative data suggest that the orientation of the lesion's major axis within the pons is a key criterion in determining the optimal surgical approach.

Abstract The strong coupling between temperature and strain within complex thermo-mechanical fields poses a significant measurement challenge, as existing methods lack the capability for their simultaneous, precise, and full-field 3D characterization. To address this gap, this study introduces an integrated method that combines lifetime-based phosphor thermometry (PT) with stereo-digital image correlation (DIC) in a dual-camera system. First, a phosphorescent coating with embedded speckle patterns was developed, and a phosphor-coating joint index was proposed to quantify its thermomechanical measurement accuracy. Second, a dual-camera system was developed to simultaneously measure 3D temperature and strain, utilizing phosphorescence decay under pulsed excitation for lifetime-based PT and stereo-DIC for 3D deformation analysis. Third, an intensity-temperature-view angle coupling correction method was developed to correct the grayscale distortion caused by local temperature gradients and large view angle acquisition, improving the accuracy of image matching. Subsequently, the thermal expansions of aluminium alloy samples were characterized, and the maximum deviation of measured strain compared with the reference data is within 0.322 mm m −1 from room temperature to 410 °C, proving that the developed method has good simultaneous detection capability in temperature and strain fields. Finally, the method was validated in a non-uniformly heated cylinder, demonstrating its capability for 3D temperature-deformation mapping under complex thermal conditions. This work provides a new approach for high-precision simultaneous 3D temperature–strain measurement and supports further investigation into thermo-mechanical multiphysics coupling mechanisms.

Radial head arthroplasty (RHA) mal-alignment can occur when there is excessive tilt of the radial head stem relative to the radial canal. The clinical significance, cause and management for increased RHA tilt is poorly understood. Our primary objective was to compare clinical outcomes in patients with excessive radiographic RHA tilt to controls. A secondary objective was to determine whether radiographic stem alignment measurements can predict clinical outcomes. We performed a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent isolated RHA between 1999–2021 for acute radial head fractures using a smooth-stemmed modular metallic radial head implant. Excessive RHA tilt was defined as patients with a high-neck shaft angle in AP view (greater than 1SD above the mean). Patient demographics, clinical outcomes (PREE, QuickDASH, MEPI, ROM, complications, reoperations), and radiographic measurements were compared between patients with excessive RHA tilt and controls (Figure 1). Radial head alignment was assessed using several parameters including radial neck-shaft angle, lateral overhang distance RHA implant, PRUJ angle, radial neck length, radial neck width, radial neck cut angle, and radial tuberosity width (Figure 2). Regression modelling was used to determine whether the radiographic alignment parameters were predictive of outcomes (PREE, QuickDASH, MEPI), complications and reoperations. Sixty-one patients were included in the study, 10 patients with mal-alignment of the RHA and 51 patients in the control group. There was no significant difference in patient characteristics between groups (age, gender, handedness, smoking, time to surgery, follow-up time) (p&gt;0.01). Mean follow-up time was 6.9±2.7 years for RHA tilt and 8.0±7.7 years for controls. In the tilt group, there were significantly higher neck-shaft angles, lateral overhang of RHA implant, PRUJ angles, and lucency grading around the implant (p 0.01). There were no differences in RHA stem alignment between groups at 6 weeks postoperatively. Excessive RHA tilt was observed as a late finding, at least 1 year after surgery. The excessive RHA tilt cohort had higher reported pain and disability; however they did not demonstrate higher rates of complications or revision surgery compared to the control group. RHA overhang distance relative to the capitellum was the only other radiographic parameter that significantly predicted clinical outcomes. Excessive RHA tilt appeared to develop over time as it was not typically seen in the early postoperative period. We speculate that preserving more radial neck length where possible and performing a radial neck cut that is perpendicular to the radial neck may help to reduce the risk of developing excessive implant tilt when using a smooth stem RHA. For any figures or tables, please contact the authors directly.

Macro-photogrammetry using Structure from Motion (SfM) is widely used in museums and biorepositories to create high-resolution 3D models for educational outreach and proxy specimen access. These models can enable a wide range of analysis, including serving as a latent source of training data for species inventory approaches that leverage machine learning for automated interpretation of 2D imagery. To assess the potential for these models to generate accurate 2D representations, this study investigates how the resulting 3D models' geometric and texture accuracy is impacted by key photogrammetric parameters, specifically horizontal image overlap, vertical image overlap, and focus stacking, emphasizing the impacts on rendered 2D images. In our study, we find that focus stacking, which is commonly assumed to enhance accuracy, provides limited to no benefits for machine learning purposes when compared to an original image. Ten ground beetle specimens of varying shapes, sizes, and colors, including beetles with iridescent carapaces, were modeled using SfM. From these models, both geometric and texture (external coloration and patterning) accuracy were quantitatively assessed. Geometric accuracy was evaluated using the mean absolute error (MAE), comparing modeled and actual specimen measurements across five morphometric features (elytra length, the elytra width, the lengths of the second and third antenna segments, and the length of the first and second tibia). The accuracy of the 2D render texture was measured using % RGB similarity and structural similarity index measure (SSIM) comparing the original images to rendered images. Focus stacking has traditionally been considered essential for improving overall image sharpness within 3D specimen models, however it represents a major bottleneck in the 3D digitization workflow as it requires multiple images per view angle and requires a considerable amount of time and resources to successfully create a 3D model. Results from this study indicate that not only are these methods unnecessary but they lose image fidelity when renders are compared to their original 2D image. Image capture parameters such as horizontal and vertical overlap were found to have a significant impact on model geometric accuracy and rendered 2D image quality, with the overall best-performing method in terms of geometric and texture accuracy as well as model creation consistency, using non-focus-stacked images captured at five vertical angles, with a 20° rotation between each vertical imaging line and 11.25° horizontally between scans. These results challenge the necessity of focus stacking as a blanket, best practice for all use cases in contemporary 3D modeling workflows, indicating that forgoing focus stacking is a potentially beneficial and resource-efficient method of rendering 3D specimen models intended to produce accurate 2D renderings such as those used as training data for deep-learning algorithms.

To evaluate the accuracy of recordings of atrial and ventricular depolarizations in 9-lead ECG of cats, with V1 placed at the right first intercostal space at the costochondral junction and V2 and V4 at the fifth or the sixth intercostal space (adjacent to the sternum and at the costochondral junction), and to assess the effect of age-related cardiac positional changes on ECG parameters. 60 healthy client-owned cats were planned to be enrolled from January 1, 2024, through December 31, 2024. Each cat underwent physical examination, thoracic radiography, 9-lead ECG, and echocardiography. Cats were age-grouped (< 5, 5 to 10, and > 10 years). The radiographic heart-sternum angle (HSA) in right lateral view was measured and correlated with ECG findings. The V1 location enabled recording of negative P waves and QRS complexes with R/S ≤ 1, with significant intergroup differences (0.68 ms [IQR, 0.42], 0.37 ms [IQR, 0.32 ms], and 0.48 ms [IQR, 0.65 ms]; P = .04). In V2 and V4 in both sites, P waves were predominantly positive, and QRS complexes showed R/S > 1, with minimal intergroup differences. Aging was associated with a significant HSA reduction (r = -0.72) but did not affect any clinically relevant ECG variables. This 9-lead system, with V1, V2, and V4 positioned as in dogs, enabled accurate P waves and QRS recording in cats. Aging reduced HSA without major effects on wave morphology. This system will support detailed arrhythmias analysis in feline patients.

随着汽车智能化的发展，汽车副驾驶显示器（CDD）日益普及，但存在分散驾驶员注意力、威胁行车安全的风险。为此，提出一款适用于CDD的视角控制器（VAC），该控制器由平行排列（PAN）盒、混合排列（HAN）盒、负C膜和两片偏振片构成。通过电压调节液晶分子排列状态，实现共享与隐私模式切换。在隐私模式下，VAC可实现对称的30°窄视角，有效阻挡射向驾驶员及副驾驶车窗方向的光线；在共享模式下，VAC保持宽视角特性，能有效保留背光信息且色彩偏差极小。模拟与实验结果均验证其有效性。该研究不仅能提升汽车驾驶安全性、优化车载信息娱乐体验，其视角控制机制与切换策略还可拓展应用于消费电子、智能显示终端等需平衡隐私保护与信息共享的动态视角调节场景。

Wilson's disease (WD) is a hepatolenticular degeneration caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene.It is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting in excessive copper deposition, particularly in liver, eyes, and brain.This occurs due to a deficiency of ceruloplasmin, a copper binding protein, often leading to liver cirrhosis.A characteristic ocular sign of Wilson disease is the Kayser-Fleischer (KF) ring, represent copper deposition in Descemet's membrane of the cornea.KF ring is most common in neuro WD, detected in 78-85% of cases.Its prevalence in hepatic WD ranges from 36-62%, while it may be detected in 10% of asymptomatic patients. 1Traditionally KF rings are detected using slit-lamp biomicroscopy.However anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) has emerged as a promising tool, offering a non-invasive, objective, high-resolution cross-sectional imaging tool that can detect subtle KF ring especially in early stage or uncooperative patients challenges with slit lamp examination Copper deposits primarily in the anterior chamber angle at Schwalbe's line within the Descemet's membrane.Early detection with a standard slit-lamp is challenging since the angle view is obscured by the corneal limbus.Copper deposits only become visible after crossing the limbus. role of as-octAS-OCT is a high-resolution non-contact optical imaging technique using infrared light (wavelength 1310 nm) permitting greater penetration, allowing better visualisation of the structures at the angle.The KF ring appears as a distinct hyperreflective band at the level of the Descemet's membrane on AS-OCT.It displays greenish-yellow to brownish coloration on the imaging scale, signifying copper accumulation at the corneal periphery.AS-OCT captures high-resolution, reproducible images without requiring corneal anaesthesia, with each scan taking less than 20 seconds

Light field (LF) displays address the mismatch in focus cues present in traditional displays by triggering natural defocus blur and enabling motion parallax. They rely on geometrical optics, displaying rays from multiple angles of view. LF path tracing is computationally expensive for real-time applications, since it requires rendering multiple views. To reduce this computational complexity, spatially reprojecting pixels between views is commonly performed. Reusing pixels that are already rendered is cheaper than path tracing additional ones. However, when occluded areas are uncovered in some views, reprojection is not possible, creating holes in these views. Filling-in the holes requires extra path tracing computation. This paper investigates scalable hole-filling strategies for LF path tracing, using multiple GPUs to reach real-time performance. We propose an algorithm search optimization procedure to determine whether a specific assignment algorithm can be generalized across scenes, using the hole-filling time as a minimization function. In addition, we introduce DaSH (Discarded and Subsampled path traced Hole-filling), a novel method that reduces computation and divergence overhead in fixed-size hardware thread-blocks. Based on local pixel sparsity within pixel patches, DaSH adaptively subsamples and discards hole-filling rays. Our evaluation demonstrates that DaSH achieves significant performance gains while preserving the visual and structural quality of refocused light field images at the retina plane. The experiments demonstrate an average speedup factor of $1.8\times$1.8× for DaSH, compared to prior work, in a multi-GPU rendering system.

Multi-graph Graph matching for coronary artery semantic labeling in invasive coronary angiograms.

The recurrent incidence of floods and flash floods across various regions of Indonesia has incited ongoing public and scholarly discourse that attributes hydrometeorological factors and deforestation as principal contributors to hydrometeorological disasters. This perspective adds a view angle to typical cause-and-effect discussions about floods and flash floods, proposing a two-pronged approach to address their challenges. Though not entirely new, it emphasizes the importance of prioritizing disaster prevention over simply managing the aftermath.